Cause Of Bronchitis Research Articles

Assessment of air quality index of Jaipur city (Rajasthan) India

The major cause of bronchitis and lung infections is air pollution. The PM2.5, PM10, CO2, CO, NOx, and HC pollutants are included in the air quality index, which measures the total amount of air pollution in the atmosphere. The AQI should be keeping pollution levels within acceptable ranges, and a higher reading meant more pollution. Twenty Indian cities rank among the top fifty most polluted cities in the world, with an AQI of greater than 266. The need to consider air quality index and put regulations in place to lower it is worrying. This study is presented the various air pollution contaminations and AQI at three different positions in Jaipur Rajasthan. It is found that the Police Commissionerate found more polluted than the Adarsh Nagar and Shashtri Nagar Jaipur.

Genetic Manipulation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a small cell wall-lacking bacterium that is a common cause of bronchitis and pneumonia in humans. In addition to its clinical importance, M. pneumoniae has recently been considered a promising model organism for synthetic biology because of its small genome size and unique cell structure. At one cell pole, M. pneumoniae forms the attachment organelle that is responsible for adherence to host cells and gliding motility. The attachment organelle is a membrane protrusion and is composed of number of molecules, including adhesin and cytoskeletal proteins. Genetic manipulation techniques are key research approaches for understanding the structure and the function of this unique molecular machinery. In this chapter, standard genetic engineering methods for this species using the Tn4001 transposon vector are described.

Cardamom Derived Phytochemicals against Bronchitis Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

Phytochemicals from Cardamom plant extract can cure Bronchitis. One of the causes of Bronchitis is an infection of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that 4-terpineol can effectively deactivate thymidine phosphorylase enzyme thereby interrupting the life cycle of the organism.

Bronchitis Prevention in the Elderly in DKI Jakarta, Indonesia

In Indonesia, bronchitis was not known with certainty, but this disease was part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the 2017 Directorate General of Disease Control reports 4%. The purpose of this study is to find out the causes of bronchitis in the elderly at Papanggo Public Health Center in Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta, and DKI Jakarta in 2019. Applied research methods taken from a case control study of 30 COPD cases and 64 not COPD were randomly sampled, 27 of them elderly and suffer bronchitis numbered 16 people (59.3%) and not Bronchitis 11 people. Data obtained by direct interview with the questionnaire have been tested for validity and reliability. Descriptive, Chi Square, multiple logistic regressions. Results suffered Bronchitis 16 people (59.3%), emphysema 14.8%. The characteristics of the elderly aged 60-75 years are 17 people (63%), 76-90 years 10 people (37%); male 18 people (66.7%), low education 24 people (88.9%), the work of drivers and employees each amounted to 6 people (44.4%), uncertain jobs at most 16 people (59.3%), length of work 30- 50 years 48.1%, working time 12-14 hours 63.0%, income at most Rp.500,000-3,000,000, - 22 people (81.5%), Body Mass Index at risk 13 people 48.1%, Abdominal rate at 21 people (77.8%) , High blood pressure 15 people (55.6%), not exercising 15 people (55.6%), 19 people have smoked (70.4%), 11-14 years old started smoking 20 people (74.1%), number of cigarettes per day < 5-> 5 cigarettes for 8 people (29.6%), daily costs for cigarettes Rp.27,500-Rp.50,000 (37%), length of smoking 37 years-51 years (37%), types of clove cigarettes ( 81.5%), How to smoke cigarettes feels up to the lungs 25 92.6%, exposed to cigarettes in the living area 70.4%, exposed to cigarettes at work 74.1%, exposed to cigarettes in public places 77.8%, COPD families 18.5%. 77.8% less knowledge, 37% less attitude. Test results of the relationship of bronchitis with all of these free variables that have significant values of p≤0.05 are gender, education, occupation, length of work, exercise, abdominal circumference, smoking, number of cigarettes smoked every day, exposed to cigarette smoke in the residence, place work, public places. The final model the causes of bronchitis in the elderly were smoked, cigarette smoke, exposed of cigarette smoke in the residence, work and public places. Conclusions smoking and cigarette smoke were the main causes of bronchitis in the elderly. Suggestions do not smoke and regulations and the implementation of regulations that are serious about not smoking, do not smoke in the home environment, workplaces and public places.

Curcumin Prevents Replication of Respiratory Syncytial Virus and the Epithelial Responses to It in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells

The human nasal epithelium is the first line of defense during respiratory virus infection. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of bronchitis, asthma and severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. We previously reported in human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs), the replication and budding of RSV and the epithelial responses, including release of proinflammatory cytokines and enhancement of the tight junctions, are in part regulated via an NF-κB pathway. In this study, we investigated the effects of the NF-κB in HNECs infected with RSV. Curcumin prevented the replication and budding of RSV and the epithelial responses to it without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the upregulation of the epithelial barrier function caused by infection with RSV was enhanced by curcumin. Curcumin also has wide pharmacokinetic effects as an inhibitor of NF-κB, eIF-2α dephosphorylation, proteasome and COX2. RSV-infected HNECs were treated with the eIF-2α dephosphorylation blocker salubrinal and the proteasome inhibitor MG132, and inhibitors of COX1 and COX2. Treatment with salubrinal, MG132 and COX2 inhibitor, like curcumin, prevented the replication of RSV and the epithelial responses, and treatment with salubrinal and MG132 enhanced the upregulation of tight junction molecules induced by infection with RSV. These results suggest that curcumin can prevent the replication of RSV and the epithelial responses to it without cytotoxicity and may act as therapy for severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children caused by RSV infection.

A nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway via protein kinase C δ regulates replication of respiratory syncytial virus in polarized normal human nasal epithelial cells

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of bronchitis, asthma, and severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. The airway epithelium, which has a well-developed barrier regulated by tight junctions, is the first line of defense during respiratory virus infection. In upper airway human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs), however, the primary site of RSV infection, the mechanisms of replication and budding of RSV, and the epithelial cell responses, including the tight junctional barrier, remain unknown. To investigate the detailed mechanisms of replication and budding of RSV in HNECs and the epithelial cell responses, we established an RSV-infected model using human telomerase reverse transcriptase--transfected HNECs. We first found that the expression and barrier function of tight junction molecules claudin-4 and occludin were markedly induced together with production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 8 and tumor necrosis factor-α in HNECs after RSV infection, and the induction of tight junction molecules possibly contributed to budding of RSV. Furthermore, the replication and budding of RSV and the epithelial cell responses in HNECs were regulated via a protein kinase C δ/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/nuclear factor-κB pathway. The control of this pathway in HNECs may be useful not only for prevention of replication and budding of RSV, but also in therapy for RSV-induced respiratory pathogenesis.

The nature and causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a historical perspective. The Christie Lecture 2007, Chicago, USA.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the currently favoured name for the diseases formerly known as emphysema and bronchitis. COPD has been recognized for more than 200 years. Its cardinal symptoms are cough, phlegm and dyspnea, and its pathology is characterized by enlarged airspaces and obstructed airways. In the 19th century, the diagnosis of COPD depended on its symptoms and signs of a hyperinflated chest, and reduced expiratory breath sounds. The airflow obstruction evident on spirometry was identified in that century, but did not enter into clinical practice. Bronchitis, and the mechanical forces required to overcome its obstruction, was believed to be responsible for emphysema, although the inflammation present was recognized. The causes of bronchitis, and hence emphysema, included atmospheric and domestic air pollution, as well as dusty occupations. Cigarette smoking only became recognized as the dominant cause in the 20th century. The lessons learned of the risks for COPD in 19th-century Britain are very pertinent to the world today.

Asthma Management by Monitoring Sputum Neutrophil Count

We report the utility of quantitative cell counts in sputum in monitoring therapy of a patient with poorly controlled asthma. Recurrent neutrophilic bronchitis without an eosinophilic bronchitis led to the identification of Chlamydophila pneumoniae as the cause of bronchitis and asthma exacerbation. Serial examination of blood and sputum by polymerase chain reaction for C pneumoniae helped to prevent exacerbations by prophylactic antibiotic therapy, reduce the dose of prednisone and inhaled corticosteroids, and improve asthma control.

Proteins P24 and P41 Function in the Regulation of Terminal-Organelle Development and Gliding Motility in Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a major cause of bronchitis and atypical pneumonia in humans. This cell wall-less bacterium has a complex terminal organelle that functions in cytadherence and gliding motility. The gliding mechanism is unknown but is coordinated with terminal-organelle development during cell division. Disruption of M. pneumoniae open reading frame MPN311 results in loss of protein P41 and downstream gene product P24. P41 localizes to the base of the terminal organelle and is required to anchor the terminal organelle to the cell body, but during cell division, MPN311 insertion mutants also fail to properly regulate nascent terminal-organelle development spatially or gliding activity temporally. We measured gliding velocity and frequency and used fluorescent protein fusions and time-lapse imaging to assess the roles of P41 and P24 individually in terminal-organelle development and gliding function. P41 was necessary for normal gliding velocity and proper spatial positioning of new terminal organelles, while P24 was required for gliding frequency and new terminal-organelle formation at wild-type rates. However, P41 was essential for P24 function, and in the absence of P41, P24 exhibited a dynamic localization pattern. Finally, protein P28 requires P41 for stability, but analysis of a P28(-) mutant established that the MPN311 mutant phenotype was not a function of loss of P28.

Chronic Cough Due to Acute Bronchitis: ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines

Background:The purpose of this review is to present the evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of cough due to acute bronchitis and make recommendations that will be useful for clinical practice. Acute bronchitis is one of the most common diagnoses made by primary care clinicians and emergency department physicians. It is an acute respiratory infection with a normal chest radiograph that is manifested by cough with or without phlegm production that lasts for up to 3 weeks. Respiratory viruses appear to be the most common cause of acute bronchitis; however, the organism responsible is rarely identified in clinical practice because viral cultures and serologic assays are not routinely performed. Fewer than 10% of patients will have a bacterial infection diagnosed as the cause of bronchitis. The diagnosis of acute bronchitis should be made only when there is no clinical or radiographic evidence of pneumonia, and the common cold, acute asthma, or an exacerbation of COPD have been ruled out as the cause of cough. Acute bronchitis is a self-limited respiratory disorder, and when the cough persists for > 3 weeks, other diagnoses must be considered.Methods:Recommendations for this review were obtained from data using a National Library of Medicine (PubMed) search dating back to 1950, which was performed in August 2004. The search was limited to literature published in the English language and human studies, using search terms such as “cough,” “acute bronchitis,” and “acute viral respiratory infection.”Results:Unfortunately, most previous controlled trials guiding the treatment of acute bronchitis have not vigorously differentiated acute bronchitis and the common cold, and also have not distinguished between an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and acute asthma as a cause of acute cough. For patients with the putative diagnosis of acute bronchitis, routine treatment with antibiotics is not justified and should not be offered. Antitussive agents are occasionally useful and can be offered as therapy for short-term symptomatic relief of coughing, but there is no role for inhaled bronchodilator or expectorant therapy. Children and adult patients with confirmed and probable whooping cough should receive a macrolide antibiotic and should be isolated for 5 days from the start of treatment; early treatment within the first few weeks will diminish the coughing paroxysms and prevent spread of the disease; the patient is unlikely to respond to treatment beyond this period.Conclusion:Acute bronchitis is an acute respiratory infection that is manifested by cough and, at times, sputum production that lasts for no more than 3 weeks. This syndrome should be distinguished from the common cold, an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and acute asthma as the cause of acute cough. The widespread use of antibiotics for the treatment of acute bronchitis is not justified, and vigorous efforts to curtail their use should be encouraged.

COMPARISON OF THE SENSITIVITY OF THE POLIMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR DETECTION OF CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE INFECTIONS AFTER TWO DIFFERENT APPLIED METHODS FOR DNA EXTRACTION FROM SPUTA, TRACHEAL AND BRONCHIAL SECRETS

Chlamydia pneumoniae (Chlamydophila pneumoniae) is one of the important pathogens in human respiratory tract infections. The microogranism is an obligatory intracellular gram-negative bacterium that is common cause of bronchitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis and atypical pneumonia. 90% or more of C. pneumoniae infections remain asymptomatic. There is suggested a relationship between C. pneumoniae and chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, multiple sclerosis, reactive arthritis, Guillain-Barre’ syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, etc. The knowledge for the epidemiology of C. pneumoniae infections mainly depends on serological detection received from studies of the population immune status using microimmunofluorescence and cell culture. These methods are time consuming and not very sensitive. Recently the isolation of the microorganism was improved and more frequently the PCR started to be applied as a method of choice to diagnose C. pneumoniae infections. The method is performed within several hours and gives the possibility to use a wide variety of patient’s specimens. The aim of this study is to compare the sensitivity of the polimerase chain reaction after two different types of DNA extraction from sputa, tracheal and bronchial secrets, artificially infected with C. pneumoniae

From Micrococcus to Moraxella

Sir William Osler once stated Keep an open mind toward pneumonia. Our grandchildren will be interested and are likely to have as many differences of opinion regarding the disease as we have. 1 One difference of opinion that developed among Osler's ideologic grandchildren is the pathogenicity of an organism now referred to as Branhamella catarrhalis. Branhamella catarrhalis , a normal colonizer of the oropharynx, is being increasingly recognized as a cause of bronchitis and pneumonia. 2-5 Because the organism rarely causes bacteremia or empyema, diagnosis is usually based on findings from expectorated sputum. Uncertainty about the true frequency of Branhamella respiratory infection revolves around controversy concerning the definitive diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. While this organism, formerly called Neisseria catarrhalis , was considered nonpathogenic in the 1960s and 1970s, it is now recognized by some to be one of the common pathogens in respiratory infections. 6 The remarkable emergence of B catarrhalis raises

Air contamination: a respiratory hazard.

Health hazards due to contamination of the atmosphere are not limited to the immediate effects of severe episodes. Air pollution plays an important role in the etiology of lung cancer and is linked to cancer of other sites. It is a major cause of bronchitis and can be implicated in many other diseases of the respiratory tract. Continued study of the mechanisms involved demonstrate that these effects are not due to single factors in most situations but to multiple components differing widely from one city to another. Statistical and experimental studies of chronic exposure to common ambient levels of air pollution clearly demonstrate the serious health hazard represented by air contamination.

Tobacco bronchitis; an anesthesiologic study.

Excerpt Bronchitis is a recognized hazard in anesthesia and surgery because coughing and tracheobronchial hyperirritability and hypersecretion predispose the patient to the following complications:...