Protected Categories Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF SUNSCREEN PRODUCTS CONTAINING Stichopus hermanii Semper, 1868

Prolonged radiation from UV sunlight has been known to be responsible for skin damage. Sunscreen has been used to limit sun exposure. Sunscreen with natural ingredients has the potential to be developed along with the issue of side effects of synthetic ingredients. This study aimed to develop a zooceuticals sunscreen cream containing a Stichopus hermanii Semper, 1868 extracts. The sunscreen creams were formulated with various ingredients of extract include 0.05 (F1), 0.1 (F2), and 0.2 (F3) %, respectively. The in vitro sun protection factor, organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion of the creams were evaluated. F3 met the requirements of physical properties. The extract show sun-protective efficacy with SPF value of 2.11 (F1), 3.09 (F2), and 3.46 (F3). Sunscreen containing 0.2% of Stichopus herrmanni extract is the most preferred formulation with minimal protection category. Keywords: Sea Cucumber, Stichopus hermanii Semper, 1868, Sunscreen.

The vascular plant species of different protection levels in the ecosystems of the regional landscape parks of the Ukrainian Polissia

The Ukrainian Polissia is a distinctive region in terms of biodiversity, with a significant number of northern and boreal species and communities, as well as Central European species in the Western Polissia. The research region stretches from west to east for 750 km, and from north to south for 120–150 km. In the northeast direction, its territory gradually narrows to 50–80 km and constitutes a significant part of the important ecological corridor of Eastern Europe. Background. The natural conditions of the Ukrainian Polissia are favorable for the formation of coniferous, broadleaf and mixed forests, which are zonal communities here. The widespread distribution of fluvioglacial sediments causes the predominance of sandy sod-podzolic soils and associated pine forests. The high groundwater table and the low surface area contribute to the development of eutrophic peat bogs. All this leads to the formation of a diverse vegetation cover, which contributes to the representativeness and significant preservation of floristic and coenotic diversity. One of the key roles in the protection of rare species of phytodiversity in the Polissia region of Ukraine belongs to multifunctional protected areas, including the category of “regional landscape parks”. They cover more than 200 species of vascular plants of the Polissia region, with diffe­rent conservation statuses – from the international level of protection to the regional one. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted using conventional field (route-based, geobotanical descriptions of key areas) and desk methods. The species names are given according to the International Plant Names Index, and their belonging to the protected categories is based on the conservation criteria and protection levels accor­ding to the regulatory documents. Results and Discussion. The materials of the research of phytodiversity of five regional landscape parks (Prypiat-Stokhid, Nadsluchanskyi, Ptashynyy Rai, Mizhrichenskyi, Yalivshchyna), in particular rare species, are presented, as evidenced by their diversity, including a number of glacial relics, endemics and borderline species located at the southern or eastern border of the distribution area. Conclusions. The study has revealed that the rare vascular plant flora of the Polissia regional landscape parks is represented by 56 species included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, 145 species under regional protection of three oblasts of the Polissia region, nine species from Appendix I of the Bern Convention, four species from Appendix II of CITES, and three species included in the European Red List. Two RLPs are the most sozologically representative in the study area: Nadsluchansky (six species of international protection statuses, 30 species of the Red Data Book of Ukraine, 107 species of regional protection level) and Mizhrichynsky (14 species with international protection statuses, 28 species of the Red Data Book of Ukraine, 51 species of regional protection level), which is determined by the peculiarity of natural conditions, habitat diversity and area of the territories. regional landscape parks as a category of nature reserve fund of regional status within the Polissia region of Ukraine cover most of the representative habitats, which include a corresponding number of rare species of different levels of protection, namely: forest (87 species), herbaceous (85 species), marsh (36 species) and aquatic (30 species) habitats.

Investigating and Mitigating the Performance–Fairness Tradeoff via Protected-Category Sampling

Machine learning algorithms have become common in everyday decision making, and decision-assistance systems are ubiquitous in our everyday lives. Hence, research on the prevention and mitigation of potential bias and unfairness of the predictions made by these algorithms has been increasing in recent years. Most research on fairness and bias mitigation in machine learning often treats each protected variable separately, but in reality, it is possible for one person to belong to multiple protected categories. Hence, in this work, combining a set of protected variables and generating new columns that separate these protected variables into many subcategories was examined. These new subcategories tend to be extremely imbalanced, so bias mitigation was approached as an imbalanced classification problem. Specifically, four new custom sampling methods were developed and investigated to sample these new subcategories. These new sampling methods are referred to as protected-category oversampling, protected-category proportional sampling, protected-category Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (PC-SMOTE), and protected-category Adaptive Synthetic Sampling (PC-ADASYN). These sampling methods modify the existing sampling method by focusing their sampling on the new subcategories rather than the class label. The impact of these sampling strategies was then evaluated based on classical performance and fairness in classification settings. Classification performance was measured using accuracy and F1 based on training univariate decision trees, and fairness was measured using equalized odd differences and statistical parity. To evaluate the impact of fairness versus performance, these measures were evaluated against decision tree depth. The results show that the proposed methods were able to determine optimal points, whereby fairness was increased without decreasing performance, thus mitigating any potential performance–fairness tradeoff.

Lessons Learned in Designing a Proposed Ultraviolet Sterilization System for Space

This paper presents a number of lessons learned while designing a proposed sterilization system for Mars Sample Return. This sterilization system is needed to inactivate any potentially hazardous Mars material on the exterior surface of the vessel containing sealed sample tubes filled with Mars rock cores, regolith and atmosphere. These returned samples would provide information on the geologic history of Mars, the evolution of its climate and the potential for ancient life. Mars Sample Return is categorized at Planetary Protection Category V Restricted Earth Return, so it is required to protect the Earth–Moon system from the biological impact of returning samples from Mars to Earth. This article reviews lessons learned in the development of a particular engineering implementation to support the protection of the Earth–Moon biosphere: the use of in situ ultraviolet LED illumination. The details of the biological efficacy of this approach or the policy-related impacts are outside of the scope of this manuscript. The lessons learned presented here include establishing design requirements for the system, the selection of a light source, optical design options, contamination control and approaches to thermal and power management.

Formulation and Activity of Sunscreen Cream from Ethanol Extract of Calendula officinalis L Flowers

Sunscreen made of natural ingredients is an alternative to protect the skin from excess UV radiation and a substitute for chemical products that have side effects. It was reported that Calendula officinalis L. has flavonoid and saponin metabolite compounds which function as photoprotective agents. This research aims to formulate sunscreen cream and examine the effect of variations in Calendula officinalis L flower extract (5%;7%;10% w/v) on physicochemical properties, stability, and values of the Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) in vitro using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and in vivo using wistar line rat test animals to see the time of formation of Minimum Erythema Dose (MED). It has been proven that variations in the concentration of Calendula officinalis L. extract affected the physicochemical properties, such as pH value, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion strength. However, the overall results of the physicochemical properties still met the requirements. Variations in extract concentration affected the SPF value. In vitro SPF test showed the minimum protection category for F1, extra protection for F2, maximum protection for F3, and no protection for F0. Meanwhile, the in vivo SPF test showed the minimal protection category for F1, medium protection for F2, extra protection for F3, and no protection for F0.

Legal Regulation of “Skinning” Games

The development of video games has formed a complex and diversified huge system. It is precisely because of the variety of modern video games and abundant layers, "skinning" games and other infringement problems are endless. What kind of electronic games are worth protecting, and which part of them need to be protected, is the problem of today's legislation and justice. Judicial practice is basically through the copyright law or anti-unfair competition law to regulate the infringement of electronic games, but both have different degrees of inadequacy. If the development of "skinning" games is allowed to continue, the excellent but small-scale and medium-sized game developers will be driven out of the game market, and the future of electronic games will not go too far. Therefore, it is essential to strengthen intellectual property protection and improve the level of innovation by setting up a special category of protection through the Copyright Law and leading the development of the video game industry by judicial means.

Physicochemical Characteristics and SPF Value of Kepok Banana Corm Extract Cream

Banana Corm is banana plant waste that has not been utilized optimally and contains flavonoids which have the potential as natural UV repellents. This study aims to determined the physical-chemical characteristics and preferences of respondents as well as the SPF value of kepok banana corm extract creams. Three cream formulations were carried out using concentration variants of 10% (F1), 20% (F2) and 30% (F3) with physical property tests including organoleptic tests, cream type tests, homogeneity tests, spreadability tests, centrifugation tests and SPF value. The test results show that the three formulations have different colors and aromas and are o/w cream types and have a homogeneous texture. All formulas meet the skin's pH range. In the test results there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the order of highest spreading power in diameter F3 (5.725 ± 0.01 cm) × F2 (5.24 ± 0.2 cm) × F1 (5.24 ± 0.092 cm ), whereas for the centrifugation test results there was no phase separation in the supply. The results of respondents' preferences for cream showed that the overall cream preparation formula is acceptable and liked by respondents. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the banana bongol extract cream meets the physical quality requirements based on predetermined parameters and the banana bongol extract cream can be accepted by respondents. Cream with variations in banana weevil concentration of 10%, 20% and 30%, obtained an SPF value in the maximum protection category

Specificity of "crimes against foreigners": categories of victimity and protection of human rights during war

This article highlights the specifics of ,,crime against foreigners”, categories of crimes committed against foreign citizens themselves, due to their prevalence, relevance, increased public danger, due to their criminological and criminal legal features, as well as due to the understudied nature of this criminal phenomenon. We believe that currently the type of crime associated with foreigners represents a separate and independent, specific section of criminal offenses and an object of criminological and victimological research in the context of globalization processes, post-pandemic effects and long-term war in Ukraine.

Comparison Sunscreen Potential of Extract with Ethanol Extract Cream of Basil Leaves (Ocimum basilicum var. anisatum Benth) In Vitro

Sunscreens on the market are generally made of synthetic materials. However, many synthetic active substances can cause allergies and irritation. Along with the trend back to nature, the use of traditional medicine among the public is more in demand. Natural ingredients that have potential for sunscreen are basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum var. anisatum Benth). Cream preparations have the advantage of a fairly high aesthetic value and the level of comfort in use is quite good. This study aims to determine the sunscreen potency of the extract and cream of the ethanolic extract of basil leaves in vitro based on the values of %Te, %Tp and SPF. Determination of sunscreen potency was carried out by calculating %Te, %Tp and SPF values on ethanol extract of basil leaves and cream of ethanolic extract of basil leaves in vitro using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 290-400 nm every 5 nm interval. The %Te value of basil leaf ethanol extract at a concentration of 100 ppm was not included in the category, at a concentration of 200 ppm and 300 ppm it was in the category of extra protection. And the value of %Te cream of basil leaf ethanol extract at a concentration of 100 ppm is not included in the category, at a concentration of 200 ppm it is in the regular suntan category, at a concentration of 300 ppm it is in the extra protection category. The %Tp value of ethanol extract of basil leaves and cream of ethanolic extract of basil leaves was included in the total block category. The SPF value of the ethanolic extract of basil leaves at concentrations of 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm, respectively, is 3.873 (minimum); 12,163(maximum); and 40,736(ultra). While the SPF value of the cream of ethanol extract of basil leaves was 2.792 (minimum); 6,508(extra); and 12,259 (maximum).

Hg Content Characteristics and Safe Planting Zoning of Paddy Soil and Rice in Guizhou Province

Guizhou Province ranks first in terms of Hg reserves and production in the country, and rice is its largest grain crop. In order to study the characteristics and pollution causes of soil-rice Hg content at the provincial level in Guizhou and to carry out safe planting zoning, 1 564 pairs of soil-rice samples, 470 natural soil samples, and 203 individual paddy soil samples were collected to test their Hg content and basic physical and chemical properties of the soil. The results showed that:① Paddy soil was mainly neutral and acidic, the paddy soil ω (Hg) range was 0.005-93.06 mg·kg-1, and the geometric mean was 0.864 mg·kg-1. The Hg content of paddy soil in Guizhou Province was significantly higher than that in natural soil (0.16 mg·kg-1,P < 0.05). Compared with the filtered value and control value, the soil samples exceeded the standard by 63.25% and 14.71%, respectively. Among them, the soil Hg pollution in Danzhai County of Qiandongnan Prefecture, Wuchuan County of Zunyi City, Zhenfeng County of Qianxinan Prefecture, and Wanshan District of Tongren City was more prominent. ② Rice ω(Hg) ranged from 0.000 5 to 0.52 mg·kg-1, and the geometric mean was 0.010 mg·kg-1, the percentage of rice Hg content exceeding the standard was 25.87%, and the exceeding points were mainly distributed in Suiyang County of Zunyi City, Zhenfeng County of Qianxinan Prefecture, Xixiu District of Anshun City, Bijiang District of Tongren City, and other industrial and mining activity-intensive areas. ③ The majority of the study area was in the priority protection category (74.75%); the safe use category accounted for (24.62%); and the strictly controlled category (0.93%) was scattered in Danzhai County at the border between Qiannan Prefecture and Qiandongnan Prefecture, Zhenfeng County in Qianxinan Prefecture, and Wanshan District in Tongren. It is not recommended to plant rice, which can be used as feed for reproduction.

Now you see me, now you don’t: an exploration of religious exnomination in DALL-E

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly being used not only to classify and analyze but also to generate images and text. As recent work on the content produced by text and image Generative AIs has shown (e.g., Cheong et al., 2024, Acerbi & Stubbersfield, 2023), there is a risk that harms of representation and bias, already documented in prior AI and natural language processing (NLP) algorithms may also be present in generative models. These harms relate to protected categories such as gender, race, age, and religion. There are several kinds of harms of representation to consider in this context, including stereotyping, lack of recognition, denigration, under-representation, and many others (Crawford in Soundings 41:45–55, 2009; in: Barocas et al., SIGCIS Conference, 2017). Whereas the bulk of researchers’ attention thus far has been given to stereotyping and denigration, in this study we examine ‘exnomination’, as conceived by Roland Barthes (1972), of religious groups. Our case study is DALL-E, a tool that generates images from natural language prompts. Using DALL-E mini, we generate images from generic prompts such as “religious person.” We then examine whether the generated images are recognizably members of a nominated group. Thus, we assess whether the generated images normalize some religions while neglecting others. We hypothesize that Christianity will be recognizably represented more frequently than other religious groups. Our results partially support this hypothesis but introduce further complexities, which we then explore.

Toward a Robust Definition of Sport Sex.

Elite individual sports in which success depends on power, speed, or endurance are conventionally divided into male and female events using traditional binary definitions of sex. Male puberty creates durable physical advantages due to the 20- to 30-fold increase in circulating testosterone producing a sustained uplift in men's muscle, bone, hemoglobin, and cardiorespiratory function resulting from male puberty and sustained during men's lives. These male physical advantages provide strong justification for a separate protected category of female events allowing women to achieve the fame and fortune from success they would be denied if competing against men. Recent wider social acceptance of transgender individuals, together with the less recognized involvement of intersex individuals, challenge and threaten to defeat the sex classifications for elite individual female events. This can create unfair advantages if seeking inclusion into elite female events of unmodified male-bodied athletes with female gender identity who have gained the physical advantages of male puberty. Based on reproductive physiology, this paper proposes a working definition of sport sex based primarily on an individual's experience of male puberty and can be applied to transgender and various XY intersex conditions. Consistent with the multidimensionality of biological sex (chromosomal, genetic, hormonal, anatomical sex), this definition may be viewed as a multistrand cable whose overall strength survives when any single strand weakens or fails, rather than as a unidimensional chain whose strength is only as good as its weakest link.

Aktivitas Tabir Surya Secara In-Vitro Ekstrak dan Fraksi Daun Kedondong (Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex G.Forst)

Excessive sun exposure to the skin can cause redness (erythema) and darkening of the skin (pigmentation). This effect can be prevented by using sunscreen. Kedondong leaves (Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex G. Forst) can act as a natural sunscreen because they contain secondary metabolite compounds with a conjugated double bond structure (chromophore), including phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The presence of conjugated double bonds in phenolic and flavonoid compounds is known to be able to absorb UV radiation thereby reducing its intensity on the skin. This study aims to determine the sunscreen activity of kedondong leaves based on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF), , the percentage of erythema transmission value (%Te), and the percentage of pigmentation transmission value (%Tp) and determine the secondary metabolite groups in kedondong leaf extracts and fractions. The research stages carried out were extraction of kedondong leaves by maceration, dechlorophyllation, followed by fractionation using n-hexane and dichloromethane, to obtain methanol extract, n-hexane fraction, dichloromethane fraction and methanol fraction. Then phytochemical tests were carried out on the extracts and fractions. Phytochemical tests showed that the secondary metabolite compounds in the methanol extract of kedondong leaves were alkaloids, phenolics, steroids and saponins. Furthermore, in the n-hexane fraction are steroids, the dichloromethane fraction is phenolic compounds, and the methanol fraction is alkaloid, phenolic and saponin compounds. Using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 200-400 nm, the sunscreen activity test showed that the dichloromethane fraction at a concentration of 120 mg/L was included in the extra protection category with an SPF value of 7,86±0,23; fast tanning with a %Te value of 15,99±0,83 and sunblock with a %Tp value of 32,72±1,09.

Multi-measures to Promote Rural Revitalization Mainly based on the Transfer of Homestead Land

This paper takes Liu Laoqiao Village, a village of Taihe County with characteristics of protection category, as an example, adapts to the local conditions, clarifies the characteristics and positioning of the village through the system of social research methods, and analyzes the development results achieved by the village. On this basis, the main idea is to optimize the layout of village development with the reasonable revitalization of the residence base, to promote the combination of planting and raising and industrial upgrading, to grow the characteristic industries such as leisure agriculture, countryside tourism, and lodging economy, and to vigorously develop the planting and breeding industries. Practically solve the actual problems of the village, adhere to the characteristics of the revitalization of the road, so that the village to achieve a long-lasting and effective revitalization of the effect of the village for the development of the village, for the villagers to seek happiness, and to achieve a village with a number of villages, multi-village common development.

Seasonally flooded Coquinal: typifying a particular plant association in the northern Yucatan peninsula, Mexico

Background: One of the most diverse and threatened plant associations in the Yucatan peninsula has not been characterized and therefore not included in any protection category in Mexico. We characterize and describe this plant association, which is rapidly disappearing or being irreversibly transformed as a result of anthropic activities. We propose a name and attempt a preliminary assessment of its taxonomic richness, and the identification of priority species to be preserved.
 Questions: What is the species richness and plant endemism associated within this plant association? What are the ecologically important and high-priority species for conservation? How is it different from associated or similar plant associations?
 Studied species: Vascular plants.
 Study site and dates: Northern Yucatan peninsula; 2021-2023.
 Methods: The plant association was characterized, and quantitative parameters were recorded. The Importance Value Index was estimated to assess its local ecological importance, and each species was assigned a conservation category in order to evaluate the conservation status in a global context.
 Results: We propose Seasonally flooded Coquinal (SFC) as a name for this plant association based on geomorphological, physiognomic, and structural attributes. A total of 206 species were recorded, which two are endemic to the SFC and 28 to the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province (YPBP). Twelve species are listed under a risk category.
 Conclusions: The SFC harbors a high plant diversity of endemic species to the YPBP, 12 of which are included in the IUCN red list, for which its typification and conservation should be a high priority in Mexico.

Natural cellulosic biofunctional textiles from onion (Allium cepa L.) skin extracts: A sustainable strategy for skin protection

Cellulosic fabrics made of cotton, linen, bamboo, hemp, and nettle, were selected for the eco-sustainable production of colored biofunctional textiles, using natural dyes from onion skin of the Dorata di Parma (Allium cepa L.) variety. Dyeing experiments were performed in net water with and without pre-treatment with alum, tin chloride, and tannic acid as mordants. The color and the UV-protection factor (UPF) were evaluated through UV–visible spectroscopy. The treatment with onion skin extract induced a relevant increase of UPF in all investigated fabrics, promoting the protection category from insufficient (UPF<15) to good for linen (UPF = 21–26), up to very good and excellent for cotton (UPF = 35–66) and bamboo (UPF = 48–56), respectively. To mimic the direct contact with the skin, textile samples were immersed in artificial sweat where dyed cotton, hemp, and nettle were found to promote higher phenolic release (0.28–0.50 mg gallic acid equivalents/g textile) than linen and bamboo (0.12–0.22 mg gallic acid equivalents/g textile). The obtained “biofunctional sweat” did not impact on the survival of primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and skin keratinocytes (NCTC2455), while protected these cells against heat shock and reduced reactive oxygen species levels upon exposure to pro-oxidant and inflammatory agents as H2O2 and lipopolysaccharide, respectively. Increased activity levels of the H2O2-scavenging enzyme Catalase (CAT) were also observed, thus demonstrating enhanced stress response and homeostatic capability of these cells. This study provides evidence that extracts from onion waste can be used to functionalize cellulosic fabrics conferring properties as natural shield against UV radiation, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory materials thus holding potential in skin protection and prevention of dermatological diseases.

Measuring Villagers’ Perceptions of Changes in the Landscape Values of Traditional Villages

This study aims to analyze the perceptions and driving factors behind villagers’ changing perceptions of landscape values in the context of drastic landscape changes in traditional Chinese villages. Empirical evidence emphasizes the interplay between local residents’ values and the local policy framework. This study establishes a method to capture the landscape values and preferences of rural community residents by combining participatory mapping with questionnaire interviews. We identified the evaluation of changing landscape values by rural residents and extracted four categories of rural development orientations, namely, economic benefits, emotional culture, public participation, and environmental protection. Furthermore, we delved into the significant heterogeneity in landscape value changes among different social groups. This study highlights the role of villagers’ value judgments in guiding the scientific formulation of traditional village conservation and development policies and promoting the socially sustainable development planning of traditional villages. The research contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the rural community’s needs and preferences for the local landscape as well as the convergence and divergence between these needs and the government-led rural development trajectory.

An updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Nayarit, Mexico with conservation status and comparison with adjoining States

Herein, we present an updated list of the species of amphibians and reptiles that inhabit Nayarit, Mexico. In the years since the publication of a previous list in 2016, threats to amphibians and reptiles in Nayarit have continued unabated and efforts to more fully catalogue the richness of Nayarit’s herpetofauna have continued. Nayarit harbours 162 native species of amphibians and reptiles, representing 35 families and 85 genera. These include 37 species of amphibians (35 anurans and two salamanders) and 125 species of reptiles (one crocodile, 44 lizards, 69 snakes and 11 turtles). Of the amphibian and reptile species in Nayarit, 102 are endemic to Mexico and two endemic to Nayarit. The ecoregion with the highest richness of amphibians and reptiles in Nayarit is the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt followed closely by the Sierra Madre Occidental and then the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Pacific Lowlands and the Nayarit Islands. Just 5.8% of the species of amphibians and reptiles in Nayarit is IUCN-listed as Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered, 11.1% are placed in a protected category by SEMARNAT and nearly a third are categorised as high risk by the Environmental Vulnerability Score. The herpetofauna of Nayarit overlaps the most with Jalisco (88.9%). One of the main conclusions of our updated list of the amphibian and reptile species of Nayarit is that our understanding of the full complement of species is not complete, especially the reptiles.

Review: Relay coordination in DGs with Electric Vehicle

This research offers a comprehensive examination of the most effective approach to synchronize overcurrent relays within a protective system alongside protective relay. Every effort has been made to encompass all potential strategies for achieving optimal coordination among overcurrent relays. Both modern approaches, like Harris hawk optimisation, and more traditional ones, such ground-based circuit breakers, are included in this category of overcurrent protection with Electric Vehicle. The operation of a Smart Grid [1] is characterized by varying load demands, generation levels from DGs, and charging/discharging behaviours of EVs. These factors can lead to different fault currents and altered fault impedance profiles at various times. An adaptive coordination scheme can dynamically adjust relay settings based on these changing conditions to optimize sensitivity and minimize coordination time. In this paper briefly discuss traditional approaches but focus mostly on using Harris Hawk Optimisation to enhance the coordination of overcurrent relays. This document compiles citations for all relevant works and offers a concise overview of the study conducted. Furthermore, the outcomes of these methods are documented in their corresponding references.

Regulating Gatekeeper Artificial Intelligence and Data: Transparency, Access and Fairness under the Digital Markets Act, the General Data Protection Regulation and Beyond

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is not only increasingly being used in business and administration contexts, but a race for its regulation is also underway, with the European Union (EU) spearheading the efforts. Contrary to existing literature, this article suggests that the most far-reaching and effective EU rules for AI applications in the digital economy will not be contained in the proposed AI Act, but in the Digital Markets Act (DMA). We analyse the impact of the DMA and related EU acts on AI models and underlying data across four key areas: disclosure requirements; the regulation of AI training data; access rules; and the regime for fair rankings. We demonstrate that fairness, under the DMA, goes beyond traditionally protected categories of non-discrimination law on which scholarship at the intersection of AI and law has focused on. Rather, we draw on competition law and the FRAND criteria known from intellectual property law to interpret and refine the DMA provisions on fair rankings. Moreover, we show how, based on Court of Justice of the European Union jurisprudence, a coherent interpretation of the concept of non-discrimination in both traditional non-discrimination and competition law may be found. The final section sketches out proposals for a comprehensive framework of transparency, access and fairness under the DMA and beyond.