Catch Basins Research Articles

EVALUATION OF STORMWATER BMP PERFORMANCE IN AN INTERSTATE SERVICE PLAZA RETROFIT PROJECT

EVALUATION OF STORMWATER BMP PERFORMANCE IN AN INTERSTATE SERVICE PLAZA RETROFIT PROJECTThe Delaware Department of Transportation has initiated a multi-year study of BMP performance at an interstate service plaza site. A number of different structural BMP retrofits have been installed at this site, including catch basin inserts, filtration and hydrodynamic devices, and bioretention cells. Wet weather monitoring is being conducted over several years to determine and compare pollutant...Author(s)Marianne WalchSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 70: Managing Stormy Weather: Best PracticesDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2007ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20070101)2007:13L.5567;1-DOI10.2175/193864707787969586Volume / Issue2007 / 13Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)5567 - 5576Copyright2007Word count107

Monitoring the fate of methoprene larvicide for West Nile virus management

Since the outbreak of vector-borne West Nile virus in New York City in 1999, the disease has spread across United States and Canada, resulting in the use of larvicides such as methoprene at catch basins for widespread urban mosquito control. Although the manufacturer has recommended a methoprene dosage for catch basin application, the effect of rainfall on this dosage is not known. A field study on the fate of methoprene pellets and ingots was conducted during the summer of 2004 at three catch basins in the City of Toronto, Canada. Water samples from each catch basin were collected daily and during rain storms and analyzed for methoprene concentration using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. It was found that: (1) the methoprene concentration at the catch basin sump fell below the minimum lethal concentration most of the time; (2) rainfall events greater than 25 mm flushed methoprene pellets out of the catch basin; (3) the higher the sump water depth, the higher the residual methoprene concentration at the catch basin sump; and (4) rainfall flushed methoprene from the catch basins into the storm sewer outfall at concentrations much lower than the detrimental level which might cause ecosystem damage.

A FIELD EVALUATION OF FOUR LARVAL MOSQUITO CONTROL METHODS IN URBAN CATCH BASINS

Effective control of mosquitoes in rural Midwestern communities that lack organized mosquito control districts would be aided by baseline data on optimal breeding sites, interannual effects of climate on population emergence and abundance, and efficacy of various control options under field conditions. During 19 surveillance weeks in the summer of 2005, we sampled 100 catch basins each week that were distributed among 10 study zones. Catch basins within each study zone were subjected to 1 of 4 different mosquito control methods or were left untreated. Of the 10 study zones, 5 were in high-intensity urban areas and 5 in low-intensity urban areas. During the study period, treatment of urban catch basins with Altosid XR extended residual briquets resulted in a 69.5% reduction in mosquito larvae numbers. However, the product did not provide sustained treatment for the 120-150 days suggested by the manufacturer. Vectolex WSP, when applied according to manufacturer's suggestions, resulted in a 73.4% reduction in mosquito larvae. VectolexWSP effectiveness was impacted by heavy rainfalls early in the surveillance period. Cleaning catch basins once or twice during the surveillance period resulted in a 40.1% and a 39.9% reduction in mosquito larvae, respectively. Catch basins in high-intensity urban areas comprised 27.7% of the total collection compared to 72.3% from low-intensity urban areas. The AltosidXR extended residual briquets and the VectolexWSP products both impacted the number of mosquito larvae collected. However, a single treatment to control mosquitoes in this study area may not be sufficient. We suggest that treatment of urban catch basins is optimized when accompanied by a comprehensive surveillance plan, and that a combination of treatments or multiple treatments during the season may be necessary to mitigate risks of vector-borne infectious diseases in areas with similar climate and precipitation trends.

Factors affecting mosquito production from stormwater drains and catch basins in two Florida cities

Mosquito production from drains and catch basins in the cities of Vero Beach and Key West, FL were monitored from May 2004 through August 2005. A total of 48,787 mosquitoes were captured during the study. Of these, over 99% belonged to two species, Culex nigripalpus Theobald (2,630) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (45,946). Other species collected included Culex restuans Theobald, Culex salinarius Coquillett, Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes albopictus (Skuse), and Uranotaenia lowii Theobald. Significantly greater numbers of Cx. nigripalpus were collected at Vero Beach than at Key West, but no significant differences in numbers of Cx. quinquefasciatus and in total numbers of mosquitoes between the two cities were evident. Rainfall, salinity, type of structure, structure setting, and presence or absence of predators or competitors influenced the numbers of mosquitoes collected and/or the frequency of positive, negative, dry, or flooded samples.

A field study of the use of methoprene for West Nile virus mosquito control

The occurrence of vector-borne West Nile virus in Canada has resulted in the use of larvicides for widespread urban mosquito control. To determine the fate of larvicides in storm drainage systems, three catch basins in Toronto, Ontario were treated with methoprene (Altosid) pellets three times over the summer of 2003, at the recommended mosquito control dose of 0.7 g per catch basin. Daily monitoring included: methoprene concentration analysis, precipitation in the area, the presence of mosquito larvae, and the chemical composition of catch basin sumps. A model catch basin in the laboratory was also dosed with methoprene pellets and sampled daily to observe concentration over time under quiescent conditions. It was found that (1) the methoprene concentration at the catch basins fell below the minimum lethal concentration after one or two weeks after treatment; (2) rainfall flushed methoprene from the catch basins to the storm sewer outfall at concentrations lower than the level that may cause ecosystem damage; and (3) the methoprene concentrations in the experiments exhibited a double peak decay pattern. Key words: methoprene, Altosid, West Nile virus, larvicide, catch basin, Toronto.

West Nile Virus from Female and Male Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Subterranean, Ground, and Canopy Habitats in Connecticut

In total, 93,532 female mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were captured in traps placed in subterranean (catch basin), ground (approximately 1.5 m above ground), and canopy (approximately 7.0 m above ground) habitats in Stamford and Stratford, CT, during 2003-2005. Culex pipiens L. was the most abundant (64.8%) of the 31 species identified. Significantly greater numbers of Cx. pipiens were captured in canopy-placed mosquito magnet experimental traps, and significantly greater numbers were collected in catch basin-placed (Centers for Disease Control) CDC traps than in CDC traps placed elsewhere. Culex restuans Theobald was captured in significantly greater numbers in traps placed in catch basins. Aedes vexans (Meigen), Aedes cinereus Meigen, and Aedes cantator (Coquillett) were significantly more abundant in ground traps. In total, 429 isolations of West Nile virus (WNV) were made from seven species of mosquitoes from late June through the end of October during 2003 through 2005. Three hundred ninety-eight (92.8%) isolates were from Cx. pipiens. Others were from Cx. restuans (n = 16), Culex salinarius Coquillett (n = 5), Ae. vexans (n = 4), Ae. cantator (n = 3), Aedes triseriatus (Say) (n = 2), and Ae. cinereus (n = 1). Multiple isolates from Cx. pipiens were made each week, primarily during the later part of July through the end of September. Weekly minimum infection rates (MIRs) were lower in 2004 (highest weekly MIR = 7.1) when no human cases were reported in Connecticut in comparison with 2003 and 2005 (highest weekly MIR = 83.9) when human cases were documented. Frequencies of infected pools were significantly higher in Cx. pipiens captured in traps in the canopy and significantly higher in catch basin placed traps than in traps at ground level. The physiological age structure of Cx. pipiens captured in the canopy was significantly different from that of Cx. pipiens collected in catch basins. Invariably, Cx. pipiens captured in the canopy were nulliparous or parous with ovaries in Christophers' stage 2, whereas 58.7% of the females captured in catch basins possessed ovaries filled with mature oocytes in Christophers' stage 5. Our results suggest that females in the canopy are seeking hosts, and after digestion of the bloodmeal and development of mature oocytes, they descend to catch basins for shelter and deposition of eggs. WNV was isolated from three, one, and two pools of male Cx. pipiens captured in catch basin-, ground-, and canopy-placed traps, respectively, and from six nulliparous Cx. pipiens females collected in the canopy. Weekly MIR ranged from 1.2 to 31.1 per 1,000 male specimens. These data show that mosquitoes become infected by means other than by blood feeding, possibly by transovarial transmission. The placement of traps in tree canopies and in catch basins can be used to augment current practices of placement of traps near the ground for surveillance of mosquitoes infected with WNV and for studies of the ecology of WNV.

EFFICACY OF METHOPRENE FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL IN STORM WATER CATCH BASINS

This study evaluated the efficacy of methoprene, a widely used juvenile hormone mimic, formulated as 30-day slow release Altosid pellets, at controlling mosquitoes in underground storm water drainage catch basins. Data from applications to 1/4-sized cement catch basins in the laboratory, field observations from treated and untreated basins, and an experiment that confined mosquito larvae in floating emergence jars in catch basins showed that methoprene effectively controlled mosquitoes for a month under field conditions and substantially longer under laboratory conditions when applied at a dose of 3.5-g pellets per average-sized catch basin.

EFFECTS OF METHOPRENE ON OVIPOSITION BY AEDES JAPONICUS AND CULEX SPP

The mosquito larvicide methoprene is a juvenile growth hormone mimic that is widely used to control mosquitoes. This chemical disrupts normal mosquito development, drastically inhibiting emergence from the pupal to the adult stage. If the presence of methoprene attracts or deters mosquitoes from ovipositing it could have implications for mosquito control. This study evaluates whether methoprene attracts or deters mosquitoes likely to oviposit in catch basins. In a field experiment, methoprene formulated as liquid larvicide did not affect oviposition of either Culex spp. or Aedes japonicus in 19-1 plastic buckets.

Application of Lean Concepts and Simulation Analysis to Improve Efficiency of Drainage Operations Maintenance Crews

The City of Edmonton’s Drainage Operations branch oversees the inspection, maintenance, and repair of the city’s drainage network. This network covers an area of 700.6 km2 to serve the city’s growing population of nearly 1 million people. The activities performed by this division consume a large amount of funding and are, therefore, receptive to improvements in productivity. The study presented in this paper was conducted to develop improved work methods and engineered productivity standards for the various drainage operations. The study focused on six crews, which accounted for over 25% of the total drainage operations budget. The six crews were divided based on their respective duties: (1) cleaning mains by low pressure flushing (LPF); (2) cleaning mains by high pressure flushing; (3) scheduled mechanical cleaning of catch basins (CBC); (4) inspecting mains by televising; (5) commercial establishment investigation; and (6) service-line rodding and televising. The study utilized the concept of work simpl...

A43 雨水枡および浄化槽に生息するアカイエカ群に対するピリプロキシフェン含有発泡錠剤の防除効果(一般講演,演題要旨,第58回日本衛生動物学会大会)

A43 雨水枡および浄化槽に生息するアカイエカ群に対するピリプロキシフェン含有発泡錠剤の防除効果(一般講演,演題要旨,第58回日本衛生動物学会大会)

Full Scale Evaluation of Upflow™ Filter – A Catch Basin Insert for the Treatment of Stormwater at Critical Source Areas

Stormwater runoff from critical source areas, such as pa rking lots, vehicle fueling and maintenance stations, and public works storage areas, may contain pollutant loadings of hydrocarbons, toxic trace metals, nutrients, pathogens, and/ or other toxicants and pollutants that are greater than the loadings of “normal” storm water runoff (Bannerman, et al . 1993; Pitt, et al . 1995; Claytor and Schueler 1996). One alternative to end-of - pipe treatment for stormwater runoff is to treat the more contaminated run off from problem sources before this runoff mixes with the runoff from other areas (Bannerma n, et al . 1993; Pitt, et al . 1995; Claytor and Schueler 1996). Critical source area treatment devices need to incorporate a variety of treatment processes that can be targeted fo r different classes of pollutants of concern and to respond to the variability of stormwater quality conditions that can originate from different types of critical source areas (Pitt, et al. 1999). This paper will describe one such device, the UpFlo TM Filter that has undergone development and testing under the EPA’s SBIR and ETV programs.

PooledInfRate Software

PooledInfRate Software

An Evaluation of the Urban Stormwater Pollutant Removal Efficiency of Catch Basin Inserts

In a storm sewer system, the catch basin is the interface between surface runoff and the sewer. Responding to the need to improve the quality of stormwater from urban areas and transportation facilities, and spurred by Phase I and II Stormwater Rules from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, several companies market catch basin inserts as best management practices for urban water quality management. However, little data have been collected under controlled tests that indicate the pollutant removal efficiency of these inserts when the inflow is near what can be expected to occur in the field. A stormwater simulator was constructed to test inserts under controlled and replicable conditions. The inserts were tested for removal efficiency of total suspended solids (TSS) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) at an inflow rate of 757 to 814 L/min, with influent pollutant concentrations of 225 mg/L TSS and 30 mg/L TPH. These conditions are similar to stormwater runoff from small commercial sites in the southeastern United States. Results from the tests indicate that at the test flowrate and pollutant concentration, average TSS removal efficiencies ranged from 11 to 42% and, for TPH, the removal efficiency ranged from 10 to 19%.

Surveillance of Above- and Below-Ground Mosquito Breeding Habitats in a Rural Midwestern Community: Baseline Data for Larvicidal Control Measures Against West Nile Virus Vectors

Mosquitoes in the genus Culex are thought to play a major role as vectors in the transmission cycle of West Nile virus (WNV) and other arboviruses in the United States. Effective control of mosquitoes through larviciding and adulticiding is expensive for communities and should be guided by reliable surveillance data on the distribution of mosquito breeding habitats. However, few small to medium sized cities in rural areas of the midwestern United States have this type of baseline information available. During the summer of 2004, we investigated the characteristics of Culex and other mosquito-breeding habitats in a rural central Wisconsin community with a population of approximately 19,000. Such baseline information will aid in the development of rational strategies to control mosquito populations and prevent human exposure to WNV and other mosquito-transmitted viruses. Mosquito larvae were collected and identified weekly from 14 below-ground storm water catch basins and 10 above-ground standing water sites distributed throughout the community. Collection began June 4, 2004 and continued through September 24, 2004. For each collection site the primary and adjacent land use patterns were determined. Over the study period, 1,244 larvae were collected from catch basins; 94% were Culex species. Breeding activity was first detected in early July. Peak breeding was observed during a period of several weeks when average daily temperatures were at the maximum observed and rainfall had declined. Organically enriched catch basins in low intensity urban sites adjacent to forests and wetlands were found to be more productive breeding habitats compared to catch basins having little organic debris located in isolated high intensity urban sites. Above-ground standing water sites produced 1,504 larvae; 66% of which were Culex species. Flood control ditches and permanent wetlands with stagnant water were most productive, while ditches with moving water were least productive habitats. Larvae were produced earlier in the season by above-ground sites than were produced by catch basins. However, larvae production was more variable in above-ground sites since half the sites became dry at some point during the study period. The observed differences in Culex larvae production based on the variables of habitat-type, temperature, and precipitation support the need for ongoing surveillance in communities to guide public health officials in planning for and prioritizing mosquito control efforts.

Digestive bioavailability to a deposit feeder (Arenicola marina) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with anthropogenic particles

Marine sediments around urban areas serve as catch basins for anthropogenic particles containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Using incubations with gut fluids extracted from a deposit-feeding polychaete (Arenicola marina), we determined the digestive bioavailability of PAHs from fly ashes, coal dusts, diesel soots, tire tread materials, and urban particulates. We found that gut fluids solubilize significant concentrations of PAHs from two tire treads, two diesel soots, and the urban particulates. However, PAHs in fly ashes and coal dusts were not available to the digestive agents in gut fluid. Potential digestive exposure to PAHs is much greater than that predicted to be available from these materials using equilibrium partitioning theory (EqP). Amending an already-contaminated sediment with fly ash decreased phenanthrene solubilization by gut fluid. In contrast, addition of tire tread to the sediment resulted in increased solubilization of four PAHs by gut fluid. Therefore, addition of certain types of anthropogenic particles to sediments may result in an increase in bioavailable PAHs rather than a net decrease, as predicted by EqP. Difficulty in predicting the amount of change due to amendment may be due to interactions occurring among the mixture of compounds solubilized by gut fluid.

Quantity and Quality of Runoff from a Beef Cattle Feedlot in Southern Alberta

Southern Alberta, which has a cold climate dominated by strong chinook winds, has the highest density of feedlot cattle in Canada. However, the quantity and quality of runoff from beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlots in this unique region has not been investigated. Our objectives were to compare runoff quantity (1998-2002) with catch-basin design criteria; determine concentrations of selected inorganic chemical parameters (1998-2000) in runoff in relation to water quality guidelines and the potential implications of irrigating adjacent crop-land; and determine if total heterotrophs, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli (1998-2000) persisted in the catch-basin water and soil. Runoff (< 0.1 to 42.5 mm) for a 24-h duration that included maximum peak discharge was less than the recommended design criteria of 90 mm based on runoff from 24 h of rainfall with a 30-yr return period. We found that curve numbers between 52 and 96 (mode of 90) were required to match the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service predicted runoff and actual runoff volumes. Total P posed the greatest threat to water quality guidelines, and K posed the greatest threat for exceeding crop fertilizer requirements if catch-basin effluent was used as irrigation water. Water in the catch basin had continually high populations of E. coli throughout the study, with values ranging between log10 2 and log10 8 100 mL(-1). In contrast, soil in the catch basin generally had low populations of E. coli that were < log10 2 g(-1) wet wt., but at times higher populations between log10 2 and log10 6 g(-1) wet wt. were also found.

Evaluation of Storm Water Catch Basin Inserts for Transportation Facilities

Transportation facilities such as parking lots and maintenance yards often do not have provisions to treat storm water before discharge. Catch basin inserts can provide a retrofit alternative as a method to meet the new National Pollution Discharge Elimination System Phase II storm water pollution prevention regulations. Inserts produced by four manufacturers were evaluated for removal of suspended solids and petroleum hydrocarbons by using a pilot scale catch basin and synthetic storm water. In addition, the inserts were placed at operating transportation facilities and monitored for operational problems. At a flow rate of approximately 0.013 m3/s (200 gal/min) and pollutant concentrations for total suspended solids (TSS) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) of 225 mg/L and 31 mg/L, respectively, the inserts were capable of removing 11% to 42% of TSS and 10% to 19% of TPH.

54 蚊類の発生源としての公園の雨水マス調査

54 蚊類の発生源としての公園の雨水マス調査

Cedar Mesa: A Place Where Spirits Dwell

Review: Cedar Mesa: A Place Where Spirits Dwell By David Peterson Reviewed by Joyce Metzger Arcadia, Florida, USA David Petersen; photographs by Branson Reynolds. Cedar Mesa: A Place Where Spirits Dwell. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2002. 86 pp. ISBN 0-8165-2234-0 (paper). $US13.95. Recycled, acid-free paper. Cedar Mesa in Utah is a vaguely forbidding and intimidating landscape of sky, space, stone, and sun. Life struggles to survive rugged terrain and severe changes in weather. Here one can revel in wild country and personal freedom while recognizing a dignity in the landscape that must be fostered and preserved within the natural wildness. Cedar Mesa proves difficult to get to, but for these collaborators, writer and photographer, the result of their effort is well worth any hardship they endured as they share this uniquely magical, high-mesa desert maze of vertical-walled, vertigo-thrilling canyons animated by towering, bigger-than- life sandstone formations known as hoodoos. This is a surreal place filled with tantalizing, frozen-in-time, rock-hard waves surrounded by sweet, clean air and profound silence. This is pinion- pine/juniper pygmy forest ecology with sage brush and glimpses of evening primrose, Indian paintbrush, sego lily, sacred nature, monkey flower, yucca, columbine, and sunflowers. One can enjoy the solitude, magnetic shadow pull, and fragrant pinions while watching for deer, rabbits, ground squirrels, lizards, snakes, desert tortoise, cliff swallows, canyon wrens, swifts, hawks, falcons, eagles, vultures, and iridescent ravens. As rodents scurry by, brushing the sagebrush, senses become attuned to desert sounds and imagination listens for Anasazi ghosts and Ed Abbey's humorous spirit who, most sense, still haunts the vertical sandstone columns that have eroded to resemble people, animals, and other worldly and magical beings. In this rarefied place, solitude befriends; it is not an enemy. The tabletop mesa is high, sparsely timbered land covered by slow-growing, crusty lichen that aids in water retention while slowing wind erosion. Large expanses of weathered slick rock are weirdly eroded and natural depressions form catch basins for rainwater and snowmelts. Cedar Mesa lies near the heart of the Colorado Plateau, which straddles the

Discovery, distribution, and abundance of the newly introduced mosquito Ochlerotatus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Connecticut, USA.

The earliest documented specimen of an exotic east Asian mosquito Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) japonicis japonicus (Theobald) in the Western Hemisphere is reported along with the results of a state wide survey to determine the distribution and abundance of this mosquito in Connecticut. Ochlerotatus japonicus was collected from 87 locations in eight counties. It is established throughout the state and occurs in a variety of natural and artificial container habitats including discarded tire casings, bird baths, wooden barrels, porcelain bath tubs (used for watering animals), plastic milk cartons, toys, vinyl tarpaulins (covering wood piles and swimming pools), exposed rock holes in stream beds, tree holes, subterranean catch basins, surface water rain pools, and spring-fed depressions. Larvae were particularly common in containers with water, decaying leaves, and algae, in shaded and sunlit areas and, in rock-pool habitats along streambeds, in association with Ochlerotatus atropalpus (Coquillett). Adult females were collected in sod grass-infused gravid and CO2- baited light traps, from early June through October, with peak collections in September. Biting females were collected by human bait method augmented with CO2, verifying its capacity to feed on humans. The ovitraps used in this study were not effective for recovering this species. Our results suggest that Oc. japonicus was introduced into Connecticut between 1992 and 1998. Because of the ability of Oc. japonicus to transmit West Nile virus, and because of the recent detection of this virus in field-collected specimens, the introduction of Oc. japonicus is considered a significant public health development.