Category Structure Research Articles

Unsupervised discriminative projection based on contrastive learning

Feature extraction can effectively alleviate the curse of dimensionality on high-dimensional data. Contrastive learning, as a self-supervised learning method, has garnered widespread attention in recent years. In this study, we propose a new unsupervised feature extraction model based on contrastive learning. We integrate the principle of contrastive learning into the feature extraction model in a novel way without data augmentation or negative samples, defining positive samples more accurately and flexibly. Additionally, we propose new structure preserving terms based on the selected positive samples to preserve the distribution structure of specific categories. An iterative algorithm is designed to solve the proposed model. Numerical experiments on four real datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms existing methods, highlighting its potential in handling high-dimensional data and extracting discriminative features.

On neutral Tannakian subcategories of loop quiver representations

We explored the categories of (twisted) representations of a loop quiver. These representation categories have two choices of tensor structures: Kronecker tensor and Simpson tensor. By studying the rigidity properties, we have provided several examples of (semi-) Tannakian categories using the category of (twisted) representations of a loop quiver for both tensors.We have introduced the concept of essentially finite loop quiver bundles based on the work of Nori, Borne, and Vistoli. As an application, we have given some examples of (semi-) Tannakian categories of equivariant bundles and Hitchin pairs. Additionally, we have defined the notion of H-nflat twisted loop quiver bundles and have established Tannakian category structures for certain classes of varieties.

Locally Coherent Exact Categories

A locally coherent exact category is a finitely accessible additive category endowed with an exact structure in which the admissible short exact sequences are the directed colimits of admissible short exact sequences of finitely presentable objects. We show that any exact structure on a small idempotent-complete additive category extends uniquely to a locally coherent exact structure on the category of ind-objects; in particular, any finitely accessible category has the unique maximal and the unique minimal locally coherent exact category structures. All locally coherent exact categories are of Grothendieck type in the sense of Št’ovíček. We also discuss the canonical embedding of a small exact category into the abelian category of additive sheaves in connection with the locally coherent exact structure on the ind-objects, and deduce two periodicity theorems as applications.

Representing Nursing Practice in EMR/EHRs.

Review of the ISO 18104 technical standard for a Nursing Categorial structure to best represent nursing practice in EMR/EHRs and digital health ecosystems. Application of ISO standard review guidelines in consultation with ISO member stakeholders. Comprehensive views of the nursing practice knowledge domain are presented as mindmaps. Groups of patients can now be identified using the 'type of subject of care' category. The collaborative role of nurses is now recognized. This high level structured information model recognises nursing diagnosis, nursing actions and nurse sensitive outcomes relative to other categories and sub-categories known to influence nursing actions and nurse sensitive outcomes. This nursing practice framework reflects the nursing process. It supports conceptual and logical analysis of patient journey related nursing practice. This updated categorial structure is a good fit with today's information technologies. Its adoption enables the value of nursing services provided to be demonstrated.

NHi-SEGA: n-Hierarchy SEmantic Guided Attention for few-shot learning

Humans excel at learning and recognizing objects, swiftly adapting to new concepts with just a few samples. However, current studies in computer vision on few-shot learning have not yet achieved human performance in integrating prior knowledge during the learning process. Humans utilize a hierarchical structure of object categories based on past experiences to facilitate learning and classification. Therefore, we propose a method named n-Hierarchy SEmantic Guided Attention (nHi-SEGA) that acquires abstract superclasses. This allows the model to associate with and pay attention to different levels of objects utilizing semantics and visual features embedded in the class hierarchy (e.g., house finch-bird-animal, goldfish-fish-animal, rose-flower-plant), resembling human cognition. We constructed an nHi-Tree using WordNet and Glove tools and devised two methods to extract hierarchical semantic features, which were then fused with visual features to improve sample feature prototypes.

Categorical structure of the set of all CFTs

We identify a categorical structure of the set of all conformal field theories (CFTs). In particular, we show that the set of all CFTs has a natural monoidal strict 2-category structure with the 1-morphisms being sequences of deformations and 2-morphisms determined by 0-form symmetries of the CFTs. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Feedback and observational learning differ in effectiveness during category learning in early school aged children and adults.

When learning new categories, do children benefit from the same types of training as adults? We compared the effects of feedback-based training with observational training in young adults (ages 18-25) and early school aged children (ages 6-7) across two different multimodal category learning tasks: conjunctive rule based and information integration. We used multimodal stimuli that varied across a visual feature (rotation speed of the "planet" stimulus) and an auditory feature (pitch frequency of a pure tone stimulus). We found an interaction between age and training type for the rule-based category task, such that adults performed better in feedback training than in observational training, whereas training type had no significant effect on children's category learning performance. Overall adults performed better than children in learning both the rule based and information integration category structures. In information integration category learning, feedback versus observational training did not have a significant effect on either adults' or children's category learning. Computational modelling revealed that children defaulted to univariate rules in both tasks. The finding that children do not benefit from feedback training and can learn successfully via observational learning has implications for the design of educational interventions appropriate for children.

Integration of Afghan Immigrants in Iran: A Multi-Grounded Theory Study

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to gain a comprehensive understanding of the integration of Afghan immigrants in Iran. Employing a multi-grounded theory approach, data were collected through fieldwork involving 45 participants. The data underwent analysis using inductive coding, conceptual refinement, the construction of categorical structures, and theory condensation. The analysis yielded 21 categories, which were further organized into 6 overarching categories. These categories encompass conditions of origin, conditions of destination, political factors, social agency, immigrant characteristics, and structural and individual consequences. The findings of this research reveal that the integration of Afghan immigrants in Iran operates as an intricate integration ecosystem. In theories of integration, the significance of individual characteristics and the host society’s background as pivotal factors in immigrant integration is highlighted. In these theories, the interplay between immigrant characteristics and the host society’s context is also recognized as a crucial element in the integration process.

Nursing Quality Indicators in Emergency Nursing: A Scoping Review.

Nursing quality indicators (NQIs) are essential for evaluating and managing care, yet few validated NQIs exist for emergency nursing. The dynamic nature of this field demands specific, validated indicators. The purpose of this review was to identify NQIs in adult emergency nursing using Donabedian's quality categories (structure, process, outcome) and explore their validation. A scoping review was conducted including articles from 2010 to February 2023, using the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Medline (Ovid) databases. Among 936 screened articles, 18 were included, identifying 85 NQIs across structure (n=14), process (n=45), and outcome (n=26) in emergency nursing. However, the validation of these NQIs was limited. NQIs evaluate emergency nursing quality, primarily in process assessment. Future work should validate the NQIs identified in this review for adult emergency nursing and search for potential new ones.

Enriched Koszul duality

We show that the category of non-counital conilpotent dg-coalgebras and the category of non-unital dg-algebras carry model structures compatible with their closed non-unital monoidal and closed non-unital module category structures respectively. Furthermore, we show that the Quillen equivalence between these two categories extends to a non-unital module category Quillen equivalence, i.e. providing an enriched form of Koszul duality.

Вл. Соловьев и его время в оценке А.Ф. Лосева

The article considers A.F. Losev's analysis of the philosophy of unity of V. Solovyov, carried out by him in the book “V. Solovyov and his time”. The comparative method and techniques of historical and philosophical reconstruction are used. Methodological guidelines for comparing the views of Solovyov and Losev are formulated. The main attention is paid to the characteristic of Solovyov's theoretical philosophy. The categorical structures of the concept of unity and its basic categories are revealed. The question of to what extent Solovyov's teaching can be considered mysticism is discussed. Losev's characterization of Solovyov's concept as a classical type of philosophy is explained. The national aspect of his theoretical ideas is highlighted. The content of Solovyov's image-concept of Sofia is considered, as well as the critical remarks of Losev, who discovers the contradiction contained in it. It is argued that Solovyov's understanding of evolution cannot be considered as a variant of religious natural philosophy. It is noted that cosmology, developed by the philosopher, organically transforms into anthropology, permeated with the Messianic idea of human vocation. He formulated the idea of the need to save the world through its rebirth under the influence of communion with the divine principle. The fruitful influence of Solovyov's concept on V.F. Erna, Vyacheslav Ivanov, A.N. Berdyaev, S.L. Frank – all subsequent Russian philosophy. The article concludes that A.F. Losev's book is a deep and independent study of V. Solovyov's philosophical concept, and his analysis sets important guidelines for the development of modern theoretical thought.

Характеристика зовнішньої та внутрішньої торгівлі в період військового стану

In the article, the authors investigated the state of foreign and domestic trade, analyzed the foreign trade balance of Ukraine. A special place in the research process is the analysis of the structure of exports and imports of the countries of the world in general and by types of goods. An analysis of the export structure by types of transport was carried out. Particular attention is paid to the indicators of wholesale and retail turnover of domestic enterprises. In the course of the study, the geographical structure of the main contracting states and the product structure of the main categories of goods of foreign economic transactions were determined.

Maternal experiences of pregnant women affected by natural disasters: A modified grounded theory approach.

Pregnant women experience medical and psychological difficulties in their daily lives during disasters. Since the care provided to them in disaster situations is unclear, it is necessary to better understand their experiences. This study aims to identify the maternal experiences of pregnant women during natural disasters. This research employed a modified grounded theory approach. Twenty-three pregnant women, living in disaster-affected areas, were interviewed. The research methods were utilized and interpretive analysis was conducted, resulting in a diagram and storyline to describe the process. The characteristics of the maternal experiences fluctuated between "being unable to face pregnancy because of the disaster response" and "facing the fact of being pregnant." To maintain a fluctuation between their affected life and their pregnant life, it was necessary to control the weighting between "securing a safe and secure place," "encountering support based on pregnancy," and "signs from the fetus." Clarifying the maternal experiences of pregnant women living in disaster areas revealed a multilayered structure of categories and relationships. This study suggests that understanding the structure of fluctuations and control is critical for the nursing practice.

Prototype or Exemplar Representations in the 5/5 Category Learning Task.

Theories of category learning have typically focused on how the underlying category structure affects the category representations acquired by learners. However, there is limited research as to how other factors affect what representations are learned and utilized and how representations might change across the time course of learning. We used a novel "5/5" categorization task developed from the well-studied 5/4 task with the addition of one more stimulus to clarify an ambiguity in the 5/4 prototypes. We used multiple methods including computational modeling to identify whether participants categorized on the basis of exemplar or prototype representations. We found that, overall, for the stimuli we used (schematic robot-like stimuli), learning was best characterized by the use of prototypes. Most importantly, we found that relative use of prototype and exemplar strategies changed across learning, with use of exemplar representations decreasing and prototype representations increasing across blocks.

TQFTs and quantum computing

Quantum computing is captured in the formalism of the monoidal subcategory of VectC generated by C2 — in particular, quantum circuits are diagrams in VectC — while topological quantum field theories, in the sense of Atiyah, are diagrams in VectC indexed by cobordisms. We initiate a program to formalize this connection. In doing so, we equip cobordisms with machinery for producing linear maps by parallel transport along curves under a connection and then assemble these structures into a higher category. Finite-dimensional complex vector spaces and linear maps between them are given a suitable higher categorical structure which we call FVectC. We realize quantum circuits as images of cobordisms under monoidal functors from these modified cobordisms to FVectC, which are computed by taking parallel transports of vectors and then combining the results in a pattern encoded in the domain category.

INVARIANT KEISLER MEASURES FOR $\omega $ -CATEGORICAL STRUCTURES

Abstract A recent article of Chernikov, Hrushovski, Kruckman, Krupinski, Moconja, Pillay, and Ramsey finds the first examples of simple structures with formulas which do not fork over the empty set but are universally measure zero. In this article we give the first known simple $\omega $ -categorical counterexamples. These happen to be various $\omega $ -categorical Hrushovski constructions. Using a probabilistic independence theorem from Jahel and Tsankov, we show how simple $\omega $ -categorical structures where a formula forks over $\emptyset $ if and only if it is universally measure zero must satisfy a stronger version of the independence theorem.

Bidialectal acoustic realization of tones is influenced by dialect experience and homophone status

While evidence shows that interlingual cognates can enhance cross-language phonetic assimilation in production, it is reasonable to assume that interlingual homophones can enhance cross-language phonological interference. Distinct from cognates, interlingual homophones do not share semantic content, which may affect the degree of co-activation observed across languages. The present study examines this hypothesis in a group of bidialectal speakers, whose lexicon consists of a large number of inter-dialectal homophones. Productions of Chengdu Mandarin tones by Chengdu Mandarin and Standard Mandarin speakers were examined in a word naming task. The results showed that bidialectal speakers’ native tone productions were influenced by their experience in speaking Standard Mandarin as well as the inter-dialectal homophone status of the lexical item. Additionally, both of these influences were modulated by the structure of the inter-dialect tone categories. The findings support the similarity between bidialectal and bilingual speech processing and provide novel evidence for bilingual speech models from the level of suprasegmental processing.

Dense Sample Deep Learning.

Deep learning (DL), a variant of the neural network algorithms originally proposed in the 1980s (Rumelhart etal., 1986), has made surprising progress in artificial intelligence (AI), ranging from language translation, protein folding (Jumper et al., 2021), autonomous cars, and, more recently, human-like language models (chatbots). All that seemed intractable until very recently. Despite the growing use of DL networks, little is understood about the learning mechanisms and representations that make these networks effective across such a diverse range of applications. Part of the answer must be the huge scale of the architecture and, of course, the large scale of the data, since not much has changed since 1986. But the nature of deep learned representations remains largely unknown. Unfortunately, training sets with millions or billions of tokens have unknown combinatorics, and networks with millions or billions of hidden units can't easily be visualized and their mechanisms can't be easily revealed. In this letter, we explore these challenges with a large (1.24 million weights VGG) DL in a novel high-density sample task (five unique tokens with more than 500 exemplars per token), which allows us to more carefully follow the emergence of category structure and feature construction. We use various visualization methods for following the emergence of the classification and the development of the coupling of feature detectors and structures that provide a type of graphical bootstrapping. From these results, we harvest some basic observations of the learning dynamics of DL and propose a new theory of complex feature construction based on our results.

English medium instruction learners’ self-efficacy, engagement, and satisfaction; developing a measurement instrument

ABSTRACT This paper describes the development of a survey instrument to measure learners’ self-efficacy, engagement, and satisfaction within the context of English Medium Instruction (EMI) classes, with reference to both language issues and the discipline being taught. The paper presents details of analysis of the instrument using the Rasch model. The survey was administered to 287 tertiary students enrolled in EMI classes in Japan. Results of a Rasch Principal Components Analysis of Residuals showed the three intended constructs to be largely unidimensional. Item-level analysis, as well as reliability and separation measures and an investigation of Wright maps, provided further evidence that the items are working adequately to measure each of the three constructs and to allow differentiation between levels of each construct among the respondents. In addition, the effectiveness of the 6-point Likert scale used was confirmed with an analysis of category structure functioning. Finally, a correlation analysis with a subset (n = 97) of the participants for which English proficiency test scores were available was conducted. Results showed a small, statistically significant and positive relationship between reading proficiency and each of the three constructs.

Age-Related Features of Perceptions about Personal Security in Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities

The paper studies the way younger and older adolescents with intellectual disabilities perceive their personal security. The research data were collected by formalized interview, subjective scaling techniques, analysis of personal files, observation diaries, etc. The obtained information was processed using the methods of content and frequency analyses, the Mann-Whitney U test, the Spearman’s rank correlation, and the chi-square distribution. The perception of personal security included such concepts as threat, defense, security, and subjective personal security. The study revealed significant differences between younger and older adolescents in their perception of danger, threat, defense, security, and responsibility for personal security. Children with intellectual disabilities developed ideas about personal security in adolescence, their perception of threat and defense depended on life experience and socialization. Their categorical structure corresponded to the norm but was inferior in terms of generalization and cognitive complexity. They separated threat and defense from security, which they associated with safety rules. The results could be included in programs of corrective psychological and pedagogical support.