Cationic Dyeing Research Articles

Study on the dyeing and moisture absorption and quick-drying performance of Porel spandex core-spun yarns

Replacing cotton fiber with cationic dyeable modified polyester may effectively alleviate the pressure of cotton resource shortage. Porel is a new generation of cotton-like cationic dyeable polyester fiber with reduced modulus, rigidity, pilling, and improved softness. In this work, cationic dye dyeing process and hygroscopic and quick-drying property tests were conducted on Porel products. The findings indicated that 100 °C and 30 mins were the ideal dyeing temperature and time for Porel spandex core-spun yarns. Fastness to rubbing and washing achieved 4.5 grade, and fastness to sunlight reached 6–7 grade. Compared with cotton spandex core-spun yarn, the overall cost per ton of Porel spandex core-spun yarn can be saved by 35%. Furthermore, Porel denim was proven to have excellent moisture absorption and quick drying properties. This study introduces a novel approach to addressing the challenges associated with cotton scarcity through the development of functional cotton-like products.

Optimisation of cationic dye dyeing process of Porel fabrics using response surface methodology

AbstractPolyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibre, widely utilised across diverse industries, suffers from inherent drawbacks such as inadequate moisture absorption, limited hydrophilicity, and susceptibility to static electricity. To address these limitations, Porel fibre has emerged as a novel modified polyester fibre that incorporates flexible aliphatic polyester into its macromolecular chain. This innovative design not only overcomes the deficiencies of PET fibre but also enables it to be dyed using cationic dyes or disperse dyes under atmospheric pressure conditions. However, the investigation of the dyeing process of cationic dyes on Porel textiles remains relatively scarce. In this work, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise the dyeing process of Porel fabrics with C.I. Basic Blue 162. The effects of dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and dye concentration on exhaustion percentage and colour strength (K/S value) were investigated using the Central Composite Design (CCD) method. The optimal dyeing process condition was as follows: a dyeing temperature of 96°C, a dyeing time of 51 min, a dye concentration of 3.6% owf, a dye solution pH value of 4–5, and a liquor ratio of 1:20. Under the optimal dyeing process conditions, the Porel fabrics achieved an exhaustion percentage of 96.2% and a K/S value of 36.0. The aforementioned efforts endow Porel fibre with high‐quality dyeing capabilities and broaden the application prospects of polyester textiles.

Study on a cationic agent-based salt-free reactive dyeing process for cotton knit fabric and comparison with a traditional dyeing process

Since the majority of reactive dyes only have a moderate affinity for cotton, significant amounts of electrolytes are frequently needed to cause tiredness. As a result, wastewater contains significant amounts of salt and dye, and the increasing salinity of the rivers has an effect on the delicate biochemistry of aquatic life. The aim of the study was to find a sustainable dyeing process for cotton knit fabric using EPTMAC (2, 3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) as a cationic agent and comparison of the cationic dyeing process (salt free dyeing) with the regular dyeing process (dyeing with salt). For this purpose, cotton knit fabric samples were dyed with reactive dyes following salt free process and with salt. Afterwards, color fastness (wash and rubbing), spectrophotometric evaluation, bursting strength test, analysis of dye bath discharge water and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of the dyed samples were carried out. Moreover, water consumption was also evaluated for the both cationic and regular dyeing process. In terms of color fastness, cationized dyed fabric showed no change to a slight loss in depth (rating of 4–5) for both wash and rubbing fastness. From the spectrophotometric evaluation, it was found that cationized dyed fabric appeared darker and less yellowish tone. Moreover, in case of bursting strength, cationized black, hot pink, and light pink colored fabrics possessed bursting strengths of 287 kPa, 337 kPa, and 440 kPa, correspondingly. After analysis of dye bath discharge water, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) value of regular colored water samples were 45%, 39%, 54% greater than that of cationized dyed water samples respectively. Cationized dyed water value for Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was 6.39 mg/l, which was within the acceptable limit. The SEM image asserted that the cationized colored samples had consistent dye dispersion, greater adhesion, and no dye anomalies. Considering water consumption, it was found that 37%, 27% and 23% less amount of water required for dyeing dark, medium and light shade of cationized samples due to fewer washes after dyeing and elimination of fixing steps. In addition of that, total cost of cationic dyeing process was less due to less chemical consumption, less utility use, shorter process time and less amount of dyes needed. Cationic dyeing process is a sustainable practice of dyeing cotton fabric with reactive dyes that offers numerous advantages when compared to the regular dyeing process with less cost consumption and low amount of environmental pollution.

Synthesis, metrological characterization, and dyeing properties of surface grafted viscose fabric using peroxydisulfate/ferrous II ions redox pair

Purpose The purpose of this study is to undertake surface graft copolymerization of viscose fabric via altering its fibrous properties by using acrylic acid (AA) as a carboxyl-containing monomer and peroxydisulfate (PDS) in presence of ferrous sulfate as a novel redox pair for initiating grafting. The latter process acted as an energy-saving process with respect to the reduction in polymerization temperature and maximizing the graft yield %, in addition to rendering the grafted viscose fabrics dye-able with cationic dye (crystal violet), which has frequently no direct affinity to fix on fabric. Design/methodology/approach To make graft copolymerization more efficient and economic, the optimum conditions for graft copolymerization were established. The graft yield % was determined as a function of initiator, catalyst and monomer concentrations and the material to liquor ratio, in addition to polymerization time and temperatures. Metrological characterizations via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy of topographic morphological surface change have also been established in comparison with the ungrafted samples. Findings The maximum graft yield of 70.6% is obtained at the following optimum conditions: monomer (150 % based on the weight of fabric), PDS (50 m mole), ferrous sulfate (80 m mole) and sulfuric acid (30 m mole) at 40° C for 1.5 h using a liquor ratio of 30. Remarkably, grafting with AA enabled a multifold upsurge in color strength, with improvements in the fastness properties of cationically dyed grafted viscose fabric measured on the blue scale in comparison with untreated viscose fabric. Originality/value The novelty addressed here is undertaken with studying the effect of altering the extent of grafting of poly (AA)-viscose graft copolymers expressed as graft yield % in addition to carboxyl contents on cationic dyeing of viscose fabric for the first time in the literature. Moreover, rendering the viscose fabrics after grafting is dye-able with cationic dye with high brilliance of shades, which has regularly no direct affinity to fix on this type of fabrics.

Synthesis and spectral properties of novel cationic fazo dyes and calix[4]arene macromolecule: Application studies towards the cationic dyeing and dye effluent water purification technology

Herein, we synthesized three novel pyridone based cationic azo dyes and calix[4]arene macromolecule. All the synthesized molecules are characterized and confirmed by NMR, IR, and HRMS analysis. The structural optimization, vibrational frequencies, HOMO and LUMO energy calculations were obtained from Gaussian 09 program package on the B3LYP level using 6–311 G basis set. Theoretical vibrational frequencies are good agreement with experimental values. FT-IR and NMR results confirm that pyridone cationic dyes exist in hydrazone tautomeric form. Dyeing experiments were performed with these dyes on modacrylic fabrics in an aqueous medium. All three dyes displayed good color strength in acidic pH. The binding interactions between the fiber and dyes have been proposed. Calix[4]arene macromolecule is used to extract these dyes from the wastewater. The removal efficiency of calix[4]arene is over 95% observed for all three cationic azo dyes. The excellent adsorption capacity was maintained up to three cycles. These results suggest that calix[4]arene based macromolecule is an attractive candidate for removing cationic dyes from the wastewater due to easy synthesis and low cost.

Surface Modification of Non-Ionic Polyester Fabric into an Anionic Platform for Low Temperature Cationic Basic Dyeing with Improved Colorfastness Properties

Surface Modification of Non-Ionic Polyester Fabric into an Anionic Platform for Low Temperature Cationic Basic Dyeing with Improved Colorfastness Properties

Amphoteric cellulose microspheres for the efficient remediation of anionic and cationic dyeing wastewater

Amphoteric cellulose porous microsphere adsorbents (ACM) with high contents of functional groups were prepared by carboxylation and amination reactions. The obtained ACM possess similar contents of carboxyl groups (1.52 mmol/g) and amino groups (1.51 mmol/g). In addition, the modified microspheres exhibited excellent mechanical properties benefiting from the dense porous structures. The ACM could simultaneously remove the cationic dye methyl orange (MO) as well as the anionic dye methylene blue (MeB) with adsorption capacities as high as 345.32 mg/g and 616.12 mg/g, respectively. Another the microspheres are also with good regeneration that the adsorption capacities still maintained more than 90 % after 8 cycles.

Enhanced proton conductivity of viscose-based membranes via ionic modification and dyeing processes for fuel cell applications

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs), which are crucial fuel cell parts, play an important role in the field of energy science. However, the further development of conventional PEMs based on synthetic polymers is greatly limited by high energy consumption and difficult degradation. In this work, we reported the fabrication of a novel viscose-based PEM via cationic modification and dyeing treatment with the reactive dyes KE-7B1. High-efficiency proton transmission channels can be constructed due to the formation of the complex internal three-dimensional network of the as-prepared viscose-based PEM. H+ conductivity (σH+) and water uptake are intensively investigated by changing the cationic agents and KE-7B1, and the maximum σH+ reaches 44.19 mS/cm at 80 °C and 98% relative humidity (RH). Furthermore, the prepared membrane shows the lowest calculated activation energy value (12.25 kJ/mol), indicating that both Grotthuss and Vehicle mechanisms play an important role in ionic transport. The membrane chemical structure and micromorphology are analyzed and the proton transmission modes are explored in detail, supplemented with research on the hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics and crystallinity of the membranes. The application stability of the membranes is also evaluated analyzing the thermal, mechanical, and oxygen resistance properties, and the results show that all the prepared membranes can maintain good thermal stability within 200 °C. The maximum tensile strength reaches 42.12 MPa, and the mass losses of the membranes soaked in 30% (in mass, same below) H2O2 solution for 120 h can be restricted to 10%. Therefore, as a novel PEM, the obtained dye viscose-based membranes show great potential for application in fuel cells.

A salt-free, zero-discharge and dyebath-recyclable circular coloration technology based on cationic polyelectrolyte complex for cotton fabric dyeing

Textile industry is one of the most polluting industries due to the large quantities of dyeing wastewater it generates and discharges. Herein, we report an eco-friendly and sustainable circular coloration technology based on cationic polyelectrolyte complex to realise salt-free, zero-effluent-discharge circular dyeing for cotton fabrics with a recyclable dyebath by using a typical cationic polyelectrolyte polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) bonded with anionic dyes. The cotton fabrics were first treated with PHMB and then dyed with three commercial acid dyes. Colour measurements show that the colour strength is controllable by adjustment of concentrations of both PHMB and the dyebath. The dyed fabric samples were found to have good/excellent colour levelness (<0.49), and the colour fastness (Grade 3–5) was basically satisfactory and acceptable. The dyebath was proved to be recyclable for circular dyeing occurring at room temperature, which greatly reduces consumption of both water and heat energy for textile dyeing. Meanwhile, the dyed fabrics showed antimicrobial activity, particularly for the gram-positive S. aureus, which may help reduce the healthcare-associated infections that transmit through textiles. These results suggest that cationic polyelectrolyte-based circular dyeing could provide a promising and practicable strategy to address the pollution issue caused by wastewater generated in dyeing process in the textile industry.

Absorption kinetics and thermodynamics of cationic dyeing for poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolyester modified by 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene glycol (NPG)

The copoly(ethylene terephthalate) (ENCDP) were successfully prepared with 2,2-sodium-5-sulfo-bis-(hydroxyethyl)-isophthalate (SIPE), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene glycol (NPG), named as cationic dyeable polyester. The dyeing properties consisted of adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of cationic blue X-BL on the ENCDP fabric were investigated. The T-Vickerstaff hyperbolic adsorption model could be used to explain the adsorption kinetics and predict the equilibrium rate constant k, equilibrium dye sorption capacity (C∞), the half dyeing time (t1/2) and diffusion coefficient (D) at different temperatures. According to the adsorption activation energy (Ea)> 40KJ/mol, it is judged that the isotherm adsorption conforms to the langmuir isotherm and possessed the higher correlation. Moreover, the determined thermodynamic parameters including the positive value of adsorption affinity (-Δµ°) and enthalpy change (ΔH°) showed that the dye adsorption onto ENCDP was a chemisorption process of spontaneous and endothermic.

Preparation of cationic cotton through reaction with different polyelectrolytes.

Cationization of cotton fabrics was performed by exhaustion procedure utilizing four different reagents provided with quaternary ammonium groups: poly diallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDACl), poly acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (PAcD), poly[bis(2-chloroethyl) ether-alt-1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea] quaternized (P42) and 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC). Pretreated samples were dyed using Reactive Red 195 dye. The cationic fabrics were analyzed by colorimetric and fastness properties, zeta potential, SEM, FTIR and an estimate of the bactericidal effect. Cationic cotton treated with PDDACl and CHPTAC showed a higher affinity for the reactive dye, with color strength (K/S) values varying from 41 to 48, against 32 for conventional dyeing. P42 presented competitive results with K/S of 27–28. The cationic dyeing considerably reduced the amount of effluent, especially for the CHPTAC samples, which requires a single washing bath for complete removal of unfixed dye. The PDDACl and P42 samples presented bactericidal activity.Graphic abstract Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-021-04260-4.

Improved cationic dyeability of thermotropic liquid crystal polyarylate fabrics by ultraviolet irradiation-induced grafting of acrylic acid

As one of the most promising high-performance fibers, it is worthwhile to investigate the dyeing property of thermotropic liquid crystal polyarylate (TLCP) fibers. In this work, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-induced grafting using the acrylic acid (AAc) method was employed to improve the cationic dyeability of the TLCP fabrics. The TLCP fabrics were firstly immersed in an AAc monomer solution for 24 h, followed with the UV radiation process for grafting polymerization. The results showed that the dyeing performance to C.I. Basic Red 46 of the modified TLCP fabrics was remarkably improved. Through several characterizations, it was found that the AAc-grafted TLCP fibers became more roughened with many pits on the fiber surface, while the crystalline structure of the TLCP fibers was hardly affected. More importantly, carboxyl groups have been successfully introduced onto the TLCP fiber surface, which is the main reason for the good dye uptake. Therefore, this paper provides a simple and efficient way for the improvement of the cationic dyeing property of TLCP fabrics.

Synthesis of fluorescent cationic coumarin dyes with rigid molecular structures to improve lightfastness and their related modacrylic dyed fibers

In this study, three novel cationic, fluorescent, coumarin dyes (6a, 6b and 6c) with rigid molecular structures were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic studies. The photochemical behavior (UV light) of these dyes was studied in ethanol and DMF solvents. Compared to that of a commercial dye (basic yellow-40), the synthesized dyes exhibited good photostability in these solvents. A dyeing experiment was performed on modacrylic fibers with these dyes using a traditional cationic dyeing process. The effect of pH on the absorption spectra and dye bath exhaustion were also studied. The dyeing results showed that all the dyes exhibited obvious fluorescence effects. Based on the luminance factor (β), and photostability behavior, the synthesized dyes can hopefully be applied in high-visibility, fluorescent, yellow warning textiles with improved lightfastness.

Clean dyeing of acrylic fabric by sustainable red bacterial pigment based on nano-suspension system

Green preparation and application of microbial pigments are becoming a hotspot in the development and utilization of renewable resources. However, the application of microbial intracellular pigment in acrylic fabric dyeing is not environmentally friendly. In this research, different surfactant fermentation systems were employed to divert prodigiosins from the interior of thalli to the exterior during the liquid fermentation process. The results indicated that the extracting effect of nonionic surfactants was better than that of anionic surfactants. The maximum transfer ratio was obtained to be 94.3% when Tween 80 concentration was 18 g/L, which realized efficient clean extraction of prodigiosins without using organic solvent. The prepared prodigiosins suspension with the largest concentration of 226.0 mg/L was utilized as natural dyestuff for acrylic fabric dyeing, and the cationic dyeing technology based on nano-suspension system was developed. This research provided an original and green method for prodigiosins to simultaneously endow acrylic fabric with deep color (K/S value 13.59) and antibacterial functionality (81.8% against S. aureus), which has potential generalization for other microbial pigments.

Cationization of cotton fiber: an integrated view of cationic agents, processes variables, properties, market and future prospects

Anionic dyes are often used for conventional cotton dyeing. This process, however, has a moderate affinity and it is estimated that less than 70% of the dye interacts with the cotton fiber. Cationization of cellulose is a chemical treatment that modifies the cellulose molecule, making it strongly cationic. This pretreatment increases the affinity between cotton and anionic dyes. Therefore, cationic dyeing reduces water, time, energy and chemical consumption. In this scenario, there is a growing demand to develop new cleaner products, as well as to elucidate the reaction mechanism aiming to create a clean and low-cost process for cotton cationization. In the last decades, more than 800 documents were published, and this number continues to rise. Among the cationic agents, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride is the most researched and has achieved niche markets. However, poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride combines effectiveness with a cleaner process. These characteristics make this cationic agent promising for future research. This review reports the state of the art on the techniques used for cationization, with a brief description of the market available for cationic cotton and a critical evaluation of the future perspectives for cationization.

Synthesis of functionalized MgAl-layered double hydroxides via modified mussel inspired chemistry and their application in organic dye adsorption

In this paper, a novel strategy for the preparation of poly(levodopa) functionalized MgAl-layered double hydroxide (PDOPA-f-LDH) was developed based on the modified mussel inspired chemistry. The utilization of PDOPA-f-LDH for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution was also examined. Taken advantage of the self-polymerization of levodopa (DOPA) in alkaline solution and the strong affinity of catechol groups to the substrate surface, the LDH was covered homogeneously by a layer of polymer coating of DOPA, leading to the functionalization toward LDH. The structure, surface morphology, thermostability and elemental composition of as-prepared PDOPA-f-LDH were investigated by the transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Besides, the surface charge of the PDOPA-f-LDH was also investigated using zeta potential. The effects of various parameters, including contact time, initial MB concentration, solution pH and temperature, on the adsorption of MB onto PDOPA-f-LDH were systematically investigated. Results show that the adsorption capacity of functionalized LDH at 25°C could reach up to 102mg/g, which is much higher than that of pure LDH in the same experimental conditions. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm of MB adsorption were studied in batch experiments. The pseudo-second-order model is found to be the best to describe the adsorption kinetics. The isotherm result shows that the Freundlich isotherm is the better-fit-isotherm model to represent the equilibrium data. The values of thermodynamic parameters, including enthalpy change ΔH0, entropy change ΔS0 and Gibbs free energy change ΔG0, were also determined. All the ΔG0 values are negative; the ΔH0 and ΔS0 values of PDOPA-f-LDH were −7.824kJmol−1 and −0.01562kJmol−1K−1, respectively. And the activation energy of system (Ea) is calculated as 24.69kJmol−1. The fact suggests that the MB adsorption on PDOPA-f-LDH is a spontaneous and exothermic process. These obtained results indicate that the prepared PDOPA-f-LDH could be used as an interesting adsorbent with great potential to adsorb the cationic dyeing pollutants from aqueous media.

Absorption kinetics and thermodynamics of cationic dyeing on easily dyeable copolyester modified by 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol

In the paper, adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of C.I. Basic Red 46 (BR46) on the 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (MPD)-modified cationic dyeable copolyester (MCDP) fabric were investigated at the temperatures of 80, 90 and 100 °C. The adsorption data obtained at different temperatures were applied in pseudo-first-order and pseudo-secondorder kinetic models. The pseudo-second-order model could be used to explain the adsorption kinetics more effectively and predict the rate coefficient (k 2), equilibrium dye sorption capacity (q e ), and the half dyeing time (t 1/2) at different temperatures. In addition, the activation energy of adsorption (E a ) was determined based on the pseudo-second-order rate constant. The equilibrium data of adsorption were found to conform to Langmuir isotherm with the higher correlation. Moreover, the determined thermodynamic parameters including adsorption affinity (−Δμo) and enthalpy change (ΔHo) showed that the dye adsorption onto MCDP was a spontaneous, endothermic, and chemisorption process.

Alkali dissolution behaviour of sea–island‐type polyethylene terephthalate ultramicrofibre knitted fabrics

Sea–island‐type polyethylene terephthalate ultramicrofibre (0.007 denier per filament) with a single fibre diameter of ca. 800 nm has been produced over the last 4 years. Three kinds of sea–island‐type polyethylene terephthalate knitted fabric manufactured from this ultramicrofibre were alkali treated, and their dissolution behaviour was investigated. It was found that the dissolution ratio was dependent upon temperature and sodium hydroxide concentration in the alkali treatment. Practical dissolution ratios mostly reached the theoretical values after alkali treatment with 1.0% (w/w) sodium hydroxide solution at 95 °C for 40 min in all samples. Alkali dissolution of the sea component and revealing of the island component were confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Alkali dissolution behaviour could also be monitored indirectly by the cationic dye staining method. While all untreated samples exhibited high colour yield values after cationic dyeing, alkali‐treated samples showed reduced colour yield values with increasing alkali treatment time and a final levelling‐off point.

Cationic dyeing and antimicrobial finishing of treated acrylic fabric: isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of safranin dye, nano- safranin dye and safranin dye coated AuNPS

Cationic dyeing and antimicrobial finishing of treated acrylic fabric: isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of safranin dye, nano- safranin dye and safranin dye coated AuNPS

Effects of solvent properties on cationic dyeing process of acrylic yarn

Cationic dye is a special dye for acrylics, but it is very difficult in dyeing through the core. In practice, the price of a special leveling agent for acrylic fiber is high, and uniform staining is poor. By mixing a number of organic solvents in the dye bath, we can improve the structure of fibers and their deep-dyeing. We used n-propanol, isopropanol and benzyl alcohol as organic solvents, by adjusting the pH value and the appropriate temperature, and with special depth and leveling agent for dyeing soaping fastness contrast, to find economically viable process conditions.