Cause Of Diabetes Mellitus Research Articles

Sex differences in reporting of statin-associated diabetes mellitus to the US Food and Drug Administration

Abstract Background Statins have been reported to precipitate diabetes mellitus (DM) in some patients. Limited evidence suggests that this occurs in women more frequently than men, but direct comparisons of rates of reporting of statin-associated DM between men and women are lacking. Purpose To determine whether there are sex-specific differences in post-marketing reporting of statin-associated DM. Methods We conducted a retrospective pharmacovigilance analysis of spontaneously reported adverse drug events (ADEs) submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System between January 1997 and September 2023. A Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR) was used to identify the rate of reported statin-associated DM ADEs relative to the rate of DM ADEs reported with all other medications. We compared signals of disproportionate reporting (SDRs) between men and women using a modified relative odds ratio (ROR). Results During the study period, there were two-fold as many reports of statin-associated DM in women than in men (14,793 versus 7,307, respectively), despite the fact there were only 7% more non-DM statin ADEs reported in women compared to men (512,134 versus 480,849, respectively). Compared to the background rate of reporting for all ADEs (0.6%), statin-induced DM was disproportionally reported for all subjects in aggregate (2.1%, PRR=3.7) as well as for men only (1.5%, PRR=2.4) and for women only (2.9%, PRR=5.3). Significant PRRs for DM were observed with each statin and for all statins collectively (Figure 1). Statins were reported as the primary- or secondary-suspected cause of DM in women with considerably greater frequency than in men (58% versus 29%, respectively). Rates of reporting of statin-associated DM were higher in women than in men for all statins, with the greatest difference being observed with atorvastatin (ROR 3.0), and the lowest difference being observed with rosuvastatin (ROR 1.2) (Figure 1). Conclusions Post-marketing ADE surveillance data suggest a markedly higher rate of incident DM associated with statins than with other medications and a higher rate of reporting of statin-associated DM in women than in men. Future studies should consider sex-moderated mechanisms of statin-associated DM.Figure 1

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DIABETES MELITUS DAN PENGETAHUAN ASUPAN GIZI PADA REMAJA DI SMK X SIDOARJO

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the world and nationally continues to increase. DM generally occurs in the age group >50 years; however, DM currently affects many young age groups. Adolescents affected by DM can continue to increase if they do not have good knowledge about DM and nutritional intake. This study aims to determine the level of DM knowledge and nutritional intake among high school adolescents in SMK X West Sidoarjo. This research method is descriptive-observational with prospective data collection. The research instrument used the DKQ-24 questionnaire and a valid nutritional intake questionnaire. The selected sample is in accordance with the research inclusion criteria, totaling 50 people The results showed that 76% did not know the causes of DM and diet rules; 78% people also did not know the importance of DM treatment to control blood sugar. Regarding knowledge of nutritional intake, most respondents (56%) did not know the calculation and value of BMI, 46% did not know the importance of fiber for controlling blood sugar, and 40% did not know the types of foods with a high glycemic index. The majority of respondents have good knowledge about diabetes (76%) and nutritional intake (70%). Chi-square analysis shows that there is a relationship between knowledge of DM and knowledge of nutritional intake, with a p value of 0.027. DM knowledge and nutritional intake are important to shape healthy lifestyle behaviors in an effort to prevent DM in adolescents

Reduced Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Patients After Using a Combination of Progressive Muscle Relaxation (Pro-Mure) and Slow Deep Breathing Exercises (SD-Bex)

Background: One of the causes of diabetes mellitus is a person's lifestyle, namely their level of physical inactivity. So, to avoid complications, persons with diabetes mellitus require both pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological treatments to lower blood glucose values. Finding out if people with diabetes mellitus might reduce their blood glucose levels by combining a technique that involved slow deep breathing and progressive muscular relaxation was the primary goal of the research. Methods: This study is quasi-experimental because it uses a control group design with pre- and post-tests. The number of respondents is 34, and the method of sampling is purposive sampling. Twenty to twenty-five minutes of a combination of progressive muscle relaxation (Pro-Mure) and slow deep breathing exercises (SD-Bex) were administered to the experimental group, while the control group received the usual course of intervention. Values of blood glucose levels were the dependent variable. With a p-value of less than 0.05, the study used the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test to compare outcomes before and after treatment and the Mann-Whitney test to compare the experimental group to the control group. Results: We found that the intervention group's blood glucose value was 0.001 and the control group's was 0.025. A p-value of 0.001 was found on the value of blood glucose levels between the experimental group and the control group as a result of the study utilising the Mann-Whitney test. Conclusion: Those suffering from diabetes mellitus can find relief from their symptoms by combining the techniques of Progressive Muscle Relaxation with Slow Deep Breathing. Additionally, the method is simple to apply.

Knowledge of Diabetes Mellitus and Practices Regarding Lifestyle Factors and Diabetes Management in a General Adult Population of Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia.

Many studies report a lack of public awareness of the risk factors and complications of Diabetes Mellitus. Adequate glycemic control is crucial in preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes complications, and medication adherence is one of the key factors in achieving this goal. This study aimed to measure the knowledge about diabetes mellitus and practices regarding lifestyle factors and diabetes management in the study population in the Aseer region, of Saudi Arabia. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in Abha, a city in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. The general population of 18 years of age and above, who were residing in the study area during the period of study, ie, January 2023 to June 2023, were included. The questionnaire was distributed through social media and e-mail for data collection. The descriptive variables were presented using frequency, percentage, and graphs. Pearson's chi-square test was used at a 5% level of significance. Multivariate tests were applied to further explore the findings of univariate analysis. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Out of the total 348 participants, a higher proportion was males (56.3%). About 78.7% of the participants were ever diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and 21.3% were never diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Nearly 31.6% knew that the major cause of diabetes mellitus was obesity and 31.3% knew that it was a hereditary disease. About 42.2% of respondents exercised regularly and 27.6% were smokers. Adherence to prescribed anti-diabetic medications was seen in 63.2% of the respondents. Self-alterations in the timing and dose of prescribed anti-diabetic drugswere seen in 36.5% and 34.8%, respectively. About 60.1% had a moderate level of self-rated knowledge about Diabetes Mellitus, and 27.6% and 12.4% had good and poor self-rated knowledge levels of Diabetes mellitus, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the age group 60-69 years had significant variations as compared to the other age groups on DM, bachelor's degree holders had significant variations as compared to other education variables, being married had significant differences as compared to those unmarried, those employed had significant variations as compared to the other occupation categories, and smokers had a significant impact on DM as compared to non-smokers. Findings indicated less number of respondents exercised regularly, low adherence to prescribed anti-diabetic medications and low levels of self-rated knowledge of diabetes mellitus. Enhancing the patients' knowledge of diabetes mellitus and improving their self-management and adherence to its medications is necessary through public health education.

INTEGRATED EDUCATION ON HEALTHY FAMILY MANAGEMENT ON THE STATUS OF DIABETIC MELLITUS PATIENTS

Insufficient pancreatic insulin production or ineffective use by the body is the main cause of diabetes mellitus. Insulin sugar is regulated by hormones. In the initial survey, five diabetes mellitus sufferers (50%) were asked and, five of them did not understand the problem, underwent routine physical examinations, but did not regularly take the prescribed medication because they lacked family support and did not understand how serious the disease was. Objective: To determine the health status of diabetes mellitus patients in the Guntur 2 Community Health Center working area and analyze healthy family management with integrated education. Method: Purposive sampling was used in a quasi-experimental two-group pre-procedure with a sample size of 20 participants. The health status of the respondents was recorded in the observation sheet after the integrated education on diabetes mellitus was carried out as stated in the Healthy Family Assistance Book. Statistical test using the Paired T-test Results: Independent sample test results were obtained with a p-value of 0.003 and paired T-test findings with p-values of 0.001 and 0.05 respectively. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus sufferers in the Guntur II Health Center Working Area have significantly different health statuses.

The Molecular Mechanisms of Cuproptosis and Small-Molecule Drug Design in Diabetes Mellitus.

In the field of human health research, the homeostasis of copper (Cu) is receiving increased attention due to its connection to pathological conditions, including diabetes mellitus (DM). Recent studies have demonstrated that proteins associated with Cu homeostasis, such as ATOX1, FDX1, ATP7A, ATPB, SLC31A1, p53, and UPS, also contribute to DM. Cuproptosis, characterized by Cu homeostasis dysregulation and Cu overload, has been found to cause the oligomerization of lipoylated proteins in mitochondria, loss of iron-sulfur protein, depletion of glutathione, production of reactive oxygen species, and cell death. Further research into how cuproptosis affects DM is essential to uncover its mechanism of action and identify effective interventions. In this article, we review the molecular mechanism of Cu homeostasis and the role of cuproptosis in the pathogenesis of DM. The study of small-molecule drugs that affect these proteins offers the possibility of moving from symptomatic treatment to treating the underlying causes of DM.

Effect of bariatric surgery on metabolism in diabetes and obesity comorbidity: Insight from recent research

Obesity is a prevalent cause of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is a serious danger to human health. Type 2 DM (T2DM) mostly occurs along with obesity. Foodborne obesity-induced DM is caused by an excessive long-term diet and surplus energy. Bariatric surgery can improve the symptoms of T2DM in some obese patients. But different types of bariatric surgery may have different effects. There are some models built by researchers to discuss the surgical procedures’ effects on metabolism in diabetes animal models and diabetes patients. It is high time to conclude all this effects and recommend procedures that can better improve metabolism.

Ameliorative Effect of Jamaican Cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) Leaf Extract Toward Glucose Control and Immune Cells Modulation in High Fat Diet-Administrated Mice

Hyperglycemia is a dangerous condition in which too much glucose circulates in the blood plasma and is the leading cause of diabetes mellitus. It is a complex condition with varying degrees that can change over time, mainly owing to metabolic factors that reduce insulin secretion, decrease glucose use, and increase glucose production. This study aims to evaluate Muntingia calabura leaf extract's effect on glucose control and immune cell modulation in high-fat diet-administrated mice. According to the result, we found that M. calabura leaf extract significantly reduced the fasting blood sugar. Importantly, M. calabura leaf extract exerts immunomodulation effects by suppressing the relative number of regulatory T cells in the hypoglycemic mice model. Finally, this study showed M. calabura leaf extract exerts ameliorative potency against hyperglycemia by lowering the blood sugar level and suppressing the regulatory T cells. These results suggested that M. calabura leaf extract could develop into complementary and alternative medicine.

Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antihyperglycemic activity of Praecitrullus fistulosus fruits

Diabetes mellitus [antihyperglycemic] is the endocrine metabolic disorder characterized by raised glucose level in the sanguine liquid of body i.e. blood serum due to disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism. In Diabetes mellitus extent of glucose is maintained by well know endocrine pancreatic secreted hormone fuel called insulin which help in metabolizing the glucose level by muscular utilization and other organ pathological activity. When the levels of insulin fall below the body desire it can to hyperglycemic condition. Antihyperglycemic therapeutic plant has an ability to restore abnormal pancreatic condition by increase of insulin, enhancement of body carbohydrate utilization. There are more than 400 reported plant species used an antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic. Praecitrullus fistulosus is reported to contain polyphenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin, phytosterol, diterpines, thiamin, and carotene that possess antidiabetic, antioxidative and anthelmintic activity. On investigation and understanding the cause of diabetes mellitus, had opened the large view for the treatment. Phytomedicine has considerably taken the prominent position for the treatment of many metabolic disorders. Biochemical studies concluded that Praecitrullus fistulosus extract shows alteration in blood glucose level and also Praecitrullus fistulosus improved the lipid profile and showed positive aspect on different parameter in diabetic control rats and it was noted that Praecitrullus fistulosus drug extract was effective and helped in controlling the BG level in Albino Wistar Rat Praecitrullus fistulosus is reported to contain polyphenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin, Phytosterol, diterpines, thiamin, and carotene that possess antidiabetic, antioxidative properties. The aim of research is to evaluate and investigate the anti-hyperglycemic activity of Praecitrullus fistulosus fruit extract on Streptozotocin (STZ)-Nicotinamide induced diabetic rat.
 Keywords: Antihyperglycemic, Praecitrullus fistulosus, Phytochemicals, Phytomedicine

Feline Comorbidities: Hypersomatotropism-induced diabetes in cats.

Diabetes mellitus is the second-most common feline endocrinopathy, affecting an estimated 1/200 cats. While the underlying causes vary, around 15-25% of cats with diabetes mellitus develop the condition secondarily to progressive growth hormone (GH)-induced insulin resistance. This typically results in a form of diabetes that is challenging to manage, whereby the response to insulin is very variable or high doses are required to achieve even minimal diabetic control. Although uncontrolled chronic excessive GH may result in phenotypic changes that raise suspicion for acromegaly, many cats with hypersomatotropism (HST) do not have these changes. In these situations, a clinician's index of suspicion may be increased by the presence of less dramatic changes such as marked polyphagia, stertor or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. The current diagnostic test of choice is demonstration of a markedly increased serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) concentration, but some affected cats will have only a marginal increase; additionally, chronic insulin administration in cats results in an increase in serum IGF1, making the diagnosis less clear cut and requiring additional confirmatory tests. Over the past two decades, HST has increasingly been recognised as an underlying cause of diabetes mellitus in cats. This review, which focuses on diagnosis and treatment, utilises data from observational studies, clinical trials and case series, as well as drawing on the experience of the authors in managing this condition.

Prevalence of Primary Aldosteronism and Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Resistant Hypertension: A Prospective Observational Single Centre Study Protocol

Primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) has been thought to be an uncommon cause of hypertension, with an estimated prevalence of 2% among the general hypertensive population but is much higher, especially in resistant hypertension (RH) patients. Recent studies, however, have suggested that the prevalence of PA may be as high as 30% in RH populations. PA is associated with higher morbidity rates than matched essential hypertension patients. RH is more common in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PA is generally remediable by treatment with an aldosterone antagonist or, in the case of adrenal adenoma, by adrenalectomy, knowing the true prevalence of PA is important for early diagnosis and treatment. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of PA and cardiovascular (CVD) and renal complications in T2DM mellitus patients with resistant hypertension . Method: Prospective observational single centre study, in outpatient (OPD) settings in a tertiary care hospital. The primary outcome of the study is to estimate the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in T2DM patients with resistant hypertension. The secondary outcome is to evaluate the difference in prevalence of complications / comorbidities like CVD, left ventricle hypertrophy(LVH) , atrial fibrillation (AF), chronic kidney disease (CKD) in T2DM patients with and without PA hyperaldosteronism . T2DM patients aged more than 18 years with RH will be included in the study. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus or secondary causes of diabetes mellitus, acute diabetic complications, severe underlying systemic diseases, chronic kidney disease stage ≥4 , known secondary causes of hypertension, pregnancy and lactation and on medications like oral contraceptives, spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride, triamterene will be excluded. Study subjects with plasma aldosterone to renin ratio of value ≥ 1.6 ng/dl/μIU/ml and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) of value ≥ 10 ng/dl with suppressed renin, will be considered to be positive on a screening test. Patients, those positive on a screening test will undergo seated saline suppression test (SST). Repeat plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) with value ≥ 6 ng/dl will be confirmatory test for PA. Conclusion: RH specially in T2DM high-risk phenotype, which may be further aggravated by underlying PA . Thus we want to estimate the prevalence of PA in T2DM patients with RH. We also want to highlight any difference in prevalence of CV and renal complications due to in T2DM patients with and without PA, which may support early screening and diagnosis of PA and targeted treatment of PA to prevent its aggravating effects on chronic diabetes complications.

Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) formulation and molecular docking of mahogany seed extract (Swietenia mahagoni) as anti-hyperglycemic

Hyperglycemia is one of the causes of diabetes mellitus. One example of a plant used as an anti-hyperglycemic and anti-diabetic herbal medicine is the mahogany plant (Swietenia mahagoni). Drugs in nanoemulsion dosages must be developed to increase oral bioavailability and drug solubility from herbal plant extracts. So, research was carried out to determine the formulation and optimization of nanoemulsion from mahogany seed extract (Swietenia mahagoni) and its effect on reducing blood glucose levels in mice (Mus musculus L.). Based on research that has been carried out, the nanoemulsion formula for mahogany seed extract is characterized by a transmittance percentage of 84.7 % and a particle size of 12.21 nm. Administration of mahogany seed extract and nanoemulsion formulation of mahogany seed extract (Swietenia mahagoni) can reduce blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic mice (Mus musculus L.). Further, a computational analysis using the molecular docking approach was carried out to analyze the molecular interaction between the main components of mahogany seed (glycidyl oleate and glycidyl palmitoleate) and alpha-glucosidase. The outcome suggested that these substances are bonded to the alpha-glucosidase catalytic sites by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions and are stable during MD simulation, suggesting that the primary components of mahogany seed may become potential alpha-glucosidase inhibitors to treat diabetes.

Upaya Pengelolaan Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Dengan Underweight Dalam Pendekatan Kedokteran Keluarga

The patient came with complaints that the body often felt weak even though the patient did not do strenuous activities. This complaint has worsened in the last 1 week, causing the patient to be discouraged from doing activities and disrupting his daily activities Patient also complained that his weight was decreasing. Another complaint that was felt was that the hands often felt numb. History of diabetes mellitus in the last 10 years, but the patient admitted that he did not routinely take medicine to control his blood sugar. The KGDS examination obtained in the patient was 324 mg/dl. The patient's BMI was 18.2 kg/m2 and classified as underweight. Primary data was obtained through autoanamnesa and physical examination by conducting home visits, filling out family folders, and filling out patient files. Assessment was carried out based on holistic diagnosis at the beginning, process, and end of the visit quantitatively and qualitatively. Interventions include education about the causes of diabetes mellitus, education about lifestyle modification and the importance of taking medication regularly to control blood sugar levels and explaining complications that may arise from the patient's disease so that patients make preventive efforts.

Pemeriksaan Kadar Gula Darah Sewaktu pada Remaja di SMAN 7 Denpasar

People in urban areas tend to have unhealthy lifestyles, especially teenagers. This can trigger various diseases. Health status needs to be considered from an early age, especially paying attention to the intake of sugar in the body. Excess sugar levels in the blood are one of the causes of diabetes mellitus. Measurement of blood sugar (GDS) in adolescents of SMAN 7 Denpasar aims to screen for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) to detect this disease early. The method is done by checking the blood sugar test (GDS), weight, and height. The results of the blood sugar test in this community service activity showed that out of 50 students with a ratio of male and female percentages of 40% and 60% respectively, only 4% were identified with low blood sugar levels while the remaining 96% had normal blood sugar levels. The conclusion of the community service at SMAN 7 Denpasar is that most of the students have normal blood sugar levels.

DYRK1A inhibitors leucettines and TGF-β inhibitor additively stimulate insulin production in beta cells, organoids, and isolated mouse islets.

The decreased β-cell mass and impaired β-cell functionality are the primary causes of diabetes mellitus (DM). Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which β-cell growth and function are controlled are not fully understood. In this work, we show that leucettines, known to be DYRK1A kinase inhibitors, can improve glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in rodent β-cells and isolated islets, as well as in hiPSC-derived β-cells islets. We confirm that DYRK1A is expressed in murine insulinoma cells MIN6. In addition, we found that treatment with selected leucettines stimulates proliferation of β-cells and promotes MIN6 cell cycle progression to the G2/M phase. This effect is also confirmed by increased levels of cyclin D1, which is highly responsive to proliferative signals. Among other leucettines, leucettine L43 had a negligible impact on β-cell proliferation, but markedly impair GSIS. However, leucettine L41, in combination with LY364947, a, a potent and selective TGF-β type-I receptor, significantly promotes GSIS in various cellular diabetic models, including MIN6 and INS1E cells in 2D and 3D culture, iPSC-derived β-cell islets derived from iPSC, and isolated mouse islets, by increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon level. Our findings confirm an important role of DYRK1A inhibitors as modulators of β-cells function and suggested a new potential target for antidiabetic therapy. Moreover, we show in detail that leucettine derivatives represent promising antidiabetic agents and are worth further evaluation, especially in vivo.

Hubungan Perilaku dengan Kejadian Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Puskesmas Kota Ende Tahun 2021

Diabetes mellitus is a serious and chronic (prolonged) disease that causes metabolic intrusion and obstruction, indicated by high blood sugar beyond the normal level. Unhealthy lifestyles, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, bad dietary habit and obesity, lacking of physical activities, and stress, are some of the main contributors or causes of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this research is to find the direct connection and relation between the behaviour or lifestyle and the case of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 at Ende City Health Center. The design of this research is a survey analytic research using a case-control approach. The total sample in this research is 86 respondents, with a 1:1 (one-to-one) comparison. The sampling technique used in this study is simple random sampling. The data is taken by doing a guided interview with a questionnaire for test statistic chi-square and odd ratio value. The result of this research shows that the variable of dietary habit (p-value = 0,017 < 0,05 and OR = 3,168 (1,309 – 7,665 and 95% CI), physical activities (p-value = 0,028 < 0,05 and OR = 2,971 (1,212 – 7,279 and 95% CI), consumption of alcohol (p-value = 0,023 < 0,05 and OR = 3,285 (1,273 – 8,478 and 95% CI) directly connected with the case of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. The variable of knowledge (p-value = 0,829 > 0,05 and OR = 1,206 (0,516 – 2,816 and 95% CI) does not have any connection with the case of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Suggestion for the healthcare workers in the Ende City Health Center to always improve and maintain good service of the health care and for the people to have regular check-ups and to develop healthy lifestyle such as having proper dietary habits, doing physical activities and controlling the consumption of alcohol to control the level of blood sugar.

Research Progress on Animal Models of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a complicated metabolic illness defined by hyperglycemia due to faulty insulin production or activity, and it is one of the world’s fastest-growing public health concerns. The construction of a good diabetes mellitus model is crucial for diabetes mellitus pathophysiology research, diabetic mellitus prevention, and the development of effective therapeutic therapy. Diabetes mellitus models are now chemically induced, spontaneous, and genetically created. The models were created using the chemical induction of streptozotocin and alloxan, and the spontaneous type of diabetes mellitus animal models are appropriate for T1DM, T2DM, and related phenotypes, including obesity and insulin resistance. Genetically engineered animal models are much more closely related to human diabetes mellitus, including gene knockout animal models. They can be used to explain the cause of diabetes mellitus in terms of molecular mechanisms and to study the effects of individual genes on insulin secretion and insulin resistance faultlessly. This research provides a detailed description of T1DM and T2DM animal models, illustrating the importance of diabetes mellitus.

Clinical Experience from a Single Tertiary Care Center: Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus with Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia-Wolcott-Rallison's Syndrome.

Wolcott-Rallison's syndrome (WRS) is a rare nonautoimmune autosomal recessive disorder characterized by neonatal diabetes mellitus, epiphyseal dysplasia, and growth retardation. This is the most common cause of diabetes mellitus in patients with consanguineous parents. WRS is distinguished from other types of neonatal or early-onset diabetes by clinical characteristics and genetic testing. Here, we report four cases of WRS from South India. All four children reported here were born to consanguineous parents and were diagnosed with neonatal diabetes and skeletal dysplasia. Case 1 is a 13-year-old girl with neonatal diabetes and skeletal dysplasia. Case 2 is a 6-month-old male infant who also has primary hypothyroidism. Case 3 was a girl who lived until the age of 4 years before succumbing to liver failure. Case 4 is an 8-month-old female infant born to a third-degree married couple who presented with neonatal diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis. Genetic testing revealed that she had WRS, which helps us in the anticipation and early treatment of complications.

Exogenous spermidine alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via suppressing reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and Pannexin-1-mediated ferroptosis.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious complication and death cause of diabetes mellitus (DM). Recent cardiology studies suggest that spermidine (SPD) has cardioprotective effects. Here, we verified the hypothesis of SPD's protective effects on DCM. Therefore, db/db mice and primary neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes were used to observe the effects of SPD. Immunoblotting showed that ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and SPD/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) were downregulated and upregulated in the myocardium of db/db mice, respectively. We found that diabetic mice showed cardiac dysfunction in 12 weeks. Conversely, exogenous SPD could improve cardiac functions and reduce the deposition of collagens, myocardial damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in diabetic mouse hearts. Our results also demonstrated that cardiomyocytes displayed ferroptosis and then activated Pannexin-1 expression, which resulted in the increase of the extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Subsequently, increased ATP as a paracrine molecule combined to purinergic receptor P2X7 to activate ERK1/2 signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes and activated NCOA4-mediated ferroptinophagy to promote lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. Interestingly, SPD could reverse these molecular processes. Our findings indicate an important new mechanism for DCM and suggest that SPD has potential applicability to protect against deterioration of cardiac function with DCM.

Istorija gestacijskog dijabetes melitusa

The goal of this paper is to present the chronological development of knowledge about diabetes mellitus from the time of Hippocrates, through Langerhans and White, how it was discovered that inadequate pancreatic function was the cause of diabetes mellitus, and that the kidney was just an organ that became weaker due to unregulated pancreatic function. Studying gestational diabetes mellitus leads to a better control of diabetes in pregnancy, better perinatal outcome with fewer peripartal and perinatal complications. In the second part of the paper, there is a review of literature available on the Web of Science, containing the number of papers published over the years, as well as areas and countries they had been published in.