Cathedral Chapter Research Articles

Reviews

Journal Article Reviews Get access R. M. Thomson , Catalogue of the Manuscripts of Lincoln Cathedral Chapter Library . Pp. xxvi+277 , coloured frontispiece + 94 black and white plates on 54 pages. Cambridge : D. S. Brewer on behalf of the Dean and Chapter of Lincoln , 1989 . £95.00. E. G. STANLEY E. G. STANLEY Pembroke CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 37, Issue 3, September 1990, Pages 324-b–326, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/37-3-324b Published: 01 September 1990

Le vitrail néo-gothique en France au XIXe siècle

Iconographers, conservators of public monuments, architect, literary and political enthusiasts of the Gothic revival were unanimous in France in the 1830s in supporting restoration of medieval stained glass. Generally in precarious conditions, windows of Gothic churches were fragmentary, darkened, and illegible. Early in the nineteenth century when cathedrals had been refurbished to be opened again for worship, medieval stained glass was repaired rather than restored by glaziers who joined panels or pieces of different provenances within a single window. One of the first restorations in France professedly using medieval stained glass techniques was that of the St. George window in the Cathedral of Clermont-Ferrand in 1836 by local founders of a “painted glass manufactory.” The firm's procedures in reordering elements of the window, in excessive cleaning of old glass or substitution of new pieces became a model, unofficially endorsed by the Office of Religion (l’administration des cultes), for other French workshops. Rearrangements were often ingenious and may be difficult even now for a practiced eye to detect. From motives related to contemporary mentality and/or ignorance of medieval imagery, stained glass workers frequently falsified or transformed the subjects of Gothic windows. An instance was the Clermontois firm's obliteration of historiated medallions in the window of St. Cyprian of Carthage in the Cathedral of Lyon and substitution of a cycle dedicated to founders of the church in Lyon. These practices co-existed with better measures such as the systematic tracing of stained glass prior to restoration adopted at the Cathedral of Le Mans from 1839. Restorations like that of Lyon continued in spite of vigorous criticism from Fathers Cahier and Martin, instructions issued by the Office of Diocesan Buildings in 1848 and creation of the Commission on Stained Glass (1849-53). A late “success” in this line was the reworking of windows in the Chapel of the Virgin, Cathedral of Le Mans by Nicholas Coffetier and Louis Steinheil (1866-82); incorporating nineteenth-century Marian iconography, the ensemble seemed to contemporaries more Gothic in its formal and chromatic effect than work that was more authentic. By this date the religious and national symbolism of thirteenth-century Gothic was losing ground. Creation of new stained glass received a major impetus as a result of vandalism by revolutionaries and by cathedral chapters in the eighteenth century; new windows were ordered for bays from which the originals had long since disappeared or in which they had never existed. Glassworkers looked to Gothic models, consulting publications such as that of Fathers Cahier and Martin on the ensemble at Bourges, but chose to render freely an imagery pertinent to clergy, the faithful or the political ambition of patrons. Though the Office of Religion intervened more in connection with new designs than with restoration, it was often possible to circumvent their control. Cardinal de Bonald, who ordered the cycle on founders of the church in Lyon, sponsored without submitting to the Office important new designs on such subjects as Pope Gregory vii conferring the primateship of the Gauls to St. Gébuin, Archbishop of Lyon, in 1079. With other such examples they form part of a new and diverse iconographical corpus. The erroneous belief encouraged by “medievalists” that Gothic stained glass was oriented towards education of the people informed a choice of themes beyond those standard in Christian doctrine, emphasizing the medieval history and symbolism of the Church as witness of renewed power of the bishop. On the other hand, architects such as Viollet-le-Duc approached the installation of stained glass in an archaeological sense grounded in belief that unity of style had been achieved in the thirteenth century. After 1880 this archaeological understanding gave way to that of stained glass as pictorial form. Neo-Gothic stained glass came to an end when the conflicts between Church and State (law separating them in 1905) became unmanageable for both sides.

German cathedrals and the monetary economy in the twelfth century

In the twelfth century, a period which saw a huge expansion in the use of money in western Europe, German cathedral chapters found themselves in a difficult position. They were exploited economically by their bishops, who also controlled most of the most powerful mints. To cope with monetary fluctuation, they preferred where possible to receive income from their manors in kind. This meant that disposable income for individual canons was not very flexible. Matters were complicated by changes in the manorial system in the twelfth century which had the effect of breaking up the existing systems of food-renders, which had been carefully structured to meet the needs of chapters as communities. In examining the impact of money on the German economy in the twelfth century, cathedral chapters are a particularly valuable subject of study, since they were on the one hand great landowners, and also, on the other hand, often had opportunities for influencing the monetary policy of their bishops.

Church and Community on the Medieval Irish Frontier: County Louth, 1170-1346

The twelfth-century church reform movement was nowhere more successful than in the 6 Cearbaill kingdom of Oirghialla. In the 1130s Donnchadh 0 Cearbaill, king of Oirghialla, had supported the claims of Malachy 6 Morgair to the bishopric of Armagh and he in turn had appointed two reforming bishops to the diocese of Clogher/Oirghialla; first his brother Gilla Crist and following the latter's death in 1138 the Leinsterman and 'spiritual confessor' of Diarmait Mac Murchadha, Aed 6 Caellaidhe.1 Under the auspices of O Caellaidhe and 6 Cearbaill new religious orders were introduced into Oirghialla; the Arrouaisians at Louth, Knock and Termonfeckin and the Cistercians at Mellifont. The antiphony of Armagh contains an obit for Donn chadh 6 Cearbaill which states that 'in this time tithes were collected' and from another source we know that the system of episcopal quarters was in operation in the diocese of Clogher at this time. Without wishing to suggest that a parochial system was in place in the diocese before the arrival of the English it seems probable that Clogher had gone further down this road than other Irish dioceses.2 6 CearbailPs support for the church reformers was not entirely disinterested. He had recently added the present County Louth to his original land of Monaghan and wanted this conquest acknowledged by having the authority of the bishop of Clogher/Oirghialla likewise extended to include his new territory. This involved a redrawing of the ecclesiastical boundaries laid down at the synod of Raith BressaU in 1111. In the first instance the southern boundary of the province of Armagh would have to be moved from the Sliabh Beagh hills, which run from Collon to Clogherhead, to the River Boyne and secondly the present County Louth, from Carlingford Lough in the north to the Boyne in the south would have to be transferred from the control of the diocese of Armagh to that of Clogher.3 In 1142 Malachy agreed to this arrangement. The cathedral chapter of the diocese of Oirghialla was transferred from Clogher to Louth and Bishop Aed 6 Caellaidhe simultaneously became prior of the Arrouaisian community established there in that year. Donnchadh 6 Cearbaill had achieved his goal, but Malachy's acquiescence in his wishes was unpopular at Armagh and left a legacy of resentment between that diocese and Clogher which was to survive the arrival of the English and directly affected their policies there.4 There is no evidence of English settlement as opposed to English raids in the modern County Louth before 1185, but contacts with local church had certainly been established by that date. In 1177 King Henry confirmed to

Where Now the Draft Care of Cathedrals Measure?

One of the main areas of concern highlighted in the Faculty Jurisdiction Commission Report (C.I.O. 1984) was the need for clear public accountability by the Church for changes and alterations to its buildings. Whereas parish churches are covered by the faculty jurisdiction, no comparable mandatory system exists for cathedrals. In order to remedy that the FJC proposed changes. Chapter 8 recommended that the Cathedrals Advisory Commission should be placed on a statutory basis and that proposals by cathedral chapters should be referred to the CAC where they involved “any significant work or works to preserve, alter or add to the building or its contents which would materially affect the architectural, artistic, historical or archaeological character of the Cathedral.”

The Nobility's Reform of the Medieval Church

THE FIRST REFORMATION BEGAN IN THE MID-ELEVENTH CENTURY. A small group of clergymen, whose ranks included the future Pope Gregory VII (1073-85), decided that reform of the church required not only interior changes in individuals, a shifting of hearts toward God, but also external changes in corporate structure, a return to the early church, or at least to selected Constantinian and Carolingian practices. They sought to recover ecclesiastical property, to restore religious discipline, and to establish a purified priesthood free from the buying and selling of church offices (simony) and clerical marriage (nicolaitism), a goal that ultimately led to attacks on lay investiture and lay involvement in episcopal elections. These reformers never completely achieved a renewed, liberated church in a just society. Nevertheless, their calls for right order in the world had momentous consequences: papal power and prestige were vastly increased, kingship in the style of the Old Testament received a severe blow, cathedral chapters began to choose their own bishops, simony and nicolaitism became far less acceptable, the Benedictine ascetical monopoly was broken, and revived legal and theological debate brought rational enquiry and dispute back to the center of Western thought.'

The Nobility's Reform of the Medieval Church

THE FIRST "REFORMATION" BEGAN IN THE MID-ELEVENTH CENTURY. A small group of clergymen, whose ranks included the future Pope Gregory VII (1073-85), decided that reform of the church required not only interior changes in individuals, a shifting of hearts toward God, but also external changes in corporate structure, a return to the early church, or at least to selected Constantinian and Carolingian practices. They sought to recover ecclesiastical property, to restore religious discipline, and to establish a purified priesthood free from the buying and selling of church offices (simony) and clerical marriage (nicolaitism), a goal that ultimately led to attacks on lay investiture and lay involvement in episcopal elections. These reformers never completely achieved a renewed, liberated church in a just society. Nevertheless, their calls for right order in the world had momentous consequences: papal power and prestige were vastly increased, kingship in the style of the Old Testament received a severe blow, cathedral chapters began to choose their own bishops, simony and nicolaitism became far less acceptable, the Benedictine ascetical monopoly was broken, and revived legal and theological debate brought rational enquiry and dispute back to the center of Western thought.'

Franciscan Bishops

ANALECTS FRANCISCAN BISHOPS Continued from Franciscan Studies 47 (1987) 287-372 ORDER OF FRIARS MINOR 1897-1989 1.1898, 24 August, at Paris, 8, rue de Puteaux. Eugenio Clari, Archbishop-Bishop of Viterbo, Nuncio to France, assisted by Jacques Thomas, Titular Archbishop of Andrinople, and by Cesar Shang, Titular Bishop of Vaga, consecrated: Francesco Giuseppe Fogolla, Titular Bishop of Bagai, Coadjutor to the Vicar Apostolic of Northern Chensi, born at Montereggio (Pontremoli) 4 October 1839; priest 19 September 1863; named 18 July 1898; died at Taiyuan 9 July 1900; beatified 24 November 1946. 2.1899, 26 February, at Mexico City, La Professa. Nicolas Averardi, Titular Archbishop of Tarsus, Apostolic Visitor to Mexico, assisted by Homobono Anaya, Bishop of Sinaloa, and by Perfecto Amezquita, Bishop of Puebla, consecrated: José Guadalupe Alva y Franco, Bishop of Yucatan, born at La Union (Guadalajara) 5 October 1841; priest 7 August 1864; named 28 November 1898; Bishop of Zacatecas 14 December 1899; died 11 July 1910. 3.1899, 27 December, at Rome, San Antonio, Via Merulana. Cardinal Gaetano Aloisii Masella, assisted by Paolo Emilio Bergamaschi, Bishop of Troia, and by Mauro Nardi, Titular Bishop of Thebes, consecrated: Luciano Bucci, Bishop of Aquino, born at Castel Frentano (Lanciano) 14 February 1842; named 14 December 1899; died 14 October 1900. 4.1900, 22 April, at Rome. Cardinal Francesco Satolli, assisted by Casimiro Gennari, Titular Archbishop of Naupactus, and by Amilcare Tonietti, Titular Archbishop of Tyana, consecrated: Bernhard Josef Doebbing, Bishop of Nepi e Sutri, 270ANDRÉ CHAPEAU and CHARLES N. BRANSOM born at Munster 8 July 1855; priest 22 June 1879; named 1 April 1900; died at Rome 14 March 1916. 5.1900, 17 June, in China. Pasquale Pagnucci, Titular Bishop of Agathonice, assisted by two priests, consecrated: Clemente Coltelli, Titular Bishop of Hadrumetum, Coadjutor to the Vicar Apostolic of Chensi, born at San Pietro in Bagno (Borgo San Sepolcro) 26 July 1865; named 26 February 1900; died at Tang Yang Fu 28 January 1901. 6.1900, 11 November, at Ichangfu. Epifanio Carlassare, Titular Bishop of Madaura, assisted by Quirinus Henning, priest, and by Gabriel Van Gestel, priest, consecrated: Theotimus Matthew Verhagen, Titular Bishop of Syene, Vicar Apostolic of Southwest Houpe, born at Malines 19 February 1867; priest 22 March 1890; named 19 April 1900; massacred at Cha-tse-si 19 July 1904. 7.1901, 18 August, at Rome, San Antonio, Via Merulana. Cardinal Francesco de Paula Cassetta, assisted by Giacomo Ghezzi, Bishop of Civita Castellana, and by Bernhard Josef Doebbing, Bishop of Nepi e Sutri, consecrated: Lulgi Canali, Titular Archbishop of Ptolemais in Egypt, Former Minister General of the Friars Minor, born at Parma 8 February 1836; named 3 July 1901; died at Parma 22 April 1905. 8.1901, 28 October, at Matchang. Jan Hofman, Titular Bishop of Telmissus, assisted by Gerald Arnold Van Eck, priest, and by Christopher Jan Van Bussel, priest, consecrated: Albert Odorlc Tlmmer, Titular Bishop of Drizipara, Vicar Apostolic of Northern ChangSi, born at Haarlem 18 December 1859; professed 9 October 1881; priest 10 March 1883; named 3 July 1901; Vicar Apostolic of Luanfu 3 December 1924; resigned from his vicariate 20 August 1926; died 26 April 1943. 9.1902, 24 February, at Sucre. Miguel Taborga, Archbishop of La Plata (Sucre), assisted by the dean of the cathedral chapter and a canon, consecrated: Nicolás Armentia, Bishop of La Paz, born at Bernedo (Vitoria, Spain) 5 December 1845; priest 28 April 1869; named 12 November 1901; died at La Paz 24 November 1909. Franciscan Bishops271 10.1902, 20 April, at Hankow. Epifanio Carlassare, Titular Bishop of Madaura, assisted by Theotimus Verhagen, Titular Bishop of Syene, and by Paul Louis Ferrant, Titular Bishop of Barbalissus, consecrated: Giovanni Pellegrino Luigi Mondalnl, Titular Bishop of Synaus, Vicar Apostolic of Southern Honan, born at Vernucchio (Rimini) 15 January 1868; priest 25 July 1890; named 23 January 1902; Vicar Apostolic of Changsha 3 December 1924; Titular Archbishop of Rhusium 11 August 1930; died at Cesena 19 December 1934. 11.1902, 15 June, at Hankow. Epifanio Carlassare, Titular Bishop of Madaura, consecrated: Agapito Agostino Florentin!, Titular Bishop of Rusadus, Vicar Apostolic of Northern Chansi, born at Palestina 27 September 1866; priest 22 March 1890; named 16 March 1902; resigned...

La Vaunage du IIIe siècle au milieu du XIIe siècle. Habitat et occupation des sols

Intense archaeological activity - prospecting and excavations - has been carried oui in récent years near Nîmes, in the Vaunage subsidence basin. As abundant documentary evidence is also provided by the capitulary of the Nîmes cathedral chapter, comparison of the informations given by field archaeology and written sources, as well as by a morphological analysis of villages and microtoponymy, allows a precise description of the organization of this rural area. In the course of the long period ofLate Antiquity and Early Middle Ages, a dynamic study of the population reveals the successive changes undergone by the Languedocian rural society while passing from the Gallo-Roman to the Medieval civilization. However important these changes may be, the investigation also emphasizes the importance of the legacy transmitted by Antiquity as far as land occupation and the perpetuation of the ancient grouped habitat are concerned.

Cathedrals, Provosts and Prebends: a Comparison of Twelfth-Century German and English Practice

It has long been a favourite theme of ecclesiastical historians, particularly in Germany, that the separation of cathedral chapter from episcopal estates was an important step in the development of ecclesiastical administration, not least because it assisted cathedral chapters to become independent and powerful electoral colleges. It was shown by Gerhard Kallen in the 1920s and, more recently and in greater detail, by Rudolf Schieffer, how this separation of estates, which took a long time to be effected, began with grants made to the cathedral ‘for the use of the brothers’ or with grants for more specific purposes, usually of a liturgical nature. This paper looks at a closely related issue, the splitting up of the estates held by the chapter. This division was to some extent inherent from early on, because of the conditions attached to certain benefactions, but it increased throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The way the chapter's revenues were organised had important consequences for the cohesion of the chapter as a community and also for the way in which clerical preferment operated. This can be very clearly demonstrated by a comparative study of the ways in which German and English cathedrals managed their property in the twelfth century. Since the differences between the German and the English systems are so striking the two will be considered in turn, and a comparison will also be made of the control which German and English clerks had over their personal property, which deserves attention not least because the dividing line between personal and chapter property was sometimes a fine one.

THE ECCLESIASTICAL ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DIOCESE OF DUNKELD AT THE REFORMATION

The diocese of Dunkeld at the Reformation comprised four deaneries and sixtynine parish churches. The deanery of Atholl and Drumalban was the largest and with the deanery of Angus comprised the main body of the diocese. The other churches were contained within the deanery of Fife and Strathearn and the deanery of Lothian.1 The majority of the churches within the diocese were appropriated to the cathedral or to other religious houses. The cathedral possessed fifteen prebendal, eight mensal and five common churches. Other churches were appropriated to the abbeys of Inchcolm, Dunfermline, Scone, Cambuskenneth, Coupar Angus, Holyrood, Inchaffray, Arbroath and Culross and to the priories of St Andrews and Strathfillan. The remaining seven churches, all in the north-west of the diocese, were independent parsonages. 2 The cathedral chapter at Dunkeld conformed to the standard pattern consisting of the principale personae, the lesser dignitaries and the canons.3 The actual size of the cathedral staff, including an unknown number of chaplains, can be estimated at approximately fifty persons. If Alexander Myln's Lives of the Bishops is to be believed, Dunkeld prospered during the first half of the sixteenth century. Myln speaks in glowing terms of his Dunkeld colleagues, men such as Walter Brown, who possessed a 'remarkable knowledge of canon law and a strong sense of justice.'4 Despite the size of the diocese justice was administered well. The commissary-general at the end of the fifteenth century was the first man who 'effectively punished the excesses and crimes of the Highland folk.'5 The moral discipline of the diocese was monitored by the deans who kept an eye on the clergy as well as the laity. The dean of Atholl claimed considerable success in 'routing out abominable sins in Atholl and Drumalbane.'6 Due consideration was also given to education and music, especially during the time of Gavin Douglas (1515-22), who was better known for his poetry than for his piety. Boys entering the priesthood at Dunkeld lodged with one of the canons or the vicars-choral and served a clerical rather than an intellectual apprenticeship. In 1446 four additional vicars-choral and six choirboys had been appointed, and by the early sixteenth century the members of the choir were 'highly trained in the theory of music as well as the art of singing', were 'steady in the chant' and 'sublime in musical theory and in organ-playing.'7 The cathedral is well known for its antiphonary with its polyphonic settings for the ordinary of mass and anthems.8 Dunkeld had long been

Bishop Robert Grosseteste and His Cathedral Chapter: An Edition of the Chapter's Objections to Episcopal Visitation

Bishop Robert Grosseteste and His Cathedral Chapter: An Edition of the Chapter's Objections to Episcopal Visitation

Structural design in the eighteenth century: James Essex and the roof of Lincoln Cathedral Chapter House

The design of novel structural forms can happen either by a process of trial and error supported by testing, or by adopting some conceptual model of structural behaviour. These conceptual models are often simple analogies rather than sophisticated abstractions. This paper provides a case study of one particular example; a method used in the design of an unusually large roof structure during the eighteenth century. The study is a contribution from historical materials to the ‘natural history’ of design.

Tridentine Catholicism and Enlightened Despotism in Bourbon Mexico

In 1799 Dr Juan José de Gamboa, an influential canon of the cathedral chapter in Mexico City, presented a lengthy petition on behalf of the Marquesa of Selva Nevada seeking permission to found a Carmelite convent in Querétaro, a city of some 30,000 inhabitants. Whereas the capital possessed twenty wealthy convents with over nine hundred professed nuns, Querétaro only had two established houses, the Santa Clara and the Capuchines. Marvelling that, whereas in France the Revolution had destroyed convents, in Mexico the Church was still able to found new houses, the crown attorney advised granting the necessary licence. A handsome edifice was subsequently designed and constructed by Manuel Tolsa, the chief proponent of the neo-classic style in New Spain, and in 1803 the Archbishop accompanied the founding sisters on their journey from Mexico to Querétaro.

What are Cathedral Chapters for?

What are Cathedral Chapters for?

Cathedral Chapters and Cathedral Cities: York, Durham and Carlisle in the Fifteenth Century

Cathedral Chapters and Cathedral Cities: York, Durham and Carlisle in the Fifteenth Century

Cathedral Chapters and Cathedral Cities: York, Durham and Carlisle in the Fifteenth Century

Cathedral Chapters and Cathedral Cities: York, Durham and Carlisle in the Fifteenth Century

Regulations of the Cathedral Chapter by Chrodegang, Metz Bishop : Tentative Translation of Regula Canonicorum

Regulations of the Cathedral Chapter by Chrodegang, Metz Bishop : Tentative Translation of Regula Canonicorum

The Cathedral Chapter of Mexico in the Sixteenth Century

The Cathedral Chapter of Mexico in the Sixteenth Century

The Cathedral Chapter of Mexico in the Sixteenth Century

The Cathedral Chapter of Mexico in the Sixteenth Century