Categories Of Websites Research Articles

The complexity of online patient education materials for wound care strategies: A readability analysis

BackgroundIn the United States, over 6 million people are affected by chronic wounds. Patients often rely on the Internet for treatment information; however, these educational materials typically exceed the average eighth-grade health literacy level. This study aimed to assess the readability and language accessibility of online patient education materials on wound care strategies. MethodsA search was conducted on Google for articles related to wound care strategies. The first 12 unique websites from each search strategy were selected for further analysis. Readability was assessed using 11 tests, with the mean scores calculated for each. ResultsA total of 66 articles pertaining to wound care strategies were retrieved from 43 websites. All articles had an average reading grade level of 13.5 ± 2.5 and an average reading age of 18.7 ± 2.5 years. Websites were categorized by the following sources: academic (34.9%), reagent/biologic manufacturers (27.9%), wound care (18.6%), news media organizations (14%), and other (4.7%). Flesch Reading Ease Score, graded from 0 for most difficult to 100 for least difficult, was found to be highest for academic websites (44.2, P = .01) and lowest for news media websites (24.9, P = .01). Academic websites were available in the more languages compared to all other website categories (P < .01). ConclusionOnline materials related to wound care strategies often exceed the National Institute of Health recommended eighth-grade reading level. This study emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to create more accessible educational materials to address the gap in health literacy and optimize patient care.

An Analysis of the Readability of Online Sarcoidosis Resources.

Introduction Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas in multiple organ systems. The presentation can vary widely; although some patients with sarcoidosis can be asymptomatic, sarcoidosis can also present in others with symptomatic multiorgan system involvement. Considering the potential severity of the disease, patients need to be well-informed about sarcoidosis to better manage their health. This study aims to assess the readability levels of online resources about sarcoidosis. Methods We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study. The term "sarcoidosis" was searched online using both Google and Bing to find websites written in English. Each website was categorized by type: academic, commercial, government, nonprofit, and physician. The readability scores for each website were calculated using six different readability tests: the Flesch-Kincaid reading ease (FKRE), Flesch-Kincaid grade level (FKGL), Gunning fog score (GFS), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), automated readability index (ARI), and Coleman-Liau index (CLI). FKRE gives a score that corresponds to the difficulty of the text, while the remaining tests give a score that corresponds to a grade level in terms of reading ability. A one-sample t-test was used to compare all test scores with the national recommended standard of a sixth-grade reading level. Our null hypothesis was that the readability scores of the websites searched would not differ statistically significantly from the sixth-grade reading level and that there would be no significant differences across website categories. To evaluate the difference between the categories of websites, ANOVA testing was used. Results Thirty-four websites were analyzed. Each of the six readability tests for the websites had an average score, which corresponded to being significantly harder to read than the nationally recommended sixth-grade reading level (p<0.001). None of the mean readability scores showed a statistically significant difference across the five different website categories. Conclusions This is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine the readability of online English resources on sarcoidosis and calculate standardized readability scores for them. It implies that the online English material for sarcoidosis is above the health literacy recommended reading levels for patients. There is a need to simplify the material to be easier to read for patients.

WF3A: A N-shot website fingerprinting with effective fusion feature attention

Tor anonymity communication system provides privacy to users while also allowing sensitive users to access illegal websites. Website fingerprinting (WF) attack is a technique employed to identify websites visited by users, serving as a crucial tool for effectively recognizing user access to illegal online content. However, the majority of existing WF methods heavily rely on extensive training data, which faces challenges when dealing with more common few-shot scenarios which involve limited traffic traces. In such circumstance, these methods often fall into low accuracy in face of the absence of sufficient samples. Therefore, a N-shot WF recognition method with effective fusion feature attention (WF3A) is proposed in this paper. Different from the conventional single-feature recognition method, we innovatively combine direction and length, design and use the fusion feature that covers more website identification information; In order to interpret the traffic patterns that can identify the website categories from the fusion feature, we introduce the Enhanced Channel Attention (ECA) and design a stronger feature extractor when constructing WF model, which enhances the learning ability of the model by channel attention mechanism. The experimental results indicate that fusion feature outperforms original feature in few-shot scenarios. Furthermore, the proposed WF3A demonstrates superior performance compared to existing WF method. In the closed-world, the classification accuracy of WF3A is enhanced by 3.86% to 56.3% compared to existing methods. In the open-world, when the recall is controlled at 91.43%, the precision still remains stable at 81.16%.

Predicting political attitudes from web tracking data: a machine learning approach

ABSTRACT Anecdotal evidence suggests that the surge of populism and subsequent political polarization might make voters’ political preferences more detectable from digital trace data. This potential scenario could expose voters to the risk of being targeted and easily influenced by political actors. This study investigates the linkage between over 19,000,000 website visits, tracked from 1,003 users in Germany, and their survey responses to explore whether website choices can accurately predict political attitudes across five dimensions: Immigration, democracy, issues (such as climate and the European Union), populism, and trust. Our findings indicate a limited ability to identify political attitudes from individuals’ website visits. Our most effective machine learning algorithm predicted interest in politics and attitudes toward democracy but with dependency on model parameters. Although website categories exhibited suggestive patterns, they only marginally distinguished between individuals with anti- or pro-immigration attitudes, as well as those with populist or mainstream attitudes. This further confirm the reliability of surveys in measuring attitudes compared to digital trace data and, from a normative perspective, suggests that the potential to extract sensitive political information from online behavioral data, which could be utilized for microtargeting, remains limited.

Classifying Muslim Ideologies from Islamic Websites using Text Analysis Based on Naive Bayes and TF-IDF

Reliable digital Islamic information is one of the challenges faced by innocent Islamic information seekers such as young Muslims, new Muslims as well as others who desire to find authentic information about Islam, Prophet Muhammad (saw), and Muslims, in general. Several deviant ideologies abound, and they also present their information using the internet, sometimes involving digital deception. In the digital era, misleading Islamic information may affect people’s beliefs, behaviours, and attitudes. Many websites are equally based on several schools of thought regarding Islamic practices which could be difficult for the new Muslims, and the young generation of Muslims to recognize what to follow among these different websites based on the information presented on the sites. Some other variants of practices are considered to be deviants by the mainstream Sunni scholars which may be misleading for innocent Islamic information seekers including non-Muslims. Consequently, the need to categorize different Islamic websites based on different schools and branches becomes imperative. This initial study focuses classification of Islamic websites utilising website categorization and text classification approach to their textual contents. The proposed technique classified 60 Islamic websites into two various categories Sunni and Shia using TF-IDF for features extraction while using Multinomial Naive Bayes for classification. In addition, extracting the keywords for each of the two categories assisted in the classification process. The results show that Multinomial Naive Bayes was easily implemented and predicted the categories of Islamic websites with an accuracy of 0.89, precision 1.0, recall 0.80, as well as an F1 score of 0.89. The keywords that differentiate Sunni websites from Shia's websites were extracted. It was found that the best keywords that can be used in search engines to identify Sunni websites are Islam and Muslim, while Shia and Imam are the most prominent keywords that can be used to identify Shia's websites.

Generalizable Active Privacy Choice: Designing a Graphical User Interface for Global Privacy Control

The California Consumer Privacy Act and other privacy laws give people a right to opt out of the sale and sharing of personal information. In combination with privacy preference signals, especially, Global Privacy Control (GPC), such rights have the potential to empower people to assert control over their data. However, many laws prohibit opt out settings being turned on by default. The resulting usability challenges for people to exercise their rights motivate generalizable active privacy choice --- an interface design principle to make opt out settings usable without defaults. It is based on the idea of generalizing one individual opt out choice towards a larger set of choices. For example, people may apply an opt out choice on one site towards a larger set of sites. We explore generalizable active privacy choice in the context of GPC. We design and implement nine privacy choice schemes in a browser extension and explore them in a usability study with 410 participants. We find that generalizability features tend to decrease opt out utility slightly. However, at the same time, they increase opt out efficiency and make opting out less disruptive, which was more important to most participants. For the least disruptive scheme, selecting website categories to opt out from, 98% of participants expressed not feeling disrupted, a 40% point increase over the baseline schemes. 83% of participants understood the meaning of GPC. They also made their opt out choices with intent and, thus, in a legally relevant manner. To help people exercise their opt out rights via GPC our results support the adoption of a generalizable active privacy choice interface in web browsers.

Understanding Website Privacy Policies—A Longitudinal Analysis Using Natural Language Processing

Privacy policies are the main method for informing Internet users of how their data are collected and shared. This study aims to analyze the deficiencies of privacy policies in terms of readability, vague statements, and the use of pacifying phrases concerning privacy. This represents the undertaking of a step forward in the literature on this topic through a comprehensive analysis encompassing both time and website coverage. It characterizes trends across website categories, top-level domains, and popularity ranks. Furthermore, studying the development in the context of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) offers insights into the impact of regulations on policy comprehensibility. The findings reveal a concerning trend: privacy policies have grown longer and more ambiguous, making it challenging for users to comprehend them. Notably, there is an increased proportion of vague statements, while clear statements have seen a decrease. Despite this, the study highlights a steady rise in the inclusion of reassuring statements aimed at alleviating readers’ privacy concerns.

Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet

AbstractBy establishing an infrastructure for monitoring and blocking networks in accordance with European Union (EU) law on preventive measures against the spread of information, EU member states have also made it easier to block websites and services and monitor information. While relevant studies have documented Internet censorship in non‐European countries, as well as the use of such infrastructures for political reasons, this study examines network interference practices such as website blocking against the backdrop of an almost complete lack of EU‐related research. Specifically, it performs and demonstrates an analysis for the total of 27 EU countries based on three different sources. They include first, tens of millions of historical network measurements collected in 2020 by Open Observatory of Network Interference volunteers from around the world; second, the publicly available blocking lists used by EU member states; and third, the reports issued by network regulators in each country from May 2020 to April 2021. Our results show that authorities issue multiple types of blocklists. Internet Service Providers limit access to different types and categories of websites and services. Such resources are sometimes blocked for unknown reasons and not included in any of the publicly available blocklists. The study concludes with the hurdles related to network measurements and the nontransparency from regulators regarding specifying website addresses in blocking activities.

Classification of Malicious URLs Using Naive Bayes and Genetic Algorithm

The financial losses of vulnerable and insecure websites are increasing day by day. The proposed system in this research presents a strategy based on factor analysis of website categories and accurate identification of unknown information to classify safe and dangerous websites and protect users from the previous one. Probability calculations based on Naive Bayes and other powerful approaches are used throughout the website classification procedure to evaluate and train the website classification model. According to our study, the Naive Bayes approach was benign and showed successful results compared to other tests. This strategy is best optimized to solve the problem of distinguishing secure websites from unsafe ones. The vulnerability data categorization training model included in this datasheet had a better degree of precision. In this study, the best accuracy probability of 96% was achieved in Naive Bayes' NSL-KDD data set categorization

Usability Evaluation of the Top 10 Universities in Iraq Using Heuristic Methods

A heuristic evaluation ‎ model is proposed for assessing the usability of the Top 10 Iraq university websites. ‎This model is based on 3 hierarchies of website usability criteria levels. The top hierarchy level consists of five website categories: design and layout, learnability, content, performance, and errors. In the middle hierarchy level 18 subcategories, and in the bottom hierarchy level 44 elements were described. The evaluation model utilized both automated tools and observation methods. To validate the results obtained by the proposed model, the selected universities were evaluated and scored according to the usability criteria of their websites. Besides the observation elements, the four automated tools (thinkwithgoogle, gtmetrix, tools. Pingdom, and webpagetest) were also used to assess the error and performance of the websites. The study showed that except for the University of Kufa and Baghdad University websites, the rest of the university websites failed to meet the applied website usability criteria levels of the proposed evaluation model.

What do patients want to know about gender-affirming surgery? Analysis of common patient concerns and online health materials

Patients considering gender-affirming surgery often utilize online health materials to obtain information about procedures. However, the distribution of patient concerns and content of online resources for gender-affirming surgery have not been examined. We aimed to quantify and comprehensively analyze the most searched questions of patients seeking gender-affirming surgery and to examine the quality and readability of associated websites providing the answers. Questions were extracted from Google using the search phrases "gender-affirming surgery," "transgender surgery," "top surgery," and "bottom surgery." Questions were categorized by topic and average search volume per month was determined. Websites linked to questions were categorized by type, and quality of the health information was evaluated utilizing the DISCERN instrument (16-80). Readability was assessed with the Flesch Reading Ease Score and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level. Ninety questions and associated websites were analyzed. Common questions were most frequently answered by academic websites (30%). Topics included cost (27%), technical details of surgery (23%), and preoperative considerations (11%). Median (interquartile range) DISCERN score across all website categories was 42 (18). The mean readability was of a 12th-grade level, well above the grade six reading level recommended by the American Medical Association. Online gender-affirming surgery materials are difficult to comprehend and of poor quality. To enhance patient knowledge, informed consent, and shared decision-making, there is a substantial need to create understandable and high-quality online health information for those seeking gender-affirming surgery.

Redesigning library websites using the MDA framework

Purpose The purpose of this article is to examine the structure and determine the MDA framework for use in the development and design of library websites. The topic of innovation in libraries is frequently discussed; thus, we have tried to offer techniques for innovation in website design for libraries. Design/methodology/approach This study compares these two approaches to determine if the mechanical, dynamic and aesthetic (MDA) framework can also be used to create library websites. Each of the MDA framework’s three components was assessed for their applicability to the development of a library website. Findings When building a library website, three crucial characteristics that must be carefully taken into account are, among other things, being supporting and safety-oriented; adaptable and accessible; and aesthetically pleasing to the user. Studies have also revealed several additional criteria that may be regarded as success factors for library websites. In addition, there is also a framework for creating touch- and gesture-based interactions. It is also a method for understanding the creation and playing of video games. The acronym MDA stands for the three components of its structure: mechanical, dynamic and aesthetic. Originality/value Many kinds of library websites exist, including those for academic, public, school and special libraries. So far, models and approaches for designing pages have been offered for each of these library website categories.

Assessment of readability and quality of patient education materials specific to nocturnal enuresis

Bedwetting, or nocturnal enuresis (NE), is a common childhood disease. Families increasingly turn to free online resources for health education in order to navigate treatment options. We aim to determine the readability and quality of online health information that families may encounter when searching for information on pediatric NE. The search term 'bedwetting' was queried in commonly used search engines. Included articles were further categorized as institutional/reference, commercial, non-profit/charitable, or personal. An online readability platform calculated 3 commonly used readability assessments as well as a consensus score. Quality was assessed by two independent pediatric urologists using a validated DISCERN instrument. Differences in readability were further assessed by article category type. 36 websites were reviewed, 3 did not include treatment options and were not included in quality assessment. 55.6% of the articles were categorized as institutional/reference, 27.8% as non-profit/charitable, 11.1% as personal, and 5.6% as commercial. The average, standard deviation, and range of readability level were as follows: overall consensus score=9.56±2.09, FK Grade Level Formula score=9.38±2.17 (range 5.8-14.1), SMOG Index score=8.89±1.79 (range 6.4-12.9), and the GF Index score=11.86±2.34 (range 8.4-16.9). The overall consensus score, 9.56, correlates to a 9th-grade reading level. 16 articles were considered to be of 'good' quality, 12 of 'fair' quality, and 5 of 'poor' quality; according to the DISCERN scoring. There was no statistically significant difference in readability scores across website categories. Two articles included the outdated treatment option of intranasal DDAVP. These findings are concordant with the increasing body of literature demonstrating that patient education materials are too difficult to read. Pediatric urologists should be aware of the readability and quality of available online content for common clinical presentations. They can ensure that institutional articles online are useful to patients by participating in the development and design of these materials. We demonstrated that online articles that families encounter via a search engine query for bedwetting are written at a higher level than recommended and the majority are of 'fair' quality. There is much room for improvement for institutions to provide high quality, readable content that supports the needs of families seeking information on NE.

Evaluating Quality of Website-Derived Concussion Information (P8-1.005)

<h3>Objective:</h3> This investigation employs a variety of objective scoring systems to evaluate online concussion information quality from 2021 &amp; 2022. <h3>Background:</h3> In modern times, concussions are a popular health-related search topic. As most users often stop at the first page of Google, these websites’ quality should be assessed by multiple tools that objectively determine the accuracy and efficacy of information presentation, with resultant scores that should improve as cumulative exposure grows over time. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> The websites analyzed in this study were identified from the first page of a Google search for “Concussion”, with 2 searches conducted to assess differences over 2021 and 2022. Two independent reviews were conducted using the DISCERN instrument, Health-on-The-Net (HON) Foundation code and certification status, JAMA Benchmarks, Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose (CRAAP) test, reading ease, and treatment content. After rating completion, kappa rater agreement statistics and descriptive statistics on subsequent consensus ratings were calculated. <h3>Results:</h3> Across both years, investigator agreement was strong (&gt;0.7), highlighting rating methodology and reproducibility. Among website categories reviewed in the 2021 analysis, academic/nonprofit/healthcare had the highest mean for all scoring tools (41.33, 6.67, 3.33, 29.33), with the sole exception of treatment content, which was led by commercial websites (3.67). The 2022 analysis conveyed academic/nonprofit/healthcare quality dominance for DISCERN (38.40), HonCode (6), and Treatment (3.20). However, the commercial category had the topmost JAMA benchmark score, and government websites had the greatest CRAAP (26) rating. Among both analyses, treatments like physical rest and cognitive rest were emphasized, with all websites ignoring aerobic and psychosocial/emotional support. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Across both annual analyses, academic/nonprofit/healthcare websites maintained the highest mean in most scoring systems compared to commercial and government websites, but all categories did not exhibit rating improvement over time. This investigation provides valuable insight into the current quality of online concussion knowledge and opportunities for future improvement to enhance public awareness. <b>Disclosure:</b> Mr. Mehra has received research support from Medical College of Georgia. Mr. Mehra has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Graduate SGA Humanitarian with Augusta University. Mr. Brody has nothing to disclose. Miss Mehrotra has nothing to disclose. Mr. Sakhalkar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Maugans has nothing to disclose.

Online information for incisional hernia repair: What are patients reading?

PurposePatients increasingly access online materials for health-related information. Using validated assessment tools, we aim to assess the quality and readability of online information for patients considering incisional hernia (IH) repair. MethodsThe top three online search engines (Google, Bing, Yahoo) were searched in July 2022 for “Incisional hernia repair” and “Surgical hernia repair”. Included websites were classified as academic, hospital-affiliated, commercial, and unspecified. The quality of information was assessed using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria (0–4), DISCERN instrument (16–80), and the presence of Health On the Net code (HONcode) certification. Readability was assessed using the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) tests. Results25 unique websites were included. The average JAMA and DISCERN scores of all websites were 0.68 ± 1.02 and 36.50 ± 10.91, respectively. Commercial sites showed a significantly higher DISCERN mean score than academic sites (p = 0.034), while no significant difference was demonstrated between other website categories. 3 (12%) websites reported HONcode certification and had significantly higher JAMA (p = 0.016) and DISCERN (p = 0.045) mean scores than sites without certification. Average FRE and FKGL scores were 39.84 ± 13.11 and 10.62 ± 1.76, respectively, corresponding to college- and high school-level comprehensibility. ConclusionsOur findings suggest online patient resources on IH repair are of poor overall quality and may not be comprehensible to the public. Patients accessing internet resources for additional information on IH repair should be made aware of these inadequacies and directed to sites bearing HONcode certification.

Complicating the already complex? Readability scores in bladder exstrophy and its treatment

PurposeClassic bladder exstrophy (CBE), is a complex congenital malformation affecting formation of the lower abdominal wall and bladder. This study evaluates the readability of common online resources regarding CBE and its treatment. We hypothesize that high levels of reading comprehension are reflected in these resources, which may not be suitable to the general population for understanding this condition.MethodsThe search terms “bladder exstrophy” and “bladder exstrophy treatment” were reviewed on the Google search engine. The first 100 search results for each search query were collected. The readability of each webpage was assessed using a combination of four independent validated formulae: the Gunning-Fog index (GFI), SMOG grade (Simple Measure of Gobbledygook), Dale-Chall index (DCI), and the Flesch-Kincaid grade (FKG).ResultsA total of 200 search results were examined using the two search queries, yielding 72 unique webpages that fit the inclusionary criteria. The mean readability scores across all websites were a GFI of 14.3, SMOG score of 10, DCI of 9.06, and a FKG of 11.6. These scores correlate to adjusted grade levels of college sophomore, 11th grade, college, and 11th grade respectively. There was no significant difference of readability between website categories across GFI (p = 0.32), SMOG (p = 0.38), DCI (p = 0.33), and FKG (p = 0.36).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that online health information regarding CBE and its treatment is written at least the 11th grade reading level or above. This highlights the necessity to simplify online resources pertaining to CBE.

S916 Evaluating the Quality and Readability of Online Information Regarding Contraceptive Use in IBD

Introduction: Women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are often of childbearing age and discussions about contraception are an important aspect of their healthcare. Patients with IBD are increasingly turning to the internet for their information. This study sought to evaluate the quality and readability of online information related to contraception use in IBD patients. Methods: Google search engine was used to query “inflammatory bowel disease and contraception” to access the first 100 websites. Websites that were non-accessible, duplicates or videos without transcripts were excluded. Websites were categorized as academic/professional, informational, personal/blog or commercial. Quality of information was determined using the validated DISCERN score. Readability was determined using the validated Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) calculation. Acknowledgment of areas of uncertainty and references cited were noted. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and two-tailed Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact testing with significance set at p< 0.05. Results: Eighty-three of 100 websites met the inclusion criteria. 39(47.0%) were academic, 36(43.4%) informational, 6(7.2%) personal and 2(2.4%) commercial. The average FKGL was 11.7 with a significantly higher grade for academic websites compared to informational or personal (13.4 vs 10.4 and 8.9; p=0.00001). The mean DISCERN was “Good” with a score of 49.0; academic websites had a significantly higher DISCERN than informational or personal (56.3 vs 46.9 and 43.8; p=0.0002). Academic websites had significantly more “Excellent” DISCERN scores than informational or personal (73.3% vs 23.3% and 16.7%; p=0.002) while personal websites had significantly more “Poor” DISCERN scores (33.3% vs 0% and 11.1%; p=0.007) (Figure). Areas of uncertainty (82.1% vs 55.6% and 16.7%; p=0.002) and cited references (100% vs 44.4% and 66.7%; p=0.00001) were addressed more so in academic websites compared to other websites. Conclusion: Our study shows that academic resources on IBD and contraception are of higher quality than either informational or personal/blog websites; also academic resources present more comprehensive and unbiased information. However, the reading level of all categories, particularly academic, is largely inaccessible to the average consumer. As the use of online resources for contraception in IBD continues to increase, further efforts should focus on developing information that is both more accessible and of higher quality.Figure 1.: Total DISCERN Score by Website Category (* denotes a statistically significant difference in total DISCERN score [Poor, Good, Excellent] among website categories)

S1434 Online Resources for Hepatic Encephalopathy Treatment Are Lacking in Information for Caregivers

Introduction: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common and oftentimes challenging complication in patients with liver disease. There are a wide variety of online resources on the management of HE for patients and their caregivers to access. This study sought to analyze the quality and content of online information related to HE treatment. Methods: Google search engine was used to query “hepatic encephalopathy treatment” to access the first 100 websites. Websites that were non-accessible, duplicates, videos without transcripts or about animals were excluded. Websites were categorized as academic/professional, informational, personal/blog or commercial. Discussion of pertinent topics related to HE treatment was reviewed. Discussion of shared decision making and quality of life was noted. Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Fisher exact testing with significance set at p< 0.05. Results: Seventy of 100 websites met the inclusion criteria. 42(60.0%) were academic, 27(38.6%) informational and 1(1.4%) commercial. There were no personal/blog websites. HE symptoms were discussed in 64(91.4%) websites, etiology in 63(90.0%), risk factors/triggers in 57(81.4%), stages of HE in 38(54.3%), decompensated cirrhosis in 40(57.1%), diagnosis in 53(75.7%), prevention in 49(70.0%), treatment/medications in 67(95.7%), diet/supplements in 40(57.1%) and caregiver information in 13(18.6%). Information for caregivers was discussed significantly more in informational websites than in academic (33.3% vs 9.5%; p=0.025). There was no significant difference in discussion of other topics between the two categories. Shared decision making was noted in 16(18.6%) of websites with significantly more discussion among informational resources (40.7% vs 11.9%; p=0.008). Quality of life was noted in 28(40.0%) of websites with no significant difference between categories. Conclusion: Our study showed that both academic and informational websites cover topics pertinent to the treatment of HE but that only one-fifth of resources discussed information for caregivers. Given that patients with HE are often reliant on others for their care, a lack of caregiver resources presents as an area to improve quality of life for this patient population. Similarly, few articles stressed the importance of the patient-provider relationship, which is particularly important in HE treatment. Overall, online resources for HE treatment must be comprehensive but also inclusive of caregivers and encourage discussion with medical providers. (Figure)Figure 1.: Discussion Topics on Hepatic Encephalopathy Treatment (* denotes a statistically significant difference in discussion of topic among website categories)

S1310 Analyzing the Quality of Online Resources on COVID-19 Management in Liver Disease

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on all patients with co-morbidities, including those with liver disease. These patients may have questions regarding the management of COVID-19 specific to their liver disease and many are turning to the internet for additional resources. This study evaluated the quality of online information related to liver disease and COVID-19. Methods: Google search engine was used to query “liver disease and COVID-19” to access the first 100 websites. Websites that were non-accessible, duplicates or videos without transcripts were excluded. Websites were categorized as academic/professional, informational, personal/blog or commercial. Discussion of pertinent topics related to liver disease and COVID-19 management was reviewed. Discussion of shared decision making and quality of life was noted. Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Fisher exact testing with significance set at p< 0.05. Results: Eighty-seven of 100 websites met the inclusion criteria. 42(48.3%) were academic, 43(49.4%) informational and one each (1.1%) personal and commercial. Management considerations of COVID-19 in liver disease were discussed in 34(39.1%) articles, outpatient treatment in 25(28.7%), inpatient treatment in (36.8%), risk of hepatotoxicity in 25(28.7%), liver transplant considerations in 32(36.8%), and immunosuppression considerations in 20(23.0%). All of the above topics were discussed significantly more in academic websites than in informational (p=0.0004, 0.002, 0.0001, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, respectively) (Figure). Shared decision making was noted in 25(28.7%) websites with significantly more discussion among informational websites (39.5% vs 16.7%; p=0.030). Conclusion: Our study showed that treatment considerations of COVID-19 in liver disease were discussed far more in academic and professional resources, likely due to journal articles and scientific literature currently having the most up-to-date information online. Academic websites are more likely to discuss the nuances of up-and-coming treatments than informational resources. However, patients with liver disease likely have concerns over the interplay between COVID-19 and their condition and could benefit from more accessible information on treatment considerations. As additional resources on this topic continue to grow, it will be important for websites to include comprehensive, patient-friendly information that emphasizes shared decision making.Figure 1.: Discussion Topics on Management Considerations of COVID-19 in Liver Disease (* denotes a statistically significant difference in discussion of topic among website categories)

An Analysis of the Readability of Phacoemulsification Online Resources.

Introduction: Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Phacoemulsification is now the gold standard for cataract extraction and is greatly needed in low socioeconomic status (SES) communities, rural and older patient populations, and patients with poor vision. This greatly increases the importance of high readability for online resources on this topic. This study aims to assess the readability of online information about phacoemulsification based on readability scores for each resource. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study. The term “phacoemulsification” was searched online, and each website was categorized by type: academic, physician, non-physician, commercial, social media, and unspecified. The readability scores for each website were calculated using six different readability tests and a composite score that reflects reading grade level was obtained. To evaluate the difference between the categories of websites, analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing was used. All test scores were compared with the 6th grade standard recommendation using a one-sample t-test.Results: A total of 20 websites were analyzed. Three websites (3/20; 15%) had a score which is correlated with a 6th grade reading level or below. Seventeen websites had a score correlated with a college reading level or above (17/20; 85%). None of the readability scores had a mean below a 6th grade reading level. No category had an average readability score at or below a 6th grade reading level. None of the mean readability scores resulted in a statistically significant difference across categories. All readability tests had an average score which was significantly different from a 6th grade reading level (p<0.001). Conclusions: This is the first study to focus on the accessibility of online English resources on phacoemulsification and implement multiple standardized readability scores with regards to cataract surgery resources. It provides further overwhelming evidence that online resources on phacoemulsification are too complex for the average patient to understand. Interventions should be implemented to improve readability.