Category ID Research Articles

Receive Only Necessary: Efficient Tag Category Identification in Large-Scale RFID Systems

RFID systems have been widely deployed for various applications such as inventory control, retail management, and object tracking. In many scenarios, coarse-grained system management of tag categories is more common than traditional system management of individual tags. Existing works on tag category management require knowing category IDs in advance, however, few protocols have been specially designed to obtain category IDs in multi-category RFID systems. In this paper, we propose <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CIP</i> , a time-efficient protocol specially designed to collect category IDs in multi-category RFID systems. The challenge in solving this problem is to avoid repeatedly collecting category IDs from multiple tags belonging to the same category. We address this challenge by squeezing tags in the same category into the same time slot and letting them reply to the reader simultaneously. Considering that the reader may receive signals from different tags in a slot, we exploit the Manchester coding to decode the aggregated signals. With this design, CIP collects each category ID only once and thus achieves high time efficiency by avoiding redundant identification of the same category ID. We further enhance CIP by utilizing the lightweight vectors to specify the order of tags’ replying and avoid useless slots. Rigorous theoretical analysis is presented to optimize the performance of CIP and guidelines on how to set optimal parameters to minimize the overall execution time are given. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the performance of our protocols. The experimental results show that our protocols can significantly improve time efficiency by 67 percent when compared with the state-of-the-art solutions.

A systematic review assessing the potential for release of vector species from competition following insecticide-based population suppression of Anopheles species in Africa

BackgroundWhile insecticide-based vector control can effectively target vector species in areas of high malaria endemicity, such as Anopheles gambiae in Africa, residual disease transmission can occur. Understanding the potential role of competitive displacement between vector species could inform both current insecticide-based vector control programmes and the development of future complementary interventions.MethodsA systematic review was conducted to identify published studies of insecticide-based vector control of Anopheles species in Africa that reported indices for absolute densities of vector species. After screening against inclusion, exclusion and risk of bias criteria, studies were assigned to three categories based on whether they showed population density changes involving decreases in two or more vector species (D), increases in two or more vector species (I), or increases in one vector species concomitant with decreases in another vector species (ID). Category ID studies could thus provide evidence consistent with the release of vector species from competition following the insecticide-based population suppression of Anopheles species.ResultsOf 5569 papers identified in searches, 30 were selected for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Nineteen studies were assigned to category D and one to category I. Ten studies categorised as ID provided evidence ranging from weak to persuasive that release from competition could have contributed to changes in species composition. Category ID showed no statistical differences from category D for reductions in malaria transmission and levels of insecticide resistance, but did so for insecticide type, pyrethroids being associated with category ID. A qualitative assessment identified five studies that provided the most convincing evidence that release from competition could have contributed to changes in species composition.ConclusionsThis review identified evidence that insecticide-based reductions in the density of Anopheles species in Africa could facilitate the release of other vector species from competition. While it remains uncertain whether this evidence is representative of most entomological sequelae of insecticide-based vector control in the field, five studies provided persuasive evidence that insecticide use could lead, at least under some circumstances, to competitive release of non-targeted vector species. These results should inform current and future integrated vector management approaches to malaria control.Graphical abstract

LncR2metasta: a manually curated database for experimentally supported lncRNAs during various cancer metastatic events.

Mounting evidence has shown the involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) during various cancer metastatic events (abbreviated as CMEs, e.g. cancer cell invasion, intravasation, extravasation, proliferation, etc.) that may cooperatively facilitate malignant tumor spread and cause massive patient deaths. The study of lncRNA-CME associations might help understand lncRNA functions in metastasis and present reliable biomarkers for early dissemination detection and optimized treatment. Therefore, we developed a database named 'lncR2metasta' by manually compiling experimentally supported lncRNAs during various CMEs from existing studies. LncR2metasta documents 1238 associations between 304 lncRNAs and 39 CMEs across 54 human cancer subtypes. Each entry of lncR2metasta contains detailed information on a lncRNA-CME association, including lncRNA symbol, a specific CME, brief description of the association, lncRNA category, lncRNA Entrez or Ensembl ID, lncRNA genomic location and strand, lncRNA experiment, lncRNA expression pattern, detection method, target gene (or pathway) of lncRNA, lncRNA regulatory role on a CME, cancer name and the literature reference. An easy-to-use web interface was deployed in lncR2metasta for its users to easily browse, search and download as well as to submit novel lncRNA-CME associations. LncR2metasta will be a useful resource in cancer research community. It is freely available at http://lncR2metasta.wchoda.com.

Collision alignment: an RFID anti-collision algorithm assisted by orthogonal signal detection and analogy principle

The replenishment of resource management problem is tough and necessary in RFID system, which requires tags to report the existing information uninterruptedly for guaranteeing goods supply. However, the random or synchronous reply may lead to collision, further, make the system low efficiency. Based on the fusion method between orthogonal code compiling category ID and analogy principle, we present the collision tolerance protocol UACP to identify tags efficiently, which contains UCOM and ACAM mechanisms. UCOM relies on orthogonal signals’ correlation to realize the tolerance and accurate category identification by making a comparison between the collision and the whole elements. ACAM depends on the analogy principle to estimate the existing number from microcosmic to macrocosmic only using the singleton slots, and the tags can transmit one-bit affirming message after a series of ACK commands. UACP also analyses some factors, such as the permutation and combination of multiple sets orthogonal codes, asynchronous code offset, signal missing rate, signal misjudgment probability, and shows the advantages on slot utilization rate, identification rate and time efficiency compared with other algorithms. After adopting BPSK modulation and USRP platform, UACP is verified the time-efficiency increasing of 25–60%.

Simplex-valued probability

Abstract We continue our study of generalized probability from the viewpoint of category theory. Assuming that each generalized probability measure is a morphism, we model basic probabilistic notions within the category cogenerated by its range. It is known that the closed unit interval I = [0, 1], carrying a suitable difference structure, cogenerates the category ID in which the classical and fuzzy probability theories can be modeled. We study generalized probability theories modeled within two different categories cogenerated by a simplex S n = {(x 1, x 2, …, x n) ∈ I n: $$ \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n $$ x i ≤ 1}, carrying a suitable difference structure; since I and S 1 coincide, for n = 1 we get the fuzzy probability theory as a special case. In the first case, when the morphisms preserve the so-called pure elements, the resulting category S n D, n &gt; 1, and ID are isomorphic and the generalized probability theories modeled in ID and S n D are “the same”. In the second case, when the morphisms map each maximal element to a maximal element, the resulting categories WS n D, n &gt; 1, lead to different models of generalized probability theories. We define basic notions of the corresponding simplex-valued probability theories and mention some applications.

A Categorical Approach to Probability Theory

First, we discuss basic probability notions from the viewpoint of category theory. Our approach is based on the following four “sine quibus non” conditions: 1. (elementary) category theory is efficient (and suffices); 2. random variables, observables, probability measures, and states are morphisms; 3. classical probability theory and fuzzy probability theory in the sense of S. Gudder and S. Bugajski are special cases of a more general model; 4. a good model allows natural modifications. Second, we show that the category ID of D-posets of fuzzy sets and sequentially continuous D-homomorphisms allows to characterize the passage from classical to fuzzy events as the minimal generalization having nontrivial quantum character: a degenerated state can be transported to a nondegenerated one. Third, we describe a general model of probability theory based on the category ID so that the classical and fuzzy probability theories become special cases and the model allows natural modifications. Finally, we present a modification in which the closed unit interval [0,1] as the domain of traditional states is replaced by a suitable simplex.

States as Morphisms

Using elementary categorical methods, we survey recent results concerning D-posets (equivalently effect algebras) of fuzzy sets and the corresponding category ID in which states are morphisms. First, we analyze the canonical structures carried by the unit interval I = [0,1] as the range of states and the impact of “states as morphisms” on the probability domains. Second, we analyze categories of various quantum and fuzzy structures and their relationships. Third, we describe some basic properties of ID and show that traditional probability domains such as fields of sets and bold algebras can be viewed as full subcategories of ID and probability measures on fields of sets and states on bold algebras become morphisms. Fourth, we discuss the categorical aspects of the transition from classical to fuzzy probability theory. We conclude with some remarks about generalized probability theory based on ID.

Measures: continuity, measurability, duality, extension

Abstract We discuss some basic ideas and survey some fundamental constructions related to measure (a real-valued map the domain of which is a set of measurable objects carrying a suitable structure and the map partially preserves the structure): continuity, measurability, duality, extension. We show that in the category ID of difference posets of fuzzy sets and sequentially continuous difference-homomorphisms these constructions are intrinsic. Further, basic notions of the probability theory have natural generalizations within ID.

On Probability Domains

Motivated by IF-probability theory (intuitionistic fuzzy), we study n-component probability domains in which each event represents a body of competing components and the range of a state represents a simplex Sn of n-tuples of possible rewards–the sum of the rewards is a number from [0,1]. For n=1 we get fuzzy events, for example a bold algebra, and the corresponding fuzzy probability theory can be developed within the category ID of D-posets (equivalently effect algebras) of fuzzy sets and sequentially continuous D-homomorphisms. For n=2 we get IF-events, i.e., pairs (μ,ν) of fuzzy sets μ,ν∈[0,1]X such that μ(x)+ν(x)≤1 for all x∈X, but we order our pairs (events) coordinatewise. Hence the structure of IF-events (where (μ1,ν1)≤(μ2,ν2) whenever μ1≤μ2 and ν2≤ν1) is different and, consequently, the resulting IF-probability theory models a different principle. The category ID is cogenerated by I=[0,1] (objects of ID are subobjects of powers IX), has nice properties and basic probabilistic notions and constructions are categorical. For example, states are morphisms. We introduce the category SnD cogenerated by \(S_{n}=\{(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n})\in I^{n};\:\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}\leq 1\}\) carrying the coordinatewise partial order, difference, and sequential convergence and we show how basic probability notions can be defined within SnD.

States on Bold Algebras: Categorical Aspects

We study bold algebras and states on bold algebras in the context of transition from classical probability theory to fuzzy probability theory. Our aim is to point out the role of bold algebras and states on bold algebras in a categorical approach to probability theory. In particular, we formulate several fundamental questions related to basic probability notions and constructions and provide possible answers in terms of bold algebras and states on bold algebras. We show that the category ID of D-posets of fuzzy sets and sequentially continuous difference homomorphisms can serve as a base category in which both classical and fuzzy probability theory can be developed and generalized. Classical and fuzzy random events such as fields of sets and measurable real-valued functions into the interval [0,1], considered as bold algebras, become special objects. Observables, considered as morphisms between objects, become dual to generalized random variables. States become morphisms into [0,1], considered as an object of ID. Properties of objects of ID follow from classical theorems of analysis such as the Lebesgue Dominated Convergence Theorem (states are sequentially continuous) and categorical constructions such as the product (the structure of a probability domain is completely determined by the states as the initial structure). We prove that each generated Łukasiewicz tribe is the epireflection of its underlying Butnariu–Klement σ-field of sets. This helps to understand the transition from classical crisp random events to fuzzy random events. Indeed, the corresponding fuzzification is necessary to cover generalized random variables having a quantum character, i.e. fuzzy random variables in the Gudder–Bugajski sense sending a classical elementary event (point measure) to a non-trivial probability measure.

On effect algebras of fuzzy sets

We introduce the category IE of effect algebras of fuzzy sets and sequentially continuous effect homomorphisms and describe its fundamental properties. We show that IE and the category ID of D-posets of fuzzy sets are isomorphic, hence the constructions and properties of ID related to applications to probability theory are valid for the corresponding effect algebras. We describe basic properties of categorical coproducts in ID and dually of categorical products in the corresponding category MID of measurable spaces. We end with remarks on fuzzy probability notions.

LPD 17: In the Midst of Reform

ABSTRACT The LPD 17 Amphibious Transport Dock Class will be the functional replacement for the LPD 4, LST 1179. LSD 36 and LKA 113 Classes of amphibious ships scheduled to be decommissioned prior to 2010. The program is nearing completion of Contract Design with the lead ship scheduled for commissioning early next century. Like its predecessors, the LPD 17 design is focused on meeting the amphibious mission lift requirements, and does so capably: 2300 m2vehicle lift, 710 m3cargo capacity, 720 troops, 2 LCAC and 2 CH‐53 (or 4 CH‐46) spots. In contrast to the ships it replaces, LPD 17 Class ships will have superior passive survivability (e.g., reduced radar cross section, structural hardening, collective protection system, smoke ejection system) and unprecedented AAW self‐defense combat systems: 64 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles (ESSM) “quadpacked” in a 16‐cell MK 41 Vertical Launch System (VLS) controlled by the Ship Self‐Defense System (SSDS) and Advanced Combat Direction System (ACDS) using AN/SPS‐48E, AN/SPQ‐9B and Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC). LPD 17 also employs the first full ship fiber optic cable plant for the backbone of its Integrated Interior Command and Control (IC)2‐ system.In addition to its many technical “firsts,” LPD 17 is the first Acquisition Category (ACAT) ID naval warship acquired under the revised Department of Defense (DoD) 5000 series acquisition requirements. More recently, the LPD 17 program became the first lead ship new construction program to implement the June 94 Secretary of Defense specifications and standards reform policy. This procurement policy change effectively prohibits reliance on the thousands of Military Specifications and Standards (MILSPECs and MILSTDs) unless specific, individual waivers are approved. Because Contract Design was approximately two‐thirds complete at the time the policy was signed, the LPD 17 Design Team developed and executed an accelerated three‐phase review effort with five shipbuilders and the American Bureau of Shipping. This effort resulted in the elimination of over 75% of the original 1500 government references.Inherent in the review process was the requirement to neither compromise military performance nor increase program cost. Accordingly, a critical core of MILSPECs and MILSTDs are presently considered as candidates for retention in the ship specification and waiver requests are being prepared. The waiver policy also calls for review and waiver of the entire ship specification. Broad impacts of this reform effort are presently being assessed as the LPD 17 Program continues toward lead ship construction approval.