Cause Of Cerebral Palsy Research Articles

Asphyxia and Cerebral Palsy

Sir .—Your publication of the article by Naeye and Peters 1 in the October 1989 issue of AJDC is puzzling. Although presumably written to add clarity to the debate on the role of birth asphyxia as a cause of cerebral palsy (CP), this article offers us a fair measure of further confusion. The article by Naeye and Peters presents analysis of a data set that has already undergone very sophisticated analysis by Nelson and Ellenberg 2,3 and Freeman and Nelson. 4 Assuming that Drs Naeye and Peters feel the Nelson and Ellenberg analyses to be deficient on some accounts (why else bother to reanalyze the same data?), they fail to enlighten the reader with specific criticisms of their analyses, with information on how their classification of cases and exposure factors and their results differ from those of Nelson and Ellenberg. 2,3 Further, Naeye and Peters do not adequately distinguish between

Origins of Cerebral Palsy

• Analyses were undertaken to determine the causes of cerebral palsy in a prospective study of 43 437 full-term children. Presumed causes were found for about 71% of the 34 quadriplegic and 40% of the 116 nonquadriplegic patients with cerebral palsy. Risk estimates based on predictive models, adjusted for multiple factors, suggest that 53% of the quadriplegic patients with cerebral palsy could be attributed to congenital disorders, 14% to birth asphyxia, and 8% to other identified disorders. Thirty-five percent of the nonquadriplegic patients with cerebral palsy could be attributed to congenital disorders and 6% to other disorders. In the victims of cerebral palsy, characteristic consequences of birth asphyxia were more often the result of nonasphyxial disorders. These included meconium in the amniotic fluid, low 10-minute Apgar scores, neonatal apnea spells, seizures, persisting neurologic abnormalities, and slow head growth after birth. ( AJDC . 1989;143:1154-1161)

Origins of Cerebral Palsy

Analyses were undertaken to determine the causes of cerebral palsy in a prospective study of 43,437 full-term children. Presumed causes were found for about 71% of the 34 quadriplegic and 40% of the 116 nonquadriplegic patients with cerebral palsy. Risk estimates based on predictive models, adjusted for multiple factors, suggest that 53% of the quadriplegic patients with cerebral palsy could be attributed to congenital disorders, 14% to birth asphyxia, and 8% to other identified disorders. Thirty-five percent of the nonquadriplegic patients with cerebral palsy could be attributed to congenital disorders and 6% to other disorders. In the victims of cerebral palsy, characteristic consequences of birth asphyxia were more often the result of nonasphyxial disorders. These included meconium in the amniotic fluid, low 10-minute Apgar scores, neonatal apnea spells, seizures, persisting neurologic abnormalities, and slow head growth after birth.

Origins of Cerebral Palsy

The causes of cerebral palsy were determined in a prospective study of 43,437 full term children from data collected in the Collaborative Perinatal Study of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, and published from the Department of Pathology and Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, M.S.

ELECTRONIC FETAL MONITORING: WISHING AWAY TRUTH

The act of throwing into stark relief the unreliability of intrapartum EFM as a predictor of long-term neurological outcome threatens two other much more important beliefs: that the use of EFM can prevent cerebral palsy and that intrapartum asphyxia is the cause of cerebral palsy. It is no wonder that there is resistance to collecting relevant evidence and giving it credence. "I had not properly realised, until this time, the power of wish to distort and deny—and its prevalence in this complex situation, where enthusiasm of doctors and the distress of patients, might lie in an unconscious collusion, equally concerned to wish away an unpalatable truth."

Manual of Child Neurology

It is always a pleasure to review good books written by one's former residents. Dr Evans' new red book is the Harriet Lane handbook of child neurology. It is written as a manual for pediatricians and others involved in the Primary health care of children. The eight sections cover neurologic evaluation, neurodiagnostic procedures, neonatal neurologic disorders, developmental disorders, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases, neuromuscular diseases, acquired disorders of the central nervous system, and paroxysmal disorders. The text is succinct, pertinent, and useful. Tables, drawings, and illustrations are used liberally. Some statements are made with which not all child neurologists would agree, eg, Asphyxia continues to be one of the major causes of cerebral palsy in term infants (page 159). The standard topics are covered succinctly. A few magnetic resonance imaging scans are included. It would have been nice to have arrows precisely depicting the pertinent findings for those readers unfamiliar with

Cerebral palsy. Current understanding of a complex problem.

PreviewBirth trauma is no longer a common cause of cerebral palsy. The disorder has many possible causes, however, and should be considered in differential diagnosis if a child's development is not progressing normally. The outlook for patients is optimistic, says Dr Erenberg, with early detection and full use of treatment options.

The Causes of Cerebral Palsy

In a retrospective review of cases, the causes of cerebral palsy in 142 children living in the northwestern United States and born after Jan 1, 1970, were prenatal in 50% of the cases, similar to findings recently reported from Sweden. The causes were perinatal in 33%, postnatal in 10%, and mixed in 7%. Epidemiologic studies from the 1950s report the origins of cerebral palsy to be mostly perinatal. The discrepancy is explained largely by differences in interpretation of medical findings prompted by recent advances in knowledge of fetal development and implications of obstetric and neonatal events. Cerebral palsy was considered medically preventable in 6% of full-term perinatal cases, possibly medically preventable in another 4%, and socially preventable in 4% of posttraumatic and 22% of preterm cases. Research in prenatal development, improvements in health education, and expansion of clinical genetic services are suggested as the most promising avenues toward prevention of cerebral palsy.

The causes of cerebral palsy. A contemporary perspective

The causes of cerebral palsy. A contemporary perspective

Iatrogenic disease in the newborn.

The role of intrapartum asphyxia and cerebral birth trauma as an important cause of perinatal mortality is well known and its contribution to perinatal morbidity as a cause of cerebral palsy is widely appreciated. This has led to more careful monitoring of pregnancy and labour, although monitoring techniques are not without hazard. The widespread availability of intensive care facilities for the newborn has resulted in the survival of many infants, particularly those of low birth weight, who might previously have died. Efficacious modes of treatment may, unfortunately, bring in their wake serious problems in the form of iatrogenic disease which may cause or contribute to rapid demise or whose effects may be fully apparent for many years. Ante natal investigations have also become frequently used and have their own hazards.

Hypoxic effects on purine metabolism studied with high pressure liquid chromatography.

The purpose of our studies was to obtain estimates of the metabolic effects of hypoxia especially in the perinatal period. Perinatal hypoxia is believed to be probably the most important cause of cerebral palsy and an important factor in the aetiology of mental subnormality (Illingworth, 1979). A cumulative measure of the metabolic effects of hypoxia should therefore be useful in obstetrics and pediatrics.KeywordsCerebral PalsyAmniotic FluidHigh Pressure Liquid ChromatographyFetal DistressHypoxic EffectThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Bilirubin encephathy as a cause of cerebral palsy : Criteria on the postnatal manifestations of prenatal inslut in the CNS

Bilirubin encephathy as a cause of cerebral palsy : Criteria on the postnatal manifestations of prenatal inslut in the CNS

A review of clinical presentation and physiotherapy management of cerebral palsy patients in Esut teaching hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.

Cerebral palsy affects the general neurological development of those involved. This usually culminates into various muscular deficits some of which are amenable to physiotherapy intervention and rehabilitation. A 6 year retrospective study was conducted to find out the clinical presentation and physiotherapy management of cerebral palsy patients in ESUT Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria, between June 2009 and May, 2015. 146(30.2%) cases of cerebral palsy were noted out of 483 children seen within the period. There was male predominance n- 86(58.9%) and the commonest cause of cerebral palsy was birth asphyxia n- 56(38.4%).Several physiotherapy treatment modalities were applied, the common ones being neurodevelopment therapy, trans-cutaneous electric nerve stimulation, and passive and active exercise modules.Majority of the patients' accessed treatment less than 5 times n- 86(59%) and were lost to follow up subsequently. Slightly more than 10% of the patients accessed treatment consistently for 3 months. High level of abandonment of treatment and lack of more modern physiotherapy modalities were noted. There is need to emphasize better health education of parents/guardians of the patients and improve social welfare benefits for the patients.

The causes of cerebral palsy

The causes of cerebral palsy

The causes of cerebral palsy

The causes of cerebral palsy

TOOTH RING ANALYSIS IN CEREBRAL PALSY.

Introduction Infantile cerebral palsy consists of syndromes characterized by chronic motor disabilities due to brain involvement, occurring primarily in the prenatal or perinatal period. It may be classified into three general subgroups 1,2 : (1) spastics , characterized clinically by the presence of increased stretch reflexes in the muscles and by increased deep tendon reflexes; (2) dyskinesias , characterized by abnormalities in motion without abnormal deep tendon reflexes—the most common form of dyskinesia is the athetoid; (3) ataxias , in which dyssynergia and poor balance are characteristic. The spastics and athetoids make up roughly 90% of the total cerebral palsy population. The causes of cerebral palsy are basically of two types: (1) anoxia,* which tends to be associated with brain lesions resulting in the clinical syndromes of dyskinesia, primarily athetosis, and (2) trauma and vascular damage, which tend to be associated with the clinical syndromes of spasticity. The correlation between specific syndromes and etiologies

Liability for Prenatal Injuries

ABSTRACT To the Editor: —My colleague and I were astounded and dismayed to read R. P. Bergen's article on liability for prenatal injuries, published in The Journal (182:178 (Oct 13) 1962.)Litigation, especially in the US, is an ever-increasing hazard to the practise of medicine, but this recent court ruling appears to be approaching the absurd. It would now seem that the medical profession must rely on the courts to establish the cause of diseases, and I am most grateful to the court for informing me that maternal anemia during pregnancy is a probable cause of cerebral palsy. I have always been of the opinion that the cause of this disease is as yet unknown, though many contributory factors have been implicated.It may be that I have misunderstood the court's reason for awarding judgment against the physician, since I am not in full possession of the facts of the

Drugs. Their Nature, Action and Use

that research into the causes of cerebral palsy should be directed toward uncovering the reasons for anoxia, prematurity, antepartum hemorrhage, abortion, and toxemia, as these are the major factors. In his chapter on structural changes in the brain, Courville refers to congenital malforma¬ tions, circulatory disturbances and infections in the antenatal period. He concludes that ischemia, anoxia, or both are the chief initiatory causes of many cortical central and ganglionic lesions. In the chapter on the diagnosis and educational treatment of deafness, Ewing raises the question which has troubled everyone dealing with the cerebral palsied, namely, the educa¬ tional placement of the child who is palsied and also deaf. Schonell treats of the educational problems and methods of teaching of the cerebral palsied in England. In the main they are similar to those in our own country. Two methods of speech therapy are described. One employs relaxation and a gradual build-up of basic rhythms and patterns of movement; the other makes use of reflex inhibitory postures following the Bobath technique of physio¬ therapy. There are chapters on the psychological aspects of cerebral palsy; intelligence testing; equipment for the home, school, and treatment clinic ; drug therapy ; the role of physical therapy and orthopedic surgery in the treatment of cerebral palsy. Myers has an outstanding chapter on recent advances in the neurosurgery of cerberal palsy. A book of this type, using authors from England, Australia, and the United States offers the reader a variety of ideas. The editor has indicated that he has not attempted to cover the entire field of cerebral palsy, but rather to present an up-to-date review of certain important aspects. In this he has succeeded admirably. One of the major virtues is the inclusion of a comprehensive bibliography by each writer. Attention should also be called to the appendix which presents a summarv of the voluntary and tax-supported services for cerebral palsy in the United States. STANLEY S. LAMM, M.D.

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

CAUSES OF CEREBRAL PALSY

Acta PaediatricaVolume 46, Issue S109 p. 26-31 CAUSES OF CEREBRAL PALSY First published: September 1957 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1957.tb15823.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume46, IssueS109September 1957Pages 26-31 RelatedInformation