Cause Of Dissolution Research Articles

Diagenetic Genesis and Evolution of Coal-Bearing Tight Sandstone Reservoir in the Yangxia Formation, Northern Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin.

Coal seams of the Yangxia Formation are widespread in the northern part of the Kuqa Depression in the Tarim Basin. During the thermal evolution of the coal seams, the generated fluids of different periods and natures have a significant impact on tight sandstone reservoirs. To further investigate the diagenetic characteristics and reservoir genesis of the tight sandstones due to the influence of coal seams, an in-depth exploration of the causes of dissolution and cementation in the reservoirs was conducted through thin-section casting, cathode luminescence, scanning electron microscopy, carbon-oxygen isotopic analyses, and X-ray diffraction of whole rock and authigenic clay minerals, along with burial evolution history and fluid evolution history. It is suggested that two phases of acidic fluids are mainly produced during the thermal evolution process of coal seams, including an early humic acid and a late organic carboxylic acid. The early phase humic acid plays a purifying role in reservoirs with coarse particles, rigidity-rich particles, and good permeability conditions. It selectively dissolves sedimentary calcareous mud and calcite, and the dissolution products are completely migrated. At the same time, it inhibits early carbonate cementation. The late organic carboxylic acid will dissolve potassium feldspar and some volcanic rock debris, and the dissolution products are difficult to migrate under the sealing conditions caused by lithological differences, which often take the cementation form of siliceous overgrowth and kaolinite or illite. In addition to the cementation resulting from the dissolution products of acidic fluids produced by the coal seams, the CO2-rich fluids generated by the coal seam thermal evolution will combine with ions such as Ca2+ from different sources, resulting in two phases of carbonate cementation. Based on the above research, this study summarizes a set of diagenetic evolution models for coal-bearing reservoirs.

Post-compactional porosity in a hydrocarbon-bearing carbonate succession: Potential timing and processes controlling porosity creation in the Aptian Shuaiba Formation, Oman

Porosity formed after compaction has been recognised for many years in carbonate rocks, but there is little consensus as to the origin of the fluids responsible for dissolution, and the processes by which pores are generated. In particular, it is often hard to identify the source of fluids that are below calcite saturation, and in sufficient volumes, to explain the apparent volume of porosity. This study directly addresses this challenge through analysis of core data from a number of oil fields across north Oman, which produce from the lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Shuaiba Formation. The Shuaiba Formation in all these fields exhibits high total porosity, comprising pores that range in size from less than a micron to centimetres in diameter. There is an increase in the effective porosity upwards within the succession; permeability is highest in the upper 15 m of the formation, beneath the top-Shuaiba unconformity. Since this unconformity represents a hiatus of over 5 million years (My), caused by platform emergence, previous studies often interpreted porosity modification to be due to dissolution by groundwater during penecontemporaneous exposure of the platform. Nevertheless, paragenetic relationships indicate that most of the secondary porosity that was formed early in the burial history was either occluded by drusy calcite cements, or destroyed by compaction. Furthermore, many of the drusy calcite cements are etched, indicating that dissolution took place after cementation. Consistent with this, many of the pores formed on the margins of tectonic fractures and stylolites, indicating that some pore-formation post-dates compaction.The top of the Shuaiba Formation in all fields is between 600 and 1600 m, following uplift in the late Cretaceous and early Oligocene by inversion along deep-seated, strike-slip faults. Possible causes of dissolution are cooling of upward-rising brines fluxed along faults and corrosion by organic acids prior to hydrocarbon emplacement. It is unclear, however, as to the extent to which these fluids could dissolve carbonate before reaching equilibrium. A third possible fluid is groundwater. Sulphur isotope data from paragenetically late pyrite, is consistent with bacterial sulphate reduction, indicative of relatively cool temperatures (<60-80 °C). Porosity enhancement might, therefore, have been facilitated by mixing of groundwater with highly saline reservoir fluids, resulting in undersaturation with respect to calcium carbonate. Overall, the data reveal a complex history of porosity modification, which relates to rock fabric, stratal architecture and tectonic history and suggests multiple controls on post-compactional porosity modification. Most significantly, the data strongly suggest that dissolution occurred during orogenic uplift and telogenesis, providing a new explanation for how porosity formation can occur after lithification, along stylolites and fractures, from a volumetrically significant source of carbonate-undersaturated fluid.

TWO PROBLEMS REGARDING TERMINATION OF LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY BECAUSE OF ACHIEVING OR IMPOSSIBILITY OF ACHIEVING OF THE SUBJECT OF THE COMPANY AND EXPIRATION OF THE PERIOD OF THE COMPANY

Limited şirketin genel sona erme nedenlerinin sayıldığı TTK m. 636.1 ile anonim şirketin genel sona erme sebeplerinin düzenlendiği TTK m. 529.1 karşılaştırıldığında, TTK m. 636.1’den farklı olarak TTK m. 529.1’de işletme konusunun gerçekleşmesi veya gerçekleşmesinin imkânsız hâle gelmesinin ve esas sözleşmede öngörülen sürenin sona ermesinin genel sona erme sebepleri arasında ayrıca ve açıkça sayılmış olduğu görülmektedir. Yine, TTK m. 529.1.a’da anonim şirketin esas sözleşmede öngörülen süresi sona ermesine rağmen işlerine fiilen devam etmesi hâlinde belirsiz süreli hâle geleceği, dolayısıyla sona ermeyeceği belirtilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, iki hüküm arasındaki yukarıda bahsi geçen farklılığın limited şirketler bakımından doğurabileceği sorunlar ele alınacaktır. Bu kapsamda, işletme konusunun gerçekleşmesinin veya gerçekleşmesinin imkânsız hâle gelmesinin limited şirketler açısından infisah nedeni teşkil edip etmeyeceği ve şirket sözleşmesinde öngörülen sürenin sona ermesinin limited şirketler bakımından infisah nedeni oluşturup oluşturmayacağı, bu bağlamda özellikle limited şirketin şirket sözleşmesinde öngörülen süresinin sona ermesine rağmen işlerine fiilen devam etmesi durumunda belirsiz süreli hâle gelip gelmeyeceği hususları inceleme konusu yapılacaktır.

Using Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia to predict the outcome of the dissolution of states: factors that lead to internal conflict and civil war

AbstractDuring the process of the dissolution of countries, there exist multiple critical junctures that lead to the partition of the territory, where the different groups cannot find a consensus on who rules and how to organize the government. The outcome of these crossroad decisions and political dynamics, who are often set-up centuries ago, either lead to conflict or relative peace between the nations and peoples who express opprobrium towards each other. The most recent cases of the divorce of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia have many similitudes and are therefore appropriate to attempt to theoretically analyze the essential difference between these two types of partitions. The Yugoslav situation led to War between the nations of Croatia, Bosnia, Slovenia and Serbia, with an estimated 140,000 citizens of the former Yugoslav Republics killed, while the Czechoslovak case led to an innocuous settlement of differences and the creation of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, who joined the European Union ten years later and saw zero casualties.It is worthwhile to study the relationship between the dissolution of states and conflict using the Czechoslovak and Yugoslav cases for three main reasons. First, the similitude of the two instances enables one to identify variables that bring the outcome of having either peaceful relations or conflict between divorcing nations. Second, it is possible to compare the opposing disposition of variables with other countries that faced dissolution at one moment in history. Third, the sources and research for the two events are extensive, but very seldom put into conflict, since the causes for dissolution in both instances seem patent and explicit, contrasting significantly in scope and depth. This paper may be an occasion to disprove the notion that unworkable forces were at play here and demonstrate that the situation could have skewed in either direction, even though those structural forces are what lay the groundwork of the situation devolving into conflict.

PH-dependent silicon release from phytoliths of Norway spruce (Picea abies)

Accurate evaluation of the preservation state of fossil phytoliths in glacial lake sediments is important, as these microfossils are often used in paleoecological and archaeological studies. The characteristic phytolith type of the Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) needle is a potential keystone in paleoecological studies. In this laboratory study, we investigated dissolution of Picea abies blocky type phytoliths, to simulate dissolution processes in sediments and soils and create reference material to compare with fossil phytoliths. Intact needles, needle ash, diatomite and silica gel were treated with Britton–Robinson buffer solutions at pH values from 2 to 12 for 22 days. Silicon was measured by microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Treatment effects were evaluated on longitudinal cuts of needles under a stereomicroscope and on phytolith assemblages from needles using a light microscope. Surfaces of treated phytoliths were investigated by scanning electron microscope and elemental analysis of phytoliths was determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Dissolution of silicon in spruce needles was inhibited between pH 8.0 and 11.1. Needle tissue protects phytoliths from erosion processes at this alkaline pH range. Most dissolved silicon appeared to originate from the phytolith surfaces and the silica matrix of the apoplast in the tissues, with less from complete dissolution of phytoliths. Our experiment suggests that extraneous metal elements are incorporated into the silica structure during the dissolution process. Thus, higher element content is an effect of partial dissolution rather than a cause of dissolution. Ultrastructure of the surface of Picea-blocky type phytoliths, namely disappearance of the globular structure, may be useful to assess the intensity of destructive processes in sediments. Our experimental treatments indicate that characteristic Picea-blocky phytoliths in needles can be well-preserved, depending on circumstances in sediments. Further micro-analytical measurements will make these needles promising tools for paleoenvironmental reconstructions.

Dissolução das sociedades a luz das alterações previstas no Código de Processo Civil de 2015

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as alterações promovidas pela Lei nº 13.105, de 16 de março de 2015 no que tange à dissolução de sociedades. Desta forma, inicialmente serão apontadas as causas de dissolução de sociedades à luz do Código Civil de 2002. Por conseguinte, serão analisados os aspectos processuais de dissolução de sociedades estabelecidos pelo Código de Processo Civil de 1973 e Código de Processo Civil de 1939, ambos revogados pelo novo diploma processual. Ao final, serão observados os novos procedimentos processuais da dissolução de sociedades, a luz do Código de Processo Civil de 2015, especialmente o procedimento de dissolução parcial de sociedades, ali regulamentado. O método utilizado para o trabalho foi dedutivo, a pesquisa realizada foi de caráter documental e envolveu a análise de legislação, além de estudos doutrinários, jurisprudenciais e exame de artigos em periódicos.

Dental caries - not just holes in teeth! A perspective.

Cavitation in teeth results from a pathogenic process termed dental caries that has occurred on the tooth surface for weeks or even years. Accumulation of dental plaque (biofilm) on the tooth is usually the first manifestation of the disease. Although acid production is the immediate and proximal cause of dissolution of teeth; it is the milieu within which the acid is formed that should be of primary concern. Focusing on the 'critical pH' has detracted attention from the more biological aspects (biofilm formation) of dental caries. Dental caries is unique; it is a biological process occurring on essentially an inert surface. Investigation of the multitude of interactions occurring in plaque ranging from enamel interfaces to surfaces of bacteria and matrices poses challenges worthy of the best scientific minds. The mouth clearly offers unique opportunities to investigate the multi facets of biofilm formation invivo, generating data that have relevance way beyond the mouth. Prevention of this ubiquitous disease, dental caries, continues to present serious challenges. The public health benefits of fluoride delivered in its various formats are well recognized. Nevertheless, additional preventive approaches are required. Overcoming the rapid clearance of agents from the mouth is particularly challenging. Building on the polymerizing capacity of glucosyltransferases it may be possible to incorporate a therapeutic agent into the matrix plaque, thereby delivering therapeutic agents precisely to where they are needed.

French view on the causes of dissolution of SFRY: The case of the extreme left

Within this text, the interpretations of the dissolution of the SFRY by the most prominent representatives of the 'extreme left' are presented and analyzed. Introductory part contains essential and interpretive elements, while the rest of the text will disseminate and explain, with the aid of the research technique critical discourse analysis, the key elements that determine different standpoints of the 'extreme left' with regard to the dissolution of the SFRY. It is persuasively shown that the difference in the angle of view are caused by their different ideological characters, as well as historically founded differences with regard to their view on the existence of Yugoslavia, understanding of self-management, 'titoism', as well as the character of revolutionary Party. When this ideological frame is inserted into this equation, it becomes understandable why certain 'intellectual circles' when thinking on the dissolution of SFRY put emphasis on imperialism and economic questions, nationalism and the issues of identity, or finally on Stalinist bureaucracy and the conditioning of this process by social classes.

English

The objective of this study was to identify if the root cause of dissolution was from the HPMC shell differences and/or the insufficient robustness of dissolution method. Studying the dissolution behavior of 40 and 150 mg granules (with and without shells), followed by capsule dissolution with switched shells, the sink condition can be verified by the extent of granule dissolutions with switch shells. The effect of the apparatus, agitation speed and medium deaeration on dissolution variations was also studied. The surface dissolution behavior for shells with different moisture levels was probed in an aqueous medium utilizing an ActiPix SDI300 surface dissolution imaging system. The inter-vessel variability of 150 mg granules was low, while for 40 mg granules, the inter-vessel variability of the 40 mg granules was slightly higher. Basket method exhibited much slower dissolution and higher percent relative standard deviation (RSD) at early sampling-points when comparing the paddle apparatus. Degassed medium reduced the capsule-to-capsule variations at early sampling-points and improved the dissolution rate. The 40 mg granule with the 150 mg capsule shell had an average dissolution release of 88% at 20 min with 7.4% RSD for n = 6 samples. It was slower and more variable as compared to 96% release with 2.8% RSD from the original 40 mg capsules (40 mg granule in 40 mg capsule shell). Capsules with un-dried shells exhibited a slower and variable dissolution at early sampling-points, whereas a faster and consistent dissolution was obtained for capsules with dried shells. The root cause of the undesirable dissolution variations at early sampling-points and the intermittent failure for stage 1 specification was the higher moisture content in the HPMC shells of the high strength capsules. Insufficient hydrodynamics in dissolution vessels contributed to the intermittent low drug release, higher agitation speed and medium deaeration can improve dissolution rate and reduce dissolution variations for HPMC shells. Key words: Hypromellose capsule, dissolution, hydrodynamics, medium deaeration.

The Economics of the Estate Tax: An Update

This analysis examines the arguments for and against the federal estate and concludes that the estate generates costs to taxpayers, the economy, and the environment that far exceed any potential benefits that it might arguably produce. This paper updates a previous Joint Economic Committee report on the federal estate tax. Based on the analysis presented here, the existence of the estate has reduced the stock of capital in the economy by approximately $497 billion, or 3.2 percent. The estate is a leading cause of dissolution for thousands of family-run businesses, diverting resources available for investment and employment. The estate is a virtue tax in the sense that it penalizes work, saving and thrift in favor of large-scale consumption. On the flip side, the analysis finds the benefits to be comparitvely less. Empirical and theoretical research indicates that the estate is ineffective at reducing inequality and may actually increase inequality of consumption. The estate raises very little, if any, net revenue, since the distortionary effects of the estate result in income losses that are roughly the same size as estate revenue. In addition, estate taxes force the development of environmentally sensitive land. Through 2001, 2.6 million acres of forest land were harvested and 1.3 million acres were sold each year to raise funds to pay for estate taxes.

Hydrothermal Quartz Vein Formation, Revealed by Coupled SEM-CL Imaging and Fluid Inclusion Microthermometry: Shuteen Complex, South Gobi, Mongolia

Abstract. Scanning electron microscopy-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) imaging of vein quartz in the Cu-mineralised, Shuteen Complex (South Gobi, Mongolia) has revealed a complex history of crystal growth, dissolution and microfracture healing, associated with several hydrothermal events that could not be detected using other observational techniques (e.g. transmitted/reflected light microscopy, back-scattered electron imaging, or secondary electron imaging). The quartz initially grew as CL-bright/grey crystals in a 345±30d̀C liquid reservoir, as inferred by the analysis of primary liquid fluid inclusions (average Th of 343d̀C; 6.6∼7.7 wt% NaCleq). Quartz precipitation occurred at the edge of the crystals as reservoir fluids cooled to 260±25d̀C, as indicated by micron-scale CL-dark/CL-bright quartz growth bands containing abundant fluid inclusions (with an average Th values of 261d̀C). Pressure fluctuations were the likely cause of dissolution, as SEM-CL imaging reveals the quartz have corroded or rounded crystal edges, and precipitation of later quartz into open space. SEM-CL imaging shows the quartz contains healed microfractures that trapped low salinity fluids (3.9 wt% NaC1eq) with Th values of 173±15d̀C. SEM-CL imaging provides a means of deciphering the thermal and chemical evolution of the fossil Shuteen hydrothermal system, and the nature of hydrothermal quartz vein-forming processes, by facilitating the correlation of distinct fluid inclusion populations and their relative chronology, with specific hydrothermal events.

The Economics of the Estate Tax

The federal government has taxed intergenerational wealth transfers since 1916 through the federal estate, gift and generation-skipping taxes. This analysis examines the arguments for and against the federal estate tax and concludes that the estate tax generates costs to taxpayers, the economy and the environment that far exceed any potential benefits that it might arguably produce. The costs of the estate tax are substantial. First, the existence of the estate tax this century has reduced the stock of capital in the economy by approximately $497 billion, or 3.2 percent. Second, the estate tax is a leading cause of dissolution for family-run businesses. Third, large estate tax bills divert resources from investment and employment and often force families to develop environmentally sensitive land. Conversely, the benefits of the estate tax are small and often overstated. Notably, empirical and theoretical research indicates that the estate tax is ineffective at reducing inequality, and may actually increase inequality of consumption. Moreover, the estate tax raises very little, if any, net revenue for the federal government. In fact, the distortionary effects of the estate tax result in losses under the income tax that are roughly the same size as estate tax revenue.

Laumontization and Secondary Pores of Sandstones in the Paleogene and Upper Cretaceous Coal Measures, off Northeast Honshu, Japan

Abstract. Sandstones with high reservoir quality occur in the Paleogene and Upper Cretaceous coal measures off Sanriku and Sohma in the Pacific coast of northeast Honshu. The sandstone porosity was generally produced by the dissolution of calcite cement and clastic grains such as feldspar and glassy volcanics. The most probable cause of dissolution is the organic acids generated from the maturation of coal and coaly matter in the deeply subsiding source area prior to thermogenic hydrocarbon generation. The pore fluid including organic acids dissolved calcite and clastic silicates to form a small amount of laumontite and kaolinite at around 60d̀C. The acidic and not neutralized pore fluid was responsible for the formation of kaoli‐nite. On the other hand, laumontite was formed when the acidic pore fluid was neutralized and then made alkaline after the reaction with minerals such as plagioclase, glassy volcanics and calcite cement. Therefore, laumontite and kaolinite generally occur separately. Laumontite is 0.6–4.6 % by volume, whereas kaolinite is 0.6–9.8 % and the sandstone porosity remains from 10 to 22 %. This type of laumontization after the secondary pore formation might not give a severe damage to the reservoir property of the Paleogene and Upper Cretaceous coal measures in the Pacific coast of northeast Honshu and indicates further exploration possibility.

Fluid-rock interaction processes in the Te Kopia geothermal field (New Zealand) revealed by SEM-CL imaging

Scanning electron microscopy-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) imaging of hydrothermal quartz exposed by weathering in the Te Kopia geothermal field (New Zealand) has revealed a history of crystal growth, dissolution, overprinting and fracturing that cannot be detected using other observational techniques (e.g. transmitted or reflected light microscopy, back-scattered electron imaging or secondary electron imaging). The crystals initially grew as CL-dark quartz, at least 350 m below their present location on the Paeroa Fault scarp, in a neutral pH, 215±10 °C liquid reservoir (inferred from the analysis of primary liquid fluid inclusions: mean T h of 213 °C; 0.2–0.4 wt.% NaCl eq.). Relict quartz–adularia–illite alteration occurs at the surface, in the vicinity of the quartz crystals, and in drillcores from the nearby TK-1 exploration well. Repeated movement on the Paeroa Fault uplifted pyroclastic rocks hosting the quartz crystals, but also provided pathways for “pulses” of hot fluids to move through the system. Quartz precipitation occurred at the edge of the crystals as the reservoir fluids cooled, as indicated by micron-scale alternating CL-dark/CL-bright quartz growth bands, which contain fluid inclusions with T h values of 210±40 °C. Pressure fluctuations were the likely cause of dissolution, marked by corroded crystal edges, with subsequent precipitation of quartz into open space. SEM-CL imaging shows that the quartz crystals contain healed fractures, which trapped low salinity fluids with T h values of 201±6 °C. Low-pH fluids in the near-surface setting also rounded the quartz crystals, and coated them with kaolinite and CL-grey amorphous “silica residue”.

Fluid-rock interaction processes in the Te Kopia geothermal field (New Zealand) revealed by SEM-CL imaging

Scanning electron microscopy-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) imaging of hydrothermal quartz exposed by weathering in the Te Kopia geothermal field (New Zealand) has revealed a history of crystal growth, dissolution, overprinting and fracturing that cannot be detected using other observational techniques (e.g. transmitted or reflected light microscopy, back-scattered electron imaging or secondary electron imaging). The crystals initially grew as CL-dark quartz, at least 350 m below their present location on the Paeroa Fault scarp, in a neutral pH, 215±10 °C liquid reservoir (inferred from the analysis of primary liquid fluid inclusions: mean T h of 213 °C; 0.2–0.4 wt.% NaCl eq. ). Relict quartz–adularia–illite alteration occurs at the surface, in the vicinity of the quartz crystals, and in drillcores from the nearby TK-1 exploration well. Repeated movement on the Paeroa Fault uplifted pyroclastic rocks hosting the quartz crystals, but also provided pathways for “pulses” of hot fluids to move through the system. Quartz precipitation occurred at the edge of the crystals as the reservoir fluids cooled, as indicated by micron-scale alternating CL-dark/CL-bright quartz growth bands, which contain fluid inclusions with T h values of 210±40 °C. Pressure fluctuations were the likely cause of dissolution, marked by corroded crystal edges, with subsequent precipitation of quartz into open space. SEM-CL imaging shows that the quartz crystals contain healed fractures, which trapped low salinity fluids with T h values of 201±6 °C. Low-pH fluids in the near-surface setting also rounded the quartz crystals, and coated them with kaolinite and CL-grey amorphous “silica residue”.

Reconstruction and Regeneration of Surface Oxide Film on Metallic Materials in Biological Environments

Phenomena concerning surface oxide films of conventional metallic biomaterials in biological environments are discussed. Compositions of the surface oxide films on metallic biomaterials such as titanium, titanium alloys, austenitic stainless steel, and cobalt-chromium alloy, are reviewed on the basis of empirical data. The composition of the surface oxide film changes even though the film is macroscopically stable according to reactions between the surface of metallic materials and living tissues. Therefore, reconstruction of the surface oxide film in biological environments is also reviewed. In addition, the repassivation time and regeneration of the surface oxide films of metallic materials are discussed. Dissolution of surface oxide film with active oxygen species that are one of the causes of dissolution of metallic materials is also explained.

Jumped, Pushed or Forgotten? Approaches to Dissolution

Not all relationships are destined to last. Although the literature offers a range of causes of dissolution in buyer-seller relationship no clear framework of dissolution categories or company behaviour for each category has been developed. This study takes a conceptual and empirical look at relationship dissolution and offers a typology of dissolution categories. A qualitative approach drawing from nine in-depth interviews of managers of long-term buyer-supplier relationships confirmed that dissolution falls into one of four categories: voluntary dissolution (bilateral agreement to terminate relations), unilateral involuntary dissolution by either buyer or supplier (customer de-selection/supplier de-selection), and bilateral involuntary dissolution (a fading away of relations). Different exit communication styles were employed for each category of dissolution. Voluntary decisions to terminate relations are likely to be communicated by direct but amicable means indicating a potentially revocable state of dissolution. Customer de-selection and supplier de-selection dissolution types tend to be much more covert with one party either undermining the relationship or else blaming the other for problems, often leading to hostility between the parties and largely irrevocable future relations. The fourth type, fading away, is characterised by a lack of positive action and communication by either party. The implications for the four quadrants of dissolution are considered and in addition to offering a number of propositions the management of dissolution in order to encourage revocable/amicable dissolution is explored.

Jumped, Pushed or Forgotten? Approaches to Dissolution

Not all relationships are destined to last. Although the literature offers a range of causes of dissolution in buyer-seller relationship no clear framework of dissolution categories or company behaviour for each category has been developed. This study takes a conceptual and empirical look at relationship dissolution and offers a typology of dissolution categories. A qualitative approach drawing from nine in-depth interviews of managers of long-term buyer-supplier relationships confirmed that dissolution falls into one of four categories: voluntary dissolution (bilateral agreement to terminate relations), unilateral involuntary dissolution by either buyer or supplier (customer de-selection/supplier de-selection), and bilateral involuntary dissolution (a fading away of relations). Different exit communication styles were employed for each category of dissolution. Voluntary decisions to terminate relations are likely to be communicated by direct but amicable means indicating a potentially revocable state of ...

Family in historical and regional perspective

In this article author gives try to provide a frame suitable for researches of regional and multicultural characteristics of family, specially in Vojvodina region. Starting with the thesis that there is no perfect analytical model to be applied in investigation of regionalization and multiculturality, for the gap between monocultural and multicultural epistemology could not be bridged over, author is paying attention to the opportunities for regionalization to pervert in regionalism in the sense of ideology and policy that neglect specific regional needs of family. This dispels a negative consequences concerning the self development of the family as a very reason for regionalization to be accomplished. In spite of attractive ideas that regionalization is addressed to, regionalization of this kind realizes on the matrix above, of deciding 'in the people's name'. In this fashion regionalization is followed with the violence and confrontations as probable outcomes of changes within multicultural society. Exaggeration in emphasizing of differences. a s well as its neglecting, would cause more or less open confrontations and thus provide the causes of dissolution of the communities. In this context main problem is how family could retained its stability if it persists under the pressure of contrary forces concerning identity. This would be resolved only if identity is conceived as an open complex and ever unfinished on lay - in endless process of building. Regionalization in this sense of the term could be perceived as a defining of the proper game rules as well as it forceful adjustment and completion.

Estimation of Duration of Separation, Widowhood, and Family Life Cycle

This is the second of two reports on a study of the durations related to marriage. Divorce and death of one's spouse, the main causes of dissolution of marriage, are two of the most important events in a person's life. In the United States in 1994, 30.7 million, or 16.2%, of the adult population were either divorced or widowed. Among the widowed, the female to male ratio was 5 to 1! In this paper duration of separation due to divorce and duration of widowhood are the main variables under study. Algebraic formulas are derived and computer programs are written for estimating these durations for husbands and wives, and for living couples of any age. Relations with the duration of marriage, the expectation of life, and the family life cycle are also presented.