Catechin Mixture Research Articles

Quantification of Risperidone Contained in Precipitates Produced by Tea Catechins Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

A mixture of risperidone and eight major tea catechins: (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (ECg), (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCg), (-)-catechin-3-O-gallate (Cg), (-)-gallocatechin-3-O-gallate (GCg), (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (+)-catechin (CA), or (+)-gallocatechin (GC), in tartaric acid buffer (pH 3.0) afforded a precipitate. Amounts of risperidone and these catechins in the precipitate were measured by quantitative 1H-NMR (qNMR). About half or more of risperidone used was precipitated by gallated catechins ECg, EGCg, Cg, and GCg; on the other hand, it was precipitated little by non-gallated catechins EC, EGC, CA, and GC. Furthermore, risperidone was precipitated more by 2,3-trans gallated catechins Cg and GCg than 2,3-cis gallated catechins ECg and EGCg. Regarding the amount of tea catechins in the precipitate obtained by a mixture of risperidone and Catechin Mixture, the amounts of 2,3-cis gallated catechins EGCg and ECg were much larger than those of the other green tea catechins GCg, EC, EGC, CA, and GC. It was considered that risperidone was mainly precipitated by EGCg and ECg in Catechin Mixture. Therefore, it can be concluded that when patients take risperidone with catechin-rich beverages, the efficacy of risperidone reduces, mainly because the 2,3-cis gallated catechins EGCg and ECg form complexes with risperidone and precipitate.

The polyphenol/saponin-rich Rhus tripartita extract has an apoptotic effect on THP-1 cells through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

BackgroundHyperactivation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of cellular growth, proliferation, and more in general, is a common phenomenon in most types of cancers. Thus, natural substances targeting this pathway can be of great therapeutic potential in supporting the treatment of tumor patients. Rhus tripartita (Ucria) Grande is a plant growing in desertic areas which is traditionally used for the treatment of several diseases in Tunisia. In the present work, the biochemical profile of the main compounds present in the plant leaf extract was determined and the anti-leukemic potential of the plant extracts against acute monocytic leukaemia (AML) THP-1 cells was investigated.MethodsAfter HPLC identification of some phenolic compounds present in the plant extract and the quantification of saponin content, the cytotoxic effect of Rhus tripartita extracts on THP-1 cell culture was evaluated using the colorimetric MTT assay for cell viability. THP-1 cells were incubated with medium containing the relative IC50 concentrations of total plant extract, saponin extract and some standard compounds (rutin (R); kaempferol (K); mixture of catechin, epicatechin, and epicatechin-gallate (CEEG); ellagic acid (EA). Finally, qRT-PCR and western blotting analysis were used to evaluate the effect of some flavonoids present in a crude extract of polyphenols and the total extract of saponins on cell survival and apoptosis.ResultsAnalysis of expression level of some gene (PIK3CA, PTEN, AKT1, mTOR, EIF4E, RPS6KB1, and TSC1) involved in the mTOR pathway and the phosphorylation of S6 and AKT proteins allowed to observe that a total Rhus tripartita extract and some of the compounds found in the extract controls THP-1 cell proliferation and apoptosis via regulation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway.ConclusionRhus tripartita-induced inhibition of cell cycle and induction of apoptosis may involve the mTOR pathway. Therefore, Rhus tripartita extract may be a useful candidate as a natural anti-cancer drug to support the treatment of AML.

Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Catechins from Green Tea.

Green tea extracts effectively inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Ten-fold serially diluted solutions of catechin mixture reagent from green tea were mixed with the viral culture fluid at a volume ratio of 9:1, respectively, and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. The solution of 10 mg/mL catechin reagent reduced the viral titer by 4.2 log and 1.0 mg/mL solution by one log. Pre-infection treatment of cells with the reagent alone did not affect viral growth. In addition, cells treated with only the reagent were assayed for host cell viability using the WST-8 system, and almost no host cell damage by the treatment was observed. These findings suggested that the direct treatment of virus with the reagent before inoculation decreased the viral activity and that catechins might have the potential to suppress SARSCoV-2 infection.

Trichilia catigua and Turnera diffusa extracts: In vitro inhibition of tyrosinase, antiglycation activity and effects on enzymes and pathways engaged in the neuroinflammatory process

Ethnopharmacological relevanceFlavonoids interact with multiple targets in Central Nervous System resulting in a broad neuroprotection mediated by complementary processes and synergic interactions. Therefore, flavonoid-based therapies may input positive outcomes in the prevention and early management of neurodegenerative diseases. In Brazilian folk medicine Trichilia catigua is used for its neuroactive properties, such as neurostimulant, antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory, while Turnera diffusa is traditionally used as a tonic in neurasthenia. Both species are known to be rich in flavonoids. Aim of the studyTo study aqueous extracts of T. catigua and T. diffusa in terms of their antioxidant and antiglycation effects, inhibition of tyrosinase activity, and interaction with enzymes and pathways engaged in neuroinflammation. Moreover, whenever possible, to establish a relationship between the studied activities and the traditional usage of the species. Materials and methodsThe phenolic profiles of the aqueous extracts were validated by HPLC-DAD. The effect of the extracts over mushroom tyrosinase and 5-lipoxygenase activities, as well as their capacity to impair bovine serum albumin glycation, were assessed by in vitro assays. The anti-neuroinflammatory potential of the same extracts was evaluated by their capacity to mitigate the pro-inflammatory stimulus induced in BV-2 microglia cells by interferon-gamma. ResultsT. catigua extract, a rich mixture of phenolic acids, catechins and flavonolignans, excels by its ability to decrease lipid peroxidation (EC50 = 227.18 ± 9.04 μg/mL), and to work as anti-glycation agent, and inhibitor of both tyrosinase and 5-lipoxigenase (IC50 = 358.84 ± 19.05 and 56.25 ± 14.53 μg/mL, respectively). However, only T. diffusa extract, mainly composed by luteolin derivatives, is able to lower NO production by BV-2 microglia cells stimulated with interferon-gamma, despite its lower activities in the other assays. ConclusionsOverall, this work highlights the value of medicinal plant extracts as sources of bioactive flavonoid-rich extracts with neuroactive effects. Furthermore, these results support their application as alternative strategies to develop functional foods and therapeutics to fight chronic neurodegenerative disorders.

Elucidation of physiological functions of tea catechins and their practical applications

In 1981, we found in collaboration with the late Dr. Tsuneo Kada that the compound in brewed green tea which suppresses the mutability of Bacillus subtilis is(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate(EGCg). Taking advantage of these findings, we started to isolate EGCg and other catechins in large amount from green tea for the first time in the world. We had made use of these samples, for ourselves and for our collaborators around the world, for the elucidation of physiological functions of tea catechins, under the assumption that the various so far claimed health benefits of tea drinking should have derived from tea catechins. From 1996 onward, we have been supplying the defined tea catechin mixture, Polyphenon® E to the US National Cancer Institute(NCI) for their chemoprevention clinical trials in over 20 instances. Separately, we found in 1990 that the topical application of tea catechins on genital warts caused by HPV eliminates the warts in a number of trials in Beijing Cancer Center. The results prompted a German pharmaceutical company to do the Phase 2/3 trials in EU and US. In 2006, the US FDA(Food and Drug Administration) approved the marketing of Polyphenon® E ointment, Veregen®, as the first "Botanical Drug" under FDA regulation. Currently, new developmental work with Theaphenon® E is underway.

Selective isolation of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate from green tea

AbstractEpigallocatechin‐3‐gallate is a primary bioactive constituent part of green tea that has preservative influence on human health. Due to the small amounts and high expenditure of trading epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate, it is necessary to improve a trade‐operational and influential preliminary method to purify epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate from natural funds. This study suggests that the polyamide column separation is a simple method for large‐scale separation and purification of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate from green tea for food applications. The most important innovation in this study is that high standard yield and high purity epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate are obtained from polyamide column after catechin mixture is obtained by supercritical fluid extraction. The purity of caffeine is checked with thin‐layer chromatography and high performance thin‐layer chromatography the resulting decaffeinated catechin mixture is isolated on polyamide support column using ethanol: water mixture as eluent. Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate is isolated from the mixture as pure. The pure epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate is obtained starting with a mixture of 75% ethanol and 25% water elution.

Exploiting Curcumin Synergy With Natural Products Using Quantitative Analysis of Dose-Effect Relationships in an Experimental In Vitro Model of Osteoarthritis.

Introduction: Drug combination is widely used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. A similar strategy might be worth of interest to design plant-derived natural products to treat inflammatory conditions. Curcumin is a natural phenolic compound which shares anti-inflammatory activity with both flavocoxid, a flavonoid mixture of baicalin and catechin, and β-caryophyllene, a bicyclic sesquiterpene. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergy potential of curcumin with both flavocoxid and β-caryophyllene in human articular chondrocytes triggered with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in an experimental in vitro model of osteoarthritis.Materials and Methods: Human articular chondrocytes were stimulated with LPS alone or in combination with different treatments. Total RNA was extracted 4 h after treatment to study interleukin 1β (IL-1β), NF-κB, and STAT3 mRNA expression. A drug combination study was designed choosing 5 doses to demonstrate a synergistic effect of compounds, according to Chou and Talalay method. A median-effect equation was applied and finally, the combination index (CI) was used to clarify the nature of the compounds interaction (synergistic versus additive versus antagonistic inhibitory effects); CI < 1, CI = 1, and CI > 1 indicated synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effects, respectively.Results: LPS prompted IL-1β expression. Curcumin, flavocoxid and β-caryophyllene suppressed IL-1β expression with different IC50. A synergistic action for the reduction of the inflammatory phenotype in human chondrocytes was observed for the combination curcumin-flavocoxid with a percentage from 10% to 90%, and for the combination curcumin-β-caryophyllene from 50% to 90%. IC50 doses of either flavocoxid, β-caryophyllene and curcumin alone or in combination were safe and did not affect cell vitality. Moreover, the same IC50 doses reduced the transcription factors NF-κB and STAT3 mRNA expression and interestingly the effects of the combinations were greater than the natural products alone, thus suggesting that the site where the synergy takes place could be at the signal transduction level.Discussion: The results suggest that curcumin synergizes with either flavocoxid or β-caryophyllene, exerting an anti-inflammatory activity and thus strongly suggesting the potential of a dual combination of these compounds for the management of osteoarthritis and unmasking a new feature of these natural products.

Search for Compounds Suppressing Intestinal α-Glucosidase Expression in Caco-2 Cells

Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose level.Reducing carbohydrate absorption from the intestinal tract is an effective strategy to control post-meal blood glucose level. Inhibition of intestinal α-glucosidase, involved in digestion of carbohydrates, is known as an approach to accomplish this. On the other hand, reduction of α-glucosidase amount is expected to work in the similar manner. However, none of the previousstudy pursues this approach. A convenient assay was developed to evaluate α-glucosidase amount employing Caco-2 cells, the intestinal epithelial cell model reported to express α-glucosidase. Sixty plants were screened and two candidate plants, Calluna vulgaris and Perilla frutescens var. crispa were found to reduce α-glucosidase expression. C. vulgaris extract was subjected to activity guided isolation. Proanthocyanidin was identified as the active principle which was analyzed by thiol decomposition to reveal the components as a mixture ofcatechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, and A type procyanidin dimer. The proanthocyanidin suppressed about 30% of α-glucosidase amount evaluated through convenient assay, and suppressed bulk of mRNA expression level of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) at 0.125 mg/mL. Several flavan-3-ol monomers were also tested, and epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate were found to suppress α-glucosidase amount significantly.

Single oral administration of flavan 3-ols induces stress responses monitored with stress hormone elevations in the plasma and paraventricular nucleus

We previously confirmed that postprandial alterations in the circulation and metabolism after a single oral dose of flavan 3-ols (mixture of catechin and catechin oligomers) were involved in an increase in sympathetic nervous activity. However, it is well known that, in response to various stresses, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis occurs together with sympathetic nerve activity, which is associated with activation of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis. In this study, we examined whether the HPA axis was activated after a single dose of flavan 3-ols. We administered an oral dose of 10 or 50 mg/kg flavan 3-ols to male ICR mice, removed the brains, and fixed them in paraformaldehyde-phosphate buffer. Other animals that were treated similarly were decapitated, and blood was collected. In the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), c-fos mRNA expression increased significantly at 15 min after administration of either 10 or 50 mg/kg flavan 3-ols. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression levels significantly increased at 240 min after administration of 10 mg/kg flavan 3-ols, and at 60 min after administration of 50 mg/kg flavan 3-ols. Plasma corticosterone levels were also significantly increased at 240 min after ingestion of 50 mg/kg flavan 3-ols. In this experiment, we confirmed that the ingestion of flavan 3-ols acted as a stressor in mammals with activation both the SAM and HPA axes.

P-208 - Inhibition of secretory sphingomyelinase by epicatechin-3-O-gallate and other antioxidants

Objective Secretory sphingomyelinase (sSMase) is one of the key enzymes involved in oxidative stress-related diseases [Biol. Pharm. Bull, 2013]. The elevation of its activity resulted in an increase of ceramide that is the bioactive lipid inducing cellular apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. In this study, we searched for novel sSMase inhibitors during some antioxidants which are expected to ameliorate oxidative stress-related diseases. Methods Each of several antioxidants was incubated with and sSMase derived from rats in the assay mixture (pH 5.0) and analyzed their inhibitory activity by using HPLC. Results Epicatechin 3-O-gallate (ECg) significantly inhibited sSMase activity as compared with non-gallate type catechins. In addition, Anti-Oxidant Biofactor (AOB) extract that is the mixture of fermented grain foods and catechins, markedly inhibited sSMase activity. Conclusion ECg and some gallate type catechins had a strong inhibitory effect on sSMase in a physiological plasma concentration (IC50=1.7–25.7 µM). This inhibition may be due to their specific structures such as galloyl residue, and it depends on the reducing activity. Moreover, antioxidant mixture such as AOB might inhibit synergistically sSMase. It will be further discussed.

Proanthocyanidin Synthesis in Chinese Bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) Fruits.

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are distributed widely in Chinese bayberry fruit and have been associated with human health benefits, but molecular and biochemical characterization of PA biosynthesis remains unclear. Here, two genes encoding key PA biosynthetic enzymes, anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) were isolated in bayberry fruit. MrANR was highly expressed at the early stage of fruit development when soluble PAs accumulated at high levels. Meanwhile, the transcript abundance of both MrANR and MrLAR observed at the late stage was paralleled with the high amounts of insoluble PAs. LC-MS/MS showed that PAs in developing Chinese bayberry fruits were comprised predominantly of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate terminal subunits, while the extension subunits were a mixture of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, epigallocatechin and catechin. Recombinant MrANR protein converted cyanidin to a mixture of epicatechin and catechin, and delphinidin to a mixture of epigallocatechin and gallocatechin in vitro. Recombinant MrLAR was active with leucocyanidin as substrate to produce catechin. Ectopic expression of MrANR in tobacco reduced anthocyanin levels but increased PA accumulation. The catechin and epicatechin contents in transgenic flowers overexpressed MrANR were significantly higher than those of wild-type. However, overexpression of MrLAR in tobacco led to an increase in catechin levels but had no impact on PA contents. Quantitative real time PCR revealed that the loss of anthocyanin in transgenic flowers overexpressed MrANR or MrLAR is probably attributed to decreased expression of tobacco chalcone isomerase (CHI) gene. Our results not only reveal in vivo and in vitro functions for ANR and LAR but also provide a resource for understanding the mechanism of PA biosynthesis in Chinese bayberry fruit.

Activity of Cytotoxic Flavanoids against a P-388 Murine Leukemia Cell Line from the Stem Bark of Aglaia elliptica (Meliaceae)

800x600 Two mixture s of flavanoid compounds ( 1 and 2 ), a mixture of catechin ( 1a ) and epicatechin ( 1b ) , and a mixture of gallocatechin ( 2a ) and epigallocatechin ( 2b ) , were isolated from the active fraction of the stem bark of Aglaia elliptica methanol extract. The chemical structure of the compounds w as identified with spectroscopic data , including UV, IR, NMR ( 1 H, 13 C, DEPT 135°, HMQC, HMBC, 1 H- 1 H COSY) , and MS, and additionally compared with previously reported spectral data. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against P-388 murine leukemia cells. Compound 2 showed cytotoxicity against the P-388 murine leukemia cell , with an IC 50 value of 7.79 µg/mL, but compound 1 wa s found not to be active ( more than 100 µg/mL ) . Normal 0 false false false EN-ID X-NONE X-NONE

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of tea catechin mixture in rats and humans.

Although green tea (Camellia sinensis) (GT) contains a large number of polyphenolic compounds with anti‐oxidative and anti‐proliferative activities, little is known of the pharmacokinetics and tissue dose of tea catechins (TCs) as a chemical mixture in humans. The objectives of this study were to develop and validate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of tea catechin mixture (TCM) in rats and humans, and to predict an integrated or total concentration of TCM in the plasma of humans after consuming GT or Polyphenon E (PE). To this end, a PBPK model of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) consisting of 13 first‐order, blood flow‐limited tissue compartments was first developed in rats. The rat model was scaled up to humans by replacing its physiological parameters, pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue/blood partition coefficients (PCs) with human‐specific values. Both rat and human EGCg models were then extrapolated to other TCs by substituting its physicochemical parameters, pharmacokinetic parameters, and PCs with catechin‐specific values. Finally, a PBPK model of TCM was constructed by linking three rat (or human) tea catechin models together without including a description for pharmacokinetic interaction between the TCs. The mixture PBPK model accurately predicted the pharmacokinetic behaviors of three individual TCs in the plasma of rats and humans after GT or PE consumption. Model‐predicted total TCM concentration in the plasma was linearly related to the dose consumed by humans. The mixture PBPK model is able to translate an external dose of TCM into internal target tissue doses for future safety assessment and dose‐response analysis studies in humans. The modeling framework as described in this paper is also applicable to the bioactive chemical in other plant‐based health products.

Arginine kinase in Toxocara canis: Exon-intron organization, functional analysis of site-directed mutants and evaluation of putative enzyme inhibitors.

To determine exon/intron organization of the Toxocara canis (T.canis) AK (TCAK) and to test green and black tea and several other chemicals against the activity of recombinant TCAK in the guanidino-specific region by site-directed mutants. Amplification of genomic DNA fragments containing introns was carried out by PCRs. The open-reading frame (1200bp) of TCAK (wild type) was cloned into the BamH1/SalI site of pMAL-c2X. The maltose-binding protein-TCAK fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli TB1 cells. The purity of the expressed enzyme was verified by SDS-PAGE. Mutations were introduced into the guanidino-specific region and other areas of pMAL/TCAK by PCR. Enzyme activity was measured with an NADH-linked assay at 25°C for the forward reaction (phosphagen synthesis). Arginine kinase in T.canis has a seven-exon/six-intron gene structure. The lengths of the introns ranged from 542bp to 2 500bp. All introns begin with gt and end with ag. Furthermore, we measured the enzyme activity of site-directed mutants of the recombinant TCAK. The Km value of the mutant (Alanine to Serine) decreased indicating a higher affinity for substrate arginine than the wild-type. The Km value of the mutant (Serine to Glycine) increased to 0.19mM. The Km value (0.19mM) of the double mutant (Alanine-Serine to Serine-Glycine) was slightly greater than in the wild-type (0.12mM). In addition, several other chemicals were tested; including plant extract Azadiracta indica (A.indica), an aminoglycoside antibiotic (aminosidine), a citrus flavonoid glycoside (rutin) and a commercially available catechin mixture against TCAK. Green and black tea (1:10 dilution) produced 15% and 25% inhibition of TCAK, respectively. The extract of A.indica produced 5% inhibition of TCAK. Moreover, green and black tea produced a non-competitive type of inhibition and A.indica produced a mixed-type of inhibition on TCAK. Arginine kinase in T.canis has a seven-exon/six-intron gene structure. However, further studies are needed to identify a specific compound within the extract causing the inhibitory effect and also to determine the molecular mechanisms behind inhibition of arginine kinase in T.canis.

ChemInform Abstract: Mechanism of Creaming Down Based on Chemical Characterization of a Complex of Caffeine and Tea Catechins

AbstractReview: 25 refs.

New Approaches for Effective Microwave Assisted Extraction of Caffeine and Catechins from Green Tea

This study was designed to develop an effective microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method for extraction of caffeine and catechins from green tea samples. A series of solvents (water, ethanol:water mixture or citric acid:water mixture) were used for extraction of green tea samples (fresh, frozen or dried) collected in three collection periods (first, second and third collection periods). Tea samples were extracted using water in a close microwave system under the certain extraction conditions. Extraction was carried out under a controlled 600 W microwave power at 80 oC temperature for 4 min irradiation time. Alternative to water, an ethanol-water mixture (1:1) or a citric acid-water (1:1) mixture was used as extracting solvent under the same conditions. After MAE crude aqueous extract was partitioned first with chloroform to separate caffeine then ethyl acetate for catechins. Both caffeine and catechin extraction was quite successful with microwave assisted system employing only 4 minutes treatment. The highest caffeine yield was obtained in the second collection period using frozen green tea samples and ethanol-water as extracting solvent. The yield of catechin extracts was between 0.84-3.96% depending on the solvent system used for extraction. Ethanol-water mixture seems to be appropriate for effective extraction in the basis of extract yields. However, HPLC results showed that individual catechin content of each extraction is more important criteria for the evaluation of most effective extraction medium rather than the mass of the extract. Using citric acid as extracting solvent in MAE seem to be more fruitful providing 100% catechin mixture with the highest EGCG content.

Comparison of Some Extraction Methods for Isolation of Catechins and Caffeine from Turkish Green Tea

Effective extraction of anticancer and antioxidant principles from Turkish green tea were main purpose of this work. The pre-optimized experimental condition for liquid extraction was employed for comparative appraisal. Not only extraction methods also nature of the green tea samples (fresh, dried or frozen) and quantitative yields related to collection periods were investigated. After extraction of the green tea with various techniques the extract was partitioned with chloroform to remove caffeine, after that the extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate to obtain catechin mixture. Quantification of individual catechins was carried out by HPLC and analysis results proved that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was main catechin specie present in all extracts. The results indicate that hot water extraction (at 80 0C) provides higher catechin yield when compared to other methods. The highest extract yields were obtained with dried leaves collected in second collection period. The crude catechin mixture contains high amount of EGCG and might be used as raw material for production of plant remedies at industrial scale.

Biomimetic polyphenol coatings for antioxidant active packaging applications

Oxidative instability of food, pharmaceutical, and consumer products can be promoted by trace metals, especially iron and copper, with subsequent propagation of free radicals. Plant-derived phenolic compounds that contain catechols are reported to have free radical scavenging, metal chelating and surface adhesion properties upon polymerization. The objective of this study was to synthesize biomimetic polyphenol coatings for development of antioxidant active packaging materials. Two synthetic routes were explored to apply polyphenol coatings to the surface of polypropylene by in situ polymerization of a mixture of catechol and catechin and oxidative polymerization with laccase and in alkaline saline. Both polyphenol coatings demonstrated potent metal chelating and radical scavenging capacity, which suggest potential antioxidant capacity. Dual functionality of polyphenol coatings as potent antioxidants and anchors makes them a promising candidate for active packaging coatings that can inhibit metal-promoted oxidative degradation.

Mechanism of Creaming Down Based on Chemical Characterization of a Complex of Caffeine and Tea Catechins.

The component of a precipitate resulting from creaming down, which was made from caffeine and a catechin mixture, was determined by an integrated value of H2 proton signals of tea catechins in the quantitative (1)H-NMR spectrum. The results showed that gallate-type catechins formed a precipitate by creaming down more predominantly than non-gallate-type catechins. X-ray crystallographic analysis showed that the gallate-type catechin (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCg), (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (ECg) formed 2 : 2 and 2 : 4 complexes with caffeine, respectively, and the non-gallate-type catechin (-)-epicatechin (EC) and caffeine formed a 1 : 1 complex. The 2 : 2, 2 : 4 complexes of caffeine and EGCg, ECg formed a hydrophobic space with three aromatic A, B, and B' rings of two EGCg, ECg molecules, and one caffeine molecule was captured in this hydrophobic space. However, no such hydrophobic space in the 1 : 1 complex of caffeine and EC formed. It was thought that the hydrophobicity of the 2 : 2, 2 : 4 complexes of caffeine and EGCg, ECg was stronger than that of the 1 : 1 complex of caffeine and EC, with the result that the 2 : 2, 2 : 4 complexes of caffeine and EGCg, ECg precipitated by creaming down more predominantly than the 1 : 1 complex of caffeine and EC in an aqueous solution. Furthermore, the molecular capture of various heterocyclic compounds by formation of the 2 : 2 complex of EGCg from the aqueous solution was investigated using the quantitative (1)H-NMR spectrum.

Multi Supplementation in Vegetarian Male Patient Submitted to Resistance Training Improves Body Composition in 14 Days

Fat loss is largely studied in order to comprehend the factors that interfere this process. The use of notable thermogenic substances are a viable option for weight reduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of multi supplementation in a male vegetarian overweight patient which was submitted to a resistance training protocol for 14 days on body composition parameters. The patient was 28 years old with BMI of 26.4 kg/m2 at the baseline of the treatment and was vegetarian for the past 12 years. It was monitored by a nutritionist for the past months with difficult to lose weight. The patient was already following a hypocalorical diet associated with a resistance training protocol and was submitted to multi supplements in order to complement possible deficiencies. The substances used during the period were whey protein isolate, creatine monohydrate and an mixture of catechin + L-carnitine. The patient showed notable reduction in different variables, such as body mass, fat mass, lean body mass, skin fold sum, as well as waist circumference. Despite the reduction of lean body mass, it was observed that, the patient showed an increase in muscle mass of 200 grams in this period. The association of multi supplementation appears to have improved body composition in a short period of time in a vegetarian male.