Categories Of Coping Strategies Research Articles

Attentional Foci and Coping Strategies During Matches of Young Fencers in a Training Center: A Naturalistic Video-Assisted Study

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) identify attentional foci (AF) and coping strategies used by young fencers during matches and (b) explore the links between these variables using a grounded-theory approach. Using a naturalistic qualitative video-assisted approach, analyses revealed the emergence of five categories of AF (movements and techniques, strategies and tactics, situation evaluation, states, and extraneous attention) and six categories of coping strategies (mastery coping, internal regulation, goal-withdrawal strategies, behavioral regulation, no regulation, and automatic regulation). The grounded theory highlighted that pleasant emotional experiences tended to be related to mastery coping, which in turn favored the orientation of the attention toward AF that appeared to be most effective in winning points (i.e., opponent, distance, plan). Conversely, unpleasant emotional experiences were consistently associated with goal-withdrawal strategies (or no regulation), which generally led to a lack of AF and lower performance. Intervention suggestions are made in relation to the results of the proposed grounded theory.

Younger Adults and the Coping of Chronic Disease - Community Health Nursing as A Flexible Approach to Care

Background: Dealing with chronic illness is a major challenge for patients. For younger adults, this means a major break in life but there are few suitable offers for this target group. Good integration of the disease into life is the starting point for well-being and quality of life. Community health nurses (CHNs) have the competency to help younger adults cope with their illness. Individualized care requires knowledge of what coping strategies the patient has established over a lifetime. Therefore, an analysis of the coping strategies of younger adults with chronic disease seems worthwhile. Aim: This study aims to develop a care offer by a CHN that is specifically oriented towards the needs of people in health-disadvantaged neighborhoods and the associated difficult access to health care. Methods: The narrative-biographical interview method was used to gain insight into the coping strategies of younger adults with chronic illness. Grounded theory methodology was used to analyze the interviews. Results: A total of n=12 interviews were conducted with younger adults with a chronic or long-term illness. From these, six categories of coping strategies were identified. These are: (re)establishing the ability to act, illness as a focus in life, dealing with emotions, dealing with the outside and dealing with the inside, and the search for meaning. Conclusion: The analysis of the different coping strategies provides the basis for care that fits the individual needs of young adult patients. The CHN concept responds flexibly to patients’ needs. Therefore, it can be assumed that it also responds individually to the forms of coping of the six categories. It can therefore be expected that CHN is suitable for the care of young adults with chronic diseases. There are numerous points of contact for the category that (re)establish the ability to act.

FRESHMAN EFL LEARNERS’ ANXIETY IN SPEAKING CLASSES AND COPING STRATEGIES

This study aims to investigate what speaking anxiety freshman EFL learners encountered in their classes and what strategies they used to reduce their anxiety. A mixed methods approach was employed to collect the data, including a questionnaire following the quantitative method and individual semi-structured interviews following the qualitative method. The participants were 185 freshman EFL learners at several universities in the Mekong Delta. The combination of the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale developed by Horwitz, Horwitz & Cope (1986) and the theories about three kinds of anxiety proposed by Ellis (1994) was adapted to measure freshman EFL learners’ kinds of speaking anxiety in classes. Additionally, the five categories of coping strategies in Kondo and Ling (2004) were adapted to measure the participants’ coping strategies for reducing their speaking anxiety. The results of the study showed that the participants encountered all three kinds of speaking anxiety including trait anxiety, specific-situation anxiety, and state anxiety in classes. Furthermore, the study also indicated five kinds of strategies utilized by the participants to reduce their anxiety in speaking class namely preparation strategies, relaxation strategies, positive thinking strategies, peer-seeking strategies, and resignation strategies. From the results, it was also indicated that preparation strategies were used more frequently than the other strategies by the participants in speaking classes.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0019/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Structural Barriers and Narratives of Chinese Social Workers’ Coping Strategies

ABSTRACT Chinese social workers struggle to remain in this emerging profession; structural barriers are a challenging issue. This qualitative research explored the structural barriers Chinese social workers encounter and the coping strategies they utilize through interviews and focus group discussions with 49 experienced social workers. Two themes concerning structural barriers emerged: (a) constraining structural contexts; and (b) immature professionalization. Three categories of coping strategies were identified: (a) building a partnership and integrating resources; (b) utilizing a professional and personal social support network; and (c) improving organizational governance and strategic management. The barriers and coping strategies differentially impacted various career stages.

Identifying Types of Eco-Anxiety, Eco-Guilt, Eco-Grief, and Eco-Coping in a Climate-Sensitive Population: A Qualitative Study.

Background: Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century and it can affect mental health either directly through the experience of environmental traumas or indirectly through the experience of emotional distress and anxiety about the future. However, it is not clear what possible subtypes of the emerging “psychoterratic” syndromes such as eco-anxiety, eco-guilt, and eco-grief exist, how much distress they may cause, and to what extent they facilitate ecofriendly behavior. Methods: We analyzed semi-structured interviews (N = 17) focusing on the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors related to climate change by using a combination of inductive and deductive qualitative methods. Results and conclusions: The interviews revealed six eco-anxiety components, eight types of eco-guilt, and two types of eco-grief that help to understand the multifactorial nature of these phenomena. The six categories of coping strategies are in line with traditional coping models, and they are linked in various ways to pro-environmental behavior and the management of negative emotions. The results can help practitioners to gain a deeper understanding of emotions related to climate change and how to cope with them, and researchers to develop comprehensive measurement tools to assess these emotions.

Iranian University students' stressors and coping strategies: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND:Although a certain amount of stress is essential, excessive stress can adversely influence the physiological and mental health. Hence, this study aims to assess common stressors and coping strategies among university students.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This qualitative study was conducted from October to November 2019 in Iran. Twelve students were recruited based on purposeful sampling to participate focus group discussions (FGD). Transcripts of three sessions of FGD were analyzed applying Graneheim and Lundman (2004) approach, and a thematic network was applied to illustrate the findings.RESULTS:The finding emerged 78 codes, 14 subthemes, and 4 main themes. Stressors were classified in two main themes, including individual stressors and the social ones. Behavioral strategies and the cognitive ones were among two categories of coping strategies. According to the thematic network, a full stress student affecting the precious stressors and the social, cultural, and the economic context may manage his/her stress applying the coping strategies.CONCLUSION:The findings revealed that university students experienced different kinds of stress, and usually, they do not apply right coping strategies. It is important to establish stress counseling programs for university students. Besides, it is proposing to provide 1st year university students with workshops about the cause of stress and effective coping strategies.

Nurses’ psychological changes and coping strategies during home isolation for the 2019 novel coronavirus in China: A qualitative study

To explore the psychological changes of nurses during home isolation, the factors that related with these changes, and coping strategies in home isolation during the epidemic of COVID-19 in China. A qualitative study based on grounded theory. Individual semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted from January 2020-February 2020 with 10 nurses who were isolated at home sharing the experiences of the epidemic of COVID-19. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analysed using constant comparative data analysis. Analyses of the collected data reveal that the psychological changes of nurses during home isolation reflect a complex, dynamic, and gradually adaptive process that was affected by many factors. Nurses had many negative emotional reactions in the early stages of isolation and positive emotions gradually increased during home isolation. After release from home isolation, they become more confident and calm after. Six categories of coping strategies were identified, including reasoned cognition; autosuggestion; develop healthy protective behaviours; shifting attention; social support; and the power of a role model. The study provides a better understanding of the psychological changes and the coping strategies used among nurses isolated at home. It is necessary to pay more attention to negative emotions in the early stages of home isolation to help nurses adjust quickly. The coping strategies used by nurses are likely to help those in home isolation reduce negative psychological changes and experience more optimal self-adjustment. This study explored the psychological changes and coping strategies of home isolation among nurses, providing useful advice for psychologists to develop psychological crisis interventions to help individuals reduce negative psychological and have more actively coping strategies when faced sudden stressful infectious diseases.

Emergency nurses’ experience of coping with moral distress

Purpose: We explored emergency nurses’ experiences of coping with moral distress.Methods: A qualitative research design was used. We conducted in-depth interviews with 11 nurses working at a regional emergency medical center in South Korea. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis.Results: The main theme of nurses’ coping with moral distress was “a passive emotion-based response.” We also extracted three categories of coping strategies: “uncritical adaptation to anguished situation,” “self-justification for not acting,” and “flight from ethical decision making.”Conclusion: Nurses coped with moral distress in a passive and emotional way, possibly because of perceived incompetence and compliance to an organizational hierarchy. The findings imply that effective approaches to addressing moral distress in emergency nurses are needed at the individual and organizational levels.

Attachment to God and Psychological Adjustment: God's Responses and Our Coping Strategies.

An outgrowth of research has established an association between attachment to God dimensions and psychosocial indices. There has been a dearth of studies, however, examining variables that mediate these relationships. This study examined three categories of coping strategies (emotion-focused, problem-focused, and dysfunctional) as mediators in the relationship between attachment to God dimensions and psychological adjustment. This study employed a cross-sectional design to examine the association among attachment to God dimensions, coping strategies, and psychological adjustment among 315 undergraduate students at a midsize southeastern university. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Attachment to God Inventory, the Brief COPE, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Structural equation modeling was used to examine direct and indirect effects. Analyses revealed an indirect influence of secure God attachment on positive affect via emotion-focused coping, as well as an indirect influence of secure God attachment on all three mental health indices-positive and negative affect and depression-via dysfunctional coping. Analyses also revealed an indirect influence of avoidant God attachment on depression and both positive and negative affect via dysfunctional coping, as well as an indirect influence of ambivalent God attachment on depression and both positive and negative affect via dysfunctional coping. Although causality cannot be established, results suggest that attachment to God dimensions are associated with psychological adjustment through the use of specific coping strategies. Future research should employ longitudinal designs in order to identify temporal influences among attachment to God dimensions, coping styles, and psychological indices.

Parental warmth during childhood predicts coping and well-being in adulthood.

Numerous studies have shown that early life experiences can affect well-being later in life. Additionally, previous literature has emphasized the importance of exploring the role of mediators in developmental research (e.g., coping strategies). The present study used 3 waves of longitudinal data across 20 years from the national survey Midlife Development in the United States (N = 2,088) to examine the link between retrospectively reported parental warmth and well-being in adulthood by exploring 2 categories of coping strategies (emotion- and problem-focused strategies) as possible mediators. Three cross-lagged panel models, exhibiting good fit, were conducted in Mplus. Significant indirect effects were found where both negative and positive affect (Time 2) partially mediated the association between perceived parental warmth (Time 1) and emotion-focused coping (Time 3). Further, evidence for bidirectional effects were shown by the observed significant indirect effects of problem-focused coping (Time 2) partially explaining the association between perceived parental warmth (Time 1) and eudaimonic well-being (Time 3) as well as eudaimonic well-being (Time 2) partially explaining the link between parental warmth (Time 1) and problem-focused coping (Time 3). These findings suggest that it is important to consider early life experiences when examining both well-being and coping during adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record

How Occupationally High-Achieving Individuals With a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Manage Their Symptoms.

The study objective was to elucidate coping strategies utilized by individuals recovered from schizophrenia. This qualitative study enrolled individuals with schizophrenia who had reached a level of recovery defined by their occupational status. Diagnosis of schizophrenia was confirmed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Current symptoms were objectively rated by a clinician. Surveys gathered information on demographic characteristics, occupation, salary, psychiatric history, treatment, and functioning. Audio-recorded person-centered qualitative interviews gathered accounts of coping strategies. Transcripts were summarized and coded with a hybrid deductive-inductive approach. Twenty individuals were interviewed, including ten men. The average age was 40 years. Sixty percent of participants were either currently in a master's-level program or had completed a master's or doctoral degree. Eight categories of coping strategies were identified: avoidance behavior, utilizing supportive others, taking medications, enacting cognitive strategies, controlling the environment, engaging spirituality, focus on well-being, and being employed or continuing their education. Some strategies were used preventively to keep symptoms from occurring; others were used to lessen the impact of symptoms. Strategies were flexibly utilized and combined depending on the context. Use of strategies in a preventive fashion, the effectiveness of the identified strategies, and the comfort individuals expressed with using several different strategies supported these individuals in achieving their occupational goals. The findings contribute to an overall shift in attitudes about recovery from schizophrenia and highlight the importance of learning from people with lived experience about how to support recovery.

Living with fuel poverty in older age: Coping strategies and their problematic implications

Fuel poverty is a problem particularly associated with the lives and living conditions of older people, in part because of their vulnerability to health impacts. This article draws attention to the ways in which older people on low incomes cope with and adapt to problems of affording to keep warm at home. We present findings from interviews with 17 households during the winter of 2012–2013 in England. The importance of keeping warm was recognised across the interviews. Four particular categories of coping strategies were defined and used—responsively adjusting the length of time and parts of the home for which heating is kept on, using secondary heating sources; using additional layers that help to keep bodies warm; and adjusting daily routines. We found that it was rare for people themselves to problematize the ways in which they were coping day to day, they largely just saw this as what they did to get by and to control the size of their energy bills. Coping strategies raise questions about what are acceptable living conditions, how judgments are made and how assistance can be provided when householders do not themselves problematize their situation. Implications for action to tackle fuel poverty are considered.

An Islamic Perspective on Coping with Life Stressors

There is growing popularity among researchers, human-resource managers, and policy makers concerning the efficacy of coping strategies on employee well-being and work-family conflict. The role of religious belief and spiritual support mechanisms in maintaining effective well-being remains understudied. This research explores the Islamic concept and categories of coping strategies, and discusses the role they play in promoting the well-being of Muslim employees in general. We further examine various religious strategies that Muslims often use to cope with life stressors including religiosity, belief, trust in God, prayer, forbearance, supplication, recitation of the Qur’an, remembrance of God, patience and thankfulness; all of which serve as effective coping strategies and mechanisms in the face of life stressors.

Strategies used to handle stress by academic physicians at a university hospital

Research is limited regarding occupational stress and coping strategies among academic physicians; professionals whose work situation includes the three areas of clinical practice, research, and teaching. The aim was to gain knowledge of stress-coping strategies used by academic physicians. Seventeen academic physicians employed at the University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden. Qualitative analyses were conducted of data from five focus-group interviews. We identified eight different categories of coping strategies, e.g. self-awareness, time management, to cut corners, and to be in control. We also attempted to fit the dimensions of coping strategies into the models proposed by Folkman and Lazarus and Beehr and McGrath, respectively. The strategies were predominantly used to prevent stress from occurring, to manage anticipated stress, or to handle stress when occurring. Furthermore, the majority of the strategies identified could be placed in the problem-focused category, which we divided in a behavioural and a cognitive sub-category and in a new cognitive problem-focused and emotion-focused category. The study contributes to a wider understanding of the stress coping strategies academic physicians use. Further studies are needed to determine the consequences of these findings in order to enable the design of measures to reduce and prevent stress among academic physicians.

Development and validation of the paediatric cancer coping scale

The purpose of this study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of the paediatric cancer coping scale in children with cancer. Coping is a mediator between stressful events and adaptation. However, existing tools cannot be used to assess and understand coping strategies in children with cancer in Taiwan. A total of 229 children with cancer were recruited from three medical centres in Taiwan in 2008-2009. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were estimated by Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation coefficient respectively. The factor structure was determined by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Pearson's correlation coefficient was employed to test the convergent and discriminate validity. The paediatric cancer coping scale demonstrated internal consistency (α = 0·91) and a 2-week test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0·86). Its construct validity was confirmed by factor analysis, which extracted and defined three categories of coping strategies: cognitive coping, problem-oriented coping and defensive coping; these three factors explained 40% of the total variance with factor loadings ranging from 0·31 to 0·71. Convergent and discriminate validities were demonstrated by significant correlations among the coping, resilience and anxiety subscales. The paediatric cancer coping scale is a reliable and valid scale to measure and examine coping strategies in children with cancer.

Coping flexibility in young adults: Comparison between subjects with and without schizotypal personality features

The current study examined characteristics of coping patterns adopted by college students in mainland China. In particular, it examined the coping strategies adopted by subjects with schizotypal personality (SPD) features compared to those without SPD features, and compared the relative effectiveness of their coping. Four types of coping flexibility were identified among the college sample (n=427), including active-inflexible, passive-inflexible, active-inconsistent, and passive-inconsistent styles. The passive-inconsistent style was related to the worst outcomes. When comparing subjects with SPD features with those without SPD features, subjects with SPD features endorsed significantly more emotion-focused strategies in uncontrollable situations than those without SPD features. The SPD group experienced higher levels of trait anxiety, depression, paranoid ideation and general health problems. The SPD group also generally perceived more, less controllable stress than the non-SPD group and randomly used all four categories of coping strategies.

Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory (ChCPCI) in a Hong Kong Chinese Population

The Chronic Pain Coping Inventory (CPCI) is a frequently used measure that assesses 8 categories of coping strategies that patients might use to cope with chronic pain. Despite its good psychometric properties and widespread use, the instrument has not been tested for its applicability and validity in non-Western populations, such as among Chinese. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of a Chinese translation of the 42-item CPCI (ChCPCI-42) in a sample of Chinese patients with chronic pain (n = 208). In addition to the ChCPCI-42, the patients were administered the Chronic Pain Grade (CPG) questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), and questions assessing sociodemographic characteristics. Results of confirmatory factor analyses revealed that of the ChCPCI-42 8 scales, 6 demonstrated acceptable-to-good data-model fit (CFI >or= 0.90) and 2 demonstrated medium fit (CFI >or= 0.85). The 8 scales demonstrated adequate to good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha, 0.69 to 0.79) and correlated with CES-D, PCS, pain intensity, and disability in expected directions. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that the ChCPCI-42 scales predicted concurrent depression (F (8,177) = 3.07, P < .01) and pain disability (F (1, 179) = 4.35, P < .001) scores, the Task Persistence scale being the strongest unique predictor among the 8 scales. The findings support the factorial validity and reliability of a 42-item CPCI that can be used among Chinese patients with chronic pain. The report outlines the first validation of the CPCI for use in Hong Kong Chinese. This makes available a suitable instrument for chronic pain research in the Southern Chinese population and will help to elucidate similarities and differences in pain coping between Chinese and other ethnic groups.

The Relationship Between Battered Women’s Causal Attributions for Violence and Coping Efforts

This study investigates the relationship between battered women's causal attributions for the violence they experience and their subsequent coping efforts. Causal attributions related to partner blame, excusing the violence, and the combination of partner blame and excusing the violence were regressed on six categories of coping strategies: placating, resistance, formal help source, informal help source, safety planning, and legal strategies. Of the 793 women approached outside of a battered women's shelter and the district court, 406 women completed the baseline measure. It was found that women who hold their partners accountable for abuse are more likely than women who excuse the violence to utilize more overall coping strategies. Also, women who blame their partners for the abuse utilize both more active and more public coping efforts. After accounting for the effects of ethnicity, violence severity, and excusing the violence, the percentage of blame attributions endorsed predicted informal (R( 2) = .077, p = .001) and safety planning (R(2) = .054, p = .014) strategies. After controlling for ethnicity, violence severity, and blaming, the percentage of excuse attributions predicted placating (R(2) = .103, p = .016) strategies.

Stratégies de coping, activités compensatoires et rechutes chez les alcooliques abstinents

Objectives To be abstinent alcoholics must control their behaviour and adapt it. We may therefore consider that this stressful situation could involve the use of coping strategies. Several authors have established that avoidance or emotional coping strategies are dysfunctional while proactive strategies seem to increase the strength of abstinence behaviours. It has, however, been stated that the restriction of alcohol use is frequently complemented by the apparition of new addictive behaviours also considered as co-addictions or as overlaps. This statement was first based on observations concerning the frequently reported use of tobacco amongst alcoholic people. Since then other authors have reported that an increase of the consumption of coffee, candy and food could be observed when alcoholics try to reduce their use of alcohol. Drug uses have also been reported. Moreover, the co-addictions that appear amongst alcoholics do not only concern the use of other substances. These addictive overlaps sometimes take place with an increase of the involvement in activities such as sport practice, work or the use of the Internet. The objective of this research is first to study the addictive overlaps that can be observed amongst alcoholics, and their influence on the relapses. Then, the links between such behaviour with coping strategies will be tested. Method Twenty eight alcoholics (16 men, 12 women, average age: 47) were involved in the study. All of them were abstinent when answering the questionnaires. First, the participants were asked to fill a grid assessing the addictive overlaps and their frequency since the beginning of the cure. This grid was adapted from a questionnaire assessing the overlaps related to addictive behaviours amongst sportsmen. The overlaps are divided into two categories: addictive substance use overlaps and addictive activity overlaps. Then, coping strategies were measured with the use of the Ways of Coping Checklist (WCC). The questionnaire provides three scores referring to the three categories of coping strategies: proactive strategies, emotional strategies and social support seeking. Finally, referring to the medical files, the number of relapses since the beginning of the cure was reported for each of the participants. Results The number of relapses experienced by an alcoholic is related to two of the three coping strategies. The higher the number of relapses, the lower the score of proactive strategies ( r = −0.719). Moreover, social support seems to be a useful strategy in order to maintain abstinence ( r = −0.489). The three most frequently reported overlaps refer to substance use behaviours. These substances are: food, coffee and tobacco. Moreover, these overlaps are frequently associated: a strong link is observed for coffee and food ( r = 0.668) and for coffee and tobacco (r = 0.464). However, there is no difference concerning the addictive overlaps between the alcoholics who have always maintained abstinence, and those who experienced one or several relapses. Finally, the results allow us to consider the hypothesis that addictive activity overlaps could be considered as sort of proactive coping strategies: this category of overlaps is negatively linked with social support seeking (r = −0.420). Conclusions The most frequently reported overlaps are those which seem to be similar to the behaviour that is supposed to be replaced: an oral dimension is observed in the overlaps of alcoholics. The terms of “ addictive core” is proposed in order to describe the weakness of such people concerning addictive behaviours. However, other explicative psychological factors have been identified by several authors and may influence the results, such as alexithymia that is frequently related to addictive behaviours. In addition to this study, a longitudinal study of the addictive overlaps is relevant in order to examine their diachrony and their functional or dysfunctional role upon the relapses. Finally, the links between addictive overlaps and coping strategies should require further investigation in order to determine if these overlaps are part of the coping strategies.

A qualitative report of patient problems and postoperative instructions

While surgery related stress may interfere with the patient's ability to concentrate on instructions, language difficulty or low health literacy may also impede appropriate doctor/patient communication. The purpose of this study is to understand from a sample of minority patients the types of problems encountered during healing and the level of information regarding elements of postoperative instructions they recalled receiving at an inner-city safety net hospital. We initiated a qualitative study to understand the care sequence process and provision of informed consent and postoperative instruction. African American or Latino patients, 18 years of age or older, who had third molars removed under general anesthesia or received treatment for a mandibular fracture were recruited to participate in a focus group to discuss their treatment. Patients described their problem and any informed consent given about treatment risks and benefits and postoperative information they recalled. A total of 137 former patients were approached, 57 agreed to participate (42%) and 34 of those (60%) completed the interview. Subjects included 14 females and 20 males. Five categories of patient problems were reported: physical, eating, treatment-related, psychosocial, and other problems. People reported 5 categories of coping strategies: medication use, physical treatments, dietary solutions, rest, and clinical assistance. Twenty people recalled being given informed consent, and 5 participants recalled no elements of informed consent. Overall, 14 participants recalled elements of postoperative instruction. Gaps in patient understanding of postoperative care suggest room for improvement in postoperative instructions. Additional research is necessary to design and test high-quality postoperative instructions for surgical treatment and recovery in populations with limited health related literacy.