Cathedral Clergy Research Articles

“The Whole Congregation of St. Mary.” The Prosopography of the Freising Cathedral Clergy and the Carolingian Reforms

The extensive witness lists appended to the numerous deeds from the Freising cartulary which were transacted at the cathedral itself between the mid-8th and the mid-9th centuries allow a reconstruction of the cathedral clergy in both size and structure. This study examines two groups of witnesses divided chronologically between the pontificates of Bishops Atto and Hitto (810/811) which together comprise 105 selected deeds naming 343 persons who occur a total of 974 times as witnesses. Analysis of these witnesses shows that the longer-serving cathedral clergy numbered only about a dozen with perhaps another dozen serving for shorter periods. Deeds were rarely witnessed by secular clerics below the grade of priest and deacon, but significant numbers of clergy in minor orders may also have been present. Clergy identified as monks occur only rarely in the 8th century, but in the 9th century, beginning under Bishop Hitto (811-835), a small group of persons identified as both monks and priests appear prominently amongst the witnesses. This coincides with Hitto’s efforts to introduce the Rule of St. Benedict which, however, seems to have been resisted, and the division of the cathedral clergy between the orders of monks and canons was only completed under his successor and nephew, Bishop Erchanbert (836-854), who also eliminated clerics as witnesses to secular deeds. These witness lists indicate that large numbers of clergy spent only short periods at the cathedral. The article suggests that many may have attended the cathedral school and then, after completion of their studies and ordination, been assigned to country churches as the bishop increasingly acquired control of them from their lay proprietors. Freising cathedral thus appears to have been at the centre of a unified diocesan system which formed its own clergy at the cathedral and then circulated them to lesser churches under the direction of the bishop in order to implement the Carolingian program of reform or correctio.

The Holly Bough Service at Liverpool Cathedral: a location and occasion for encounter?

ABSTRACT The aim of the present paper, set within the developing science of cathedral studies, was to analyse the qualitative comments added by 113 of the 567 participants who submitted responses to a quantitative survey while attending the Holly Bough Service in Liverpool Cathedral on the afternoon of the Fourth Sunday of Advent 2019. These qualitative comments added depth and texture to the quantitative responses to illuminate five core aspects of the participants’ experience: the aesthetic and spiritual qualities of the Cathedral; the aesthetic and spiritual qualities of the Holly Bough Service; the aesthetic and spiritual qualities of the Cathedral’s musical tradition; the wider sense of connection with the Cathedral; and the impact of the ministry of the Cathedral clergy. The qualitative comments also drew attention to matters for further reflection by the Cathedral. Conclusions are drawn regarding the general effectiveness of Cathedrals within an increasingly secular environment, and the specific effectiveness of Liverpool Cathedral’s mission strategy of ‘Encounter’.

Функции и свойства переводческого примечания: сопоставительный анализ (на материале переводов романа Н. С. Лескова «Соборяне» на французский и английский языки)

The paper deals with a comparative analysis of notes to the French and English translations of The Cathedral Clergy by N. S. Leskov. It involves analyzing the language of the notes which determines their function. The neutral lexical and grammatical composition of the notes to the English text ensures their referential function while the use of deictic elements in the French notes, namely first-person pronouns, informs the latter ones a phatic function. The paper examines the objects of the notes, most of which relate to the religious discourse sphere. The study reveals the specifics of commenting which is more detailed in the English text. Special attention is paid to the notes related to fiction. A wide range of works is covered by the notes in the French translation, including those indirectly related to the text of the novel. The author also dwells on the notes concerning names and historical events, which turn out to be more informative in English translation and more affective in the French one.

«Соборяне» Н. С. Лескова: топос храма и повествования

В статье рассматривается поэтика и структура повествования «Соборян» – одного из вершинных произведений Лескова. Выясняются семантические акценты заглавий трех редакций лесковской хроники, различные точки зрения на жанровую поэтику «Соборян», обозначается диалог Лескова с жанрами светской и церковной литературы, выделяются житийные сюжеты и мотивы, связь жития и иконы, житийного, гимнографического и литургического образов. В статье выдвигается гипотеза об изоморфизме архитектуры пятикупольного Старгородского собора пяти частям хроники. Рассматриваются принципы храмового повествования Лесковым «изнутри»: от сакрального и сокровенного автор движется к изображению природного, исторического, бытового; от иконостаса – к храмовому пейзажу, от храмового пейзажа – к душе героя. «Слово» Туберозова первой части хроники соотносится с его «Делом» – исповедничеством в последних двух частях, наиболее храмовых и литургичных. Они представляют собой завершение житий всех трех героев, главной темой в сюжетах которых является их духовное возрастание. Идеальный герой Лескова предстает как соборная личность, преодолевающая в процессе жизни все личное. Чем более эта личность соборна, тем она неповторимее и символичнее. Идеальные образы Лескова достигают уровня иконографической символики. В статье актуализируется проблема соотношения лесковского повествования и церковной гимнографии, а также соотношения словесного и звукового образов.

Категория соборности в иконографической поэме-хронике Н. С. Лескова «Соборяне»

<p>The article<strong> </strong>regards the evocation of <em>sobornost’</em> (conciliarism) as a phenomenon of Orthodoxy in Leskov’s chronicle <em>The Cathedral Clergy</em> (<em>Soboryane</em>). The author emphasizes Leskov’s manner to poeticize Orthodox dogmatic teachings and the ways of their artistic presentation. By depicting clergy and its religious characters as part of the ideal modes of Russian life Leskov aims at refocusing readers’ attention on God-centered mind inherent in Russian literature of the 11<span>th</span><span style="font-size: 11.6667px;"> </span>— 16th centuries. A five-part structure of the chronicle is aligned with Stargorod’s five-domed Cathedral. Leskov prefers patericon as an inner form associated with its temple and liturgical plots, motives and images. The structure of Leskov’s patericon is notable for its iconographic patterns and symbols — the trend which makes <em>The Cathedral Clergy</em> (<em>Soboryane</em>) a chronicle poem. By poetizing “an old Russian fairy tale” Leskov seems to restore Slavonic ornamental script as the main principle of his writing which is symbolized in “knitting pins” depicted in <em>The Cathedral Clergy</em> (<em>Soboryane</em>). Along with the focus on verbality and Orthodox fables Leskov poetizes the Holy Scripture. New Testament (the Gospel according to St. John in particular) seems to be central “hagiographic writing” related to Stargorod Trinity. The moment of truth for Leskov’s character (who is regarded as a christian) has to do with internal eventivity when a person finds himself in front of God’s face rather than with external one regardless of pressing social challenges of the latter. Storylines related to the communion with God reflect Leskov’s intention to convey mystical nature of Orthodox Christianity.</p>

Стратегии передачи специфики ономастического пространства романа-хроники Н. С. Лескова «Соборяне» при переводе на английский и французский языки

The paper aims to reveal specificity of transferring the onomasticon of N. S. Leskov’s novel “The Cathedral Clergy” while translating into English and French. Scientific originality of the study is conditioned by the fact that the author for the first time provides a comparative analysis of homonyms in the novel “The Cathedral Clergy” in the context of L. Venuti’s translation conception that includes two basic strategies - domestication and foreignization. The conducted research has allowed identifying and comparing dominant strategies used to transfer the novel’s onomasticon while translating into English and French.

Фигура Лескова в рефлексии Дурылина: «писатель-воспоминатель»

The article discusses the influence of N. Leskov’s works on S. Durylin’s writings. It proves that Durylin’s literary critique on Leskov focuses on the idea of search of the god and ideal, the idea pervading Leskov’s literary heritage. Durylin was one of the first to recognize the ex- amples of worldly holiness in Leskov’s narratives. He creates characters of saints living in the world in each of his own writings as well. Durylin interprets Leskov’s image of Russia as the mythologem (author’s interpretation of the sociocultural myth) of Holy Rus’. In light of this mythologem, Durylin’s Russia is the Imperial Russia, which is, like the city of Kitezh, idealized and irretrievably lost. Leskov also affected his poetics: he dedicated his Troitsyn Den’ (The Whit Sunday) to Leskov, wrote his own novels in the unique genres created by Leskov (e.g., a novel-chronicle: Soboriane (The Cathedral Clergy / The Cathedral Folk) – Kolokola (The Bells)). Durylin repeated the storylines of several Leskov’s short novels, used some of Leskov’s narrative strategies. This research shows various similarities of Durylin’s and Leskov’s works. The conclusion is that Leskov’s character and esthetics were reviewed Durylin’s works.

Стратегии передачи прецедентных феноменов и реалий религиозного дискурса: на примере переводов романа-хроники Н.С. Лескова «Соборяне» на английский и французский языки

Стратегии передачи прецедентных феноменов и реалий религиозного дискурса: на примере переводов романа-хроники Н.С. Лескова «Соборяне» на английский и французский языки

Motif of struggle in the chronicles "The Cathedral Clergy" by Nikolai Leskov

The author of the article addresses history of the publication of the chronicles "The Cathedral Clergy" by Nikolai Leskov; she notes that the subject and the core conflict of the work collided with its publication in a number of magazines, and that only Mikhail Katkov realised the chronicle's importance and accepted it in his magazine "The Russian Messenger". In "The Cathedral Clergy", Nikolai Leskov looks at the world from a special perspective which opens his point of view as an eternity look, whereas what becomes the core conflict in the work, is confrontation of belief and unbelief of global, if not universal, scale. Realisation of one of the book's most significant motifs – motif of struggle – is analysed in the article. It is considered how Nikolai Leskov on a set of examples illustrates the heroes' active and energetic strength that is shown in advocacy of belief, in resistance to meanness and premeditated deception. The writer very thinly and skillfully shows that fight is not an intrinsic basis of righteous people, that all of them live under the law of love, however they cannot be passive observers in the world where the truth is profaned.

Trzy pieczęcie Jana Długosza

Three seals of Jan DługoszThis article deals with three seals of John Długosz, discovered in the Biblioteca del Convento di San Giovanni da Capestrano in Capestrano (two imprints), the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw, the National Archives in Cracow and the archives of the St. Andrew monastery of the St. Clara order in Cracow. The aim of the sigillographic analysis, performed in the article, was to present the seals of John Długosz in reference to the sigillographic practices of the canonical environment in order to learn more about him. The results show that those seals, in terms of the iconographical and verbal content, as well as the size and the shape, fit in the conventions of the 15th-century cathedral clergy. All three seals were armorial seals presenting a Wieniawa coat of arms. Inscriptions on all of them started with the initial S and the name of the owner. The remaining part of the inscription of the first seal is not legible, whereas the further part of the inscription of the second and the third seal contained the owner’s last name. Moreover, the inscription of the second seal consisted only of initials. The type of script was gotic minuscule. The first and the second seal was octagonal, the third one was round. They were relatively small (15 x 13 mm, 14 x 12 mm, 20 mm). The artistic value of the engraving was average. The seals carried resemblance not only to the seals of other canons but also to the seals of noblemen of that time.The majority of the imprints were made in the red wax. They served to validate documents (1469, 1479) and to close letters (1454, 1455, 1476). Because we do not have enough evidence, it is difficult to find patterns of their usage, however it seems that there was no differentiation and their usage was due to practical needs.

Investiturstreit, Interim und Domkapitel : zur Ausprägung institutioneller Verantwortlichkeit

The decades around 1100 were crucial years for the consolidation of the cathedral chapter in Augsburg. At the end of that time there was an ecclesiastical corporation, which was able to face the bishop of Augsburg with an extreme self-confidence. One longer vacancy of the episcopal see seems to have particularly promoted the formation of the cathedral chapter. Years of conflict after the death of Bishop Embrico in 1077 changed the profile of the cathedral clergy fundamentally. Their vita communis dissolved, but they increasingly institutionalized themselves as a legal body with aspirations to rule, as proven by the Augsburg Yearbooks (Annales Augustani), written by a cathedral cleric. Thus, the cathedral chapter gave its own interpretation of history to the turbulent times of the so-called Investiture controversy.

Historians and the Church of England: Religion and Historical Scholarship, 1870-1920 by James Kirby

Reviewed by: Historians and the Church of England: Religion and Historical Scholarship, 1870-1920by James Kirby Martin Wellings Historians and the Church of England: Religion and Historical Scholarship, 1870-1920. By James Kirby. [ Oxford Historical Monographs.] (New York: Oxford University Press. 2016. Pp. xi, 257. $100.00; £60.00. ISBN 978-0-19-876815-9.) The central argument of James Kirby's elegant monograph on British historical scholarship between the mid-nineteenth century and the end of World War I is that many of the most influential and widely-read historians of the period were committed members of the Church of England, some lay and many ordained. [End Page 600]Kirby begins by establishing the importance and prestige of history in late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain, noting that a popular work like J. R. Green's Short History of the English People(1874) vastly outsold the novels of George Eliot and Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. He explores the formation of the "Anglican historians"—E. A. Freeman, William Stubbs, J. S. Brewer, Nicholas Pocock, J. E. Thorold Rogers, J. R. Green, R. W. Dixon, Mandell Creighton—noting the influence of the worldview of the Oxford Movement, with its emphasis on the historical continuity of the Church. The opportunities for scholarship are then examined by investigating "the learned Church," with its well-endowed parishes, its tradition of intellectual activity among the cathedral clergy, and its near-monopoly of tenured posts at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Having set the scene, Kirby then investigates four themes in British history, showing how they were addressed by his Anglican scholars. He considers the Nation (and the role of the national Church), the Constitution (and the vexed question of the English Civil War), social and economic history from the Middle Ages to the industrial revolution, and the particularly neuralgic issue of the Reformation Settlement. Kirby's scholars were not necessarily in agreement on all of these topics. Dixon, Freeman, and Stubbs, for example, emphasised the continuity of the English Church across the Reformation, praising the Elizabethan Settlement as a triumph of authentic English (and Anglican) Catholicism. Brewer and Pocock, on the other hand, espoused a more thorough-going Anglo-Catholic view, owing something to the polemics of Hurrell Froude, and vigorously repudiating the English Reformers and all their works. As Freeman wrote to Green in May, 1869: "once a month (as some men get drunk), [Pocock] roasts a Reformer in the Sat. [urday] Rev. [iew]" (p.181). In his final chapter, Kirby turns to providence and teleology, showing that these historians eschewed the Positivist theories of H. T. Buckle ("an ignorant windbag," in Freeman's opinion—p. 191), and espoused a subtle and flexible teleology which allowed for an ultimately mysterious Providence drawing good out of the contingent choices of flawed but free human beings. Kirby persuasively connects this with a theological focus on the Incarnation, and with an ecclesiological emphasis on the Church as an extension of the Incarnation. An epilogue reflects on the gradual decline of the Anglican school of English historiography, blaming agricultural depression, the equalization of stipends and the expansion of other career opportunities for bright graduates for the demise of the "learned Church." James Kirby has written a well-researched and erudite study. One reservation: Kirby's heroes are almost all High Churchmen or Anglo-Catholics, with an occasional reference to Broad Churchmen. The Evangelicals are discounted, as are Nonconformists of all shades—the dismissive reference to the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, in which J. N. Figgis was raised, as "a Methodist sect" (p. 102) speaks volumes. Evangelical Anglicans and Nonconformists wrote and read history in this period, and more might be made of this constituency. And although it is gratifying for a reviewer to find his own work cited, it is disappointing when his name is consistently misprinted in the footnotes and the bibliography. [End Page 601] Martin Wellings Oxford Methodist Circuit Copyright © 2017 The Catholic University of America Press

Эволюция образа сельского священника в раннем творчестве НиколаяЛескова: от ‘Погасшего дела’ к ‘Засухе’

The purpose of the paper is to compare Nikolai Leskov's debut short story ‘A Case That Was Dropped’ (1862) and its second redaction, published in 1869 and titled ‘The Drought’. Comparative analysis covers major text elements, such as the title, motto, composition, time and place of the action, characters, etc. Special attention is paid to the central figure of the story, i.e. the rural priest, and the changes to his image introduced in the second version of the text in which Leskov emphasized his significance and elaborated his psychological profile. As the paper suggests, the writer also examined the most acute ecclesiastical problems of the 1860s, including peasant superstitions and the attempts to eradicate them, as well as the low social status of the clergymen, and the disdainful attitude of the Russian nobility towards Church ministers. The paper concludes with the assessment that the second redaction of the story exposes the evolution of Leskov's talent and his journey towards making a priest the lead character of the novel The Cathedral Clergy.

Un ejemplo de estrategia familiar dentro de la iglesia: los Rojas y Sandoval y el deanato de la Catedral de Jaén en el siglo XVI

This article pretends to study the strategies which led Rojas and Sandoval family to retain and hold the deanato of the cathedral of Jaen during 16th century. Moreover, it tries to describe an approach to the daily life of its members and reconstructs how the benefice ended at the hands of the Pacheco. For this purpose, the author has collected and analysed some documents which come from local and national archives. This project has allowed him to relate this case study to the main characteristics of the cathedral clergy during the Early Modern Age.

THE ORIGINS OF RECUSANCY IN ELIZABETHAN ENGLAND RECONSIDERED

AbstractMost historians now acknowledge that Catholic recusancy existed in small pockets throughout 1560s and early 1570s England thanks to the sporadic efforts of a handful of former Marian priests. However, it is widely agreed that the influx of continentally trained seminarians and missionaries from abroad after 1574 was responsible for transforming the ‘curious and confused’ activities of these Marian clergymen into a fully fledged, intellectually justified campaign in favour of nonconformity. This article challenges this consensus through investigation of a neglected group of clerics – the cathedral clergy of Mary I's reign. Drawing on insights emerging from recent research into the nature of Mary's church, it demonstrates how these clerics became key agents in the so-called ‘invention of the Counter-Reformation’ in Marian England. It suggests that this ‘upbringing’ gave these priests the determination and skills to become leaders of a co-ordinated campaign in favour of principled nonconformity following Elizabeth's accession. Far from lacking the zeal of their seminary and missionary counterparts, this article sees the former cathedral clergy imitating the practices of their adversaries and anticipating the strategies of the later English mission in order to promote recusancy throughout England from as early as 1560.

«Изнемогший в бою русский витязь»: образ священнослужителя в романе-хронике Н.С. Лескова «Соборяне» в контексте традиций английской литературы («Сцены из клерикальной жизни» Джордж Элиот)

«Изнемогший в бою русский витязь»: образ священнослужителя в романе-хронике Н.С. Лескова «Соборяне» в контексте традиций английской литературы («Сцены из клерикальной жизни» Джордж Элиот)

“El asesinato del Chantre Don Ventura Ferrer. Clérigos y bandos en la Seo valentina seiscentista”

The cathedral clergy did not remain aloof from the factions that drew together a major part of the valencian society during the XVII century. A good example is the case of the precentor Don Ventura Ferrer, who led one of the cathedral sections and who, supported by the Vallterra family, sought the control of the first church of the kingdom. On the opposite side was the group of canons represented by the admiral of Aragon, head of the opposing supporters and liable for the precentor’s murder in 1661. This event revealed the overlapping of the ecclesiastic world and the phenomenon of banditry.

<i>Escándalos, ruydos, injurias e cochilladas</i>: practices of violence among the cathedral clergy of Burgos in the fifteenth century

The aim of this work, based mainly on manuscripts and unpublished documents from Burgos Cathedral Archive, is the study and analysis of violence, physical and verbal, among the cathedral clergy of Burgos, emphasizing the individual and collective scale of the conflicts and the variety of their causes. The cathedral chapter of Burgos exercised its jurisdiction by punishing the culprits, favouring reconciliation processes and trying to stop, often unsuccessfully, the conflicts between clergymen that increased during the last decades of the fifteenth century, and that have a close connection with the conflicts which took place between different families and lineages of the urban oligarchy of Burgos during the same period.

Resistance, Negotiation, and Adjustment: Cathedral Clergy and the Tridentine Reform in Portugal

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, dioceses were centres of conflicts and struggles for power between bishops and the cathedral clergy. The dynamics of dioceses may be better understood by examining how the decrees of the Council of Trent were interpreted and applied in them. The main purpose of this paper is to study how the Portuguese cathedral chapters reacted to the application of the Tridentine decrees by their bishops. I show that the application of the decisions of Trent at the diocesan level was part of a rebalance of power that was taking place in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries within the Catholic Church.

Księgozbiór biblioteki katedralnej w Wilnie z końca XVI w.

The Book Collection of the Vilna Cathedral Library at the End of the Sixteenth CenturyThis article undertakes a reconstruction of the contents of the Vilna cathedral library in the light of the inventory of books from 1598. It is followed by an appendix – Index Librorum in Bibliotheca Ecclesiae Cathedralis Vilnensis – and a proposed solution to the abbreviated entries of the books comprising the library. In the course of identifying the books and authors mentioned in the 1598 inventory it proved necessary to make use of numerous printed library catalogues, incunabula and early printed books, as well as the historiography of book collections. In total, according to the 1598 inventory the cathedral library contained about 121 volumes. However, at the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the capitular book collection grew to at least 267 works, some of them in several volumes. The cathedral library emerges from the inventory as testimony to the humanist interests of the resident cathedral clergy. The cathedral library comprised not only liturgical books and patristic works, but also classics of literature, and works belonging to a broadly conceived humanist culture. The entirety was completed by works and authors that have not yet been identified. Private book collections are a separate research question. The inventories of deceased canons and prelates show that some of them had substantial book collections, of about 50 volumes. The lists of books compiled at the beginning of the seventeenth century, books that subsequently entered the chapter library, can show the intellectual preferences of a particular person.