Catalytic Steam Reforming Of Toluene Research Articles

Oxygen-Vacancy-Rich Co–Ce/C for Highly Stable Catalytic Steam Reforming of Toluene at Low Temperature

Oxygen-Vacancy-Rich Co–Ce/C for Highly Stable Catalytic Steam Reforming of Toluene at Low Temperature

Attapulgite-based titanosilicate zeolite-supported Ni catalyst for hydrogen production from catalytic steam reforming of toluene

Catalytic steam reforming for hydrogen production was a viable tar removal technology. The key issue of catalytic steam reforming of toluene (tar model) for hydrogen production (CSRT) was the devise and development of advantageous catalysts. In this work, attapulgite-based titanosilicate zeolite (ATS) supported Ni-based catalysts was prepared and applied into CSRT. In addition, compared with the attapulgite (ATP), attapulgite-derived silicon source (HTP) and commercial TiO2, the effects of four different supports over the catalytic performance of Ni-based catalysts for CSRT were further investigated. The structural characteristics of the prepared catalysts were revealed by various characterization methods. Amongst, N/ATS appeared the highest toluene conversion (90.71%) and H2 yield (63.57%) during 4 h of CSRT reaction, which mainly attributed to its highest surface Ni0 molar ratio. Additionally, N/ATS revealed unique resistance to carbon deposition under harsh reaction conditions. This was mainly due to the synthesized ATS had larger BET and the highest hierarchical factor (HF) of pore structure which better promoted mass and heat transfer and its unique nanocluster assembled lamellar structure better anchoring the Ni metal and inhibited sintering, while its superior dispersion of weak acidic sites resulted in less carbon deposits. This work provided a probability for the preparation of economical attapulgite-based heteroatom zeolite to support Ni for hydrogen production via steam reforming of biomass-based oxygenates.

Plasma-enabled catalytic steam reforming of toluene as a biomass tar surrogate: Understanding the synergistic effect of plasma catalysis

In this study, steam reforming of toluene was carried out in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor combined with Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts. The effect of reaction temperature, calcination temperature of catalysts, and relative permittivity of packing materials, on the reaction performance and synergistic effect of plasma catalysis was investigated. The results showed that toluene conversion decreased initially and then increased with increasing temperature, due to a decreasing average reduced electric field and increasing catalytic activity at higher temperatures. At 450 °C, the process achieved a high toluene conversion of 87.1%, a total gas yield of 72.6%, and an energy efficiency of 18.2 g/kWh, demonstrating the potential of this approach for sustainable hydrogen production. Catalysts prepared at lower calcination temperatures or with higher relative permittivity packing materials perform better, owing to the larger Ni surface area available for catalytic reactions and the higher surface discharge facilitating the occurrence of surface reactions. In addition, the synergistic capacity in terms of toluene conversion and gas production exhibited a positive relationship with the metal surface area of catalysts and the relative permittivity of packing materials, while the relationship between reaction temperature and toluene conversion was negative.

High catalytic performance of Fe-rich palygorskite clay-supported Ni catalysts for steam reforming of toluene

AbstractThe development and application of Fe-rich palygorskite clay has been restricted significantly by its red colour and low grade. Moreover, the nano-structured properties of palygorskite and the relatively large Fe content of Fe-rich palygorskite clay have received insufficient attention. The present study involved the synthesis of Ni-based catalysts via a coprecipitation method using Fe-rich palygorskite clay as the support. The catalysts were then evaluated for their performance for catalytic steam reforming of toluene (CSRT). The experimental findings revealed that the Fe in Fe-rich palygorskite clay interacted strongly with Ni and formed Fe-Ni alloys. The catalyst with a Ni/Fe mass ratio of 14 (Ni14/FePal) calcined in air at 600°C exhibited superior performance for CSRT under the reaction temperature 700°C and S/C molar ratio of 1.0. According to the kinetics study, Ni14/FePal exhibited the lowest apparent activation energy (33.99 kJ mol−1) among the catalysts, which further confirmed the superior catalytic activity in CSRT. The characterizations of the catalysts used demonstrated that the excellent stability and resistance to coke formation of Ni14/FePal were attributable to the presence of a sufficient amount of highly dispersed Fe-Ni alloys on its surface.

Catalytic Steam Reforming of Toluene as Model Tar Compound of Biomass Gasification over Cu/Ni/Olivine

AbstractBimetallic Cu/Ni/olivine catalysts with various Cu/Ni mass ratios were prepared for steam reforming of toluene as model tar compound. The effects of the Cu/Ni ratio, the reaction temperature, and the steam‐to‐carbon ratio (S/C) on the steam reforming of toluene were investigated in a fixed‐bed reactor. Among the catalysts, olivine coated with 3 wt % CuO and 12 wt % NiO (Cu3/Ni12/O) achieved higher catalytic performance and structural stability due to the synergistic effect of Ni and Cu. The appropriate S/C and a higher temperature were beneficial to steam reforming of toluene. The catalytic performance was not only affected by the amount but also by the types of carbon deposition. Compared with the amorphous carbon, the larger amount of graphitic carbon formed on the catalyst surface was more likely to lead to a decreased catalytic performance.

Hydrogen production from catalytic steam reforming of toluene over trace of Fe and Mn doping Ni/Attapulgite

Tar formation has become the bottleneck of biomass gasification due to it serious impacts the gas quality and device safety. Catalytic steam reforming (CSR) is a potential technology that can utilize tar to produce hydrogen. In this work, a series of NixFeyMn/ATP (x, y = 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1 wt%) catalysts were successfully prepared by a sol-gel assisted impregnation method and applied to CSR of toluene, among which toluene was adopted as the biomass tar model. The characterization results of XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, HRTEM, H2-TPR, NH3/CO2/O2-TPD and XPS demonstrated that the addition of trace of Fe and Mn promoted the uniform dispersion of active Ni metal and increased the reducibility and enhanced CO2 adsorption ability of Ni-based catalysts. Among them, Ni0.5Fe0.5Mn/ATP catalyst exhibited the highest toluene conversion (99.2 %) and H2 yield (80.1 %) and superior stability. This attributes to it has the highest Ni0/Ni2+ proportion and the cooperative effect of electron transfer among the Ni, Fe and Mn components. Additionally, the spent catalysts are characterized by HRTEM, XRD, TG-DTG and Raman. It confirms that trace of Fe and Mn doping improved the catalytic stability is ascribed to the inhibition of amorphous carbon and the growth of carbon nanotubes does not affect the availability of active sites.

Rare Earth (Gd, Pr and La) Promoted Three-Dimensional Ordered Macro/Mesoporous Ni/CeZr Catalysts for Low-Temperature Catalytic Steam Reforming of Toluene as Tar Model

Rare Earth (Gd, Pr and La) Promoted Three-Dimensional Ordered Macro/Mesoporous Ni/CeZr Catalysts for Low-Temperature Catalytic Steam Reforming of Toluene as Tar Model

Process optimization of catalytic steam reforming of toluene to hydrogen using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA)

Catalytic steam reforming of toluene (SRT) over nickel-cobalt supported on modified activated carbon for hydrogen production has been investigated. The center composite design of experiment in response surface methodology (RSM) was initially applied to optimize the catalytic SRT for hydrogen production before being utilized in the model building of the hybrid artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA). The genetic algorithm was carried out over the ANN model to achieve the maximum target response. The process optimization modeling using the best fitness function gave an insight of the optimal operating condition in SRT over the prepared catalyst. The results conferred that maximum hydrogen yield could be obtained at the optimal conditions of 700 °C temperature, 0.034 ml/min feed flow rate, 0.1 g catalyst loading and S/C ratio of 1 by ANN-GA model, and 762 °C temperature, 0.022 ml/min feed flow rate, 0.3 g catalyst loading and S/C ratio of 5.6 by the RSM model. Predicted results from ANN model were in higher agreement with the experimental data at R2=0.95 compared with the RSM model.

Low-temperature catalytic steam reforming of toluene as a biomass tar model compound over three-dimensional ordered macroporous Ni-Pt/Ce1−xZrxO2 catalysts

Ceria–zirconia solid solution (Ce1−xZrxO2) is a fascinating catalyst support in steam reforming reaction. In order to further improve the performance of Ni-based catalyst with Ce1−xZrxO2 as support for tar team reforming, three-dimensional ordered macroporous Ni-Pt/Ce1−xZrxO2 (Ni-Pt/C1−xZx-3DOM; x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) catalysts were prepared by a colloidal crystal template method and their catalytic performances for toluene steam reforming were investigated in low temperature range. The Ni-Pt/C1−xZx-3DOM exhibited excellent catalytic performance, and toluene conversion of Ni-Pt/C0.8Z0.2-3DOM reached 90.4 % at 500 °C under 185 μmol/min toluene flowrate and 10,000 h−1 GHSV. Besides, this catalyst showed good durability with 1.7 mg gcat−1 h−1 carbon deposition rate during 30 h of operation at 600 °C. The characterization results demonstrated the Ni-Pt/C1−xZx-3DOM exhibits desirable characteristics to promote the catalysis performance compared to non-porous Ni-Pt/C1−xZx, including more oxygen vacancies on catalyst surface, higher specific surface areas, larger pore volumes, more meso-pores, smaller crystalline size of active component and support, and better reducibility.

Catalytic steam reforming of toluene as model tar compound using Ni/coal fly ash catalyst

AbstractCoal fly ash (CFA), a solid waste from power plants, was selected as the support of Ni‐based catalysts used for steam reforming of toluene in a fixed‐bed reactor. The CFA support was thermally pretreatment first, followed by chemical activation with different treatment time (6 h to 4 days) in 2‐mol/L HNO3 solution. Then, series low‐cost catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation. The prepared catalysts were characterized suitably by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauere–Emmette–Teller (BET), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and Raman techniques. According to the catalyst characterization, the chemical pretreatment could improve the support property by adjusting the chemical composition. The Fe‐rich Fe‐Ni and Ni‐Co alloy was formed by H2 reduction on the Ni/CFA‐6h and Co‐Ni/CFA‐6h catalysts, respectively. In the catalytic steam reforming of toluene, the Ni/CFA‐6h had the best catalytic active among all monometallic catalysts, which could be attributed to the existence of Fe0.94Ni0.06 particles, and its performance could be further improved after partly replacing Ni by Co. The Co‐Ni/CFA‐6h catalyst exhibited the best ability of carbon deposit resistance, implying that its catalytic performance slightly lower than Ni/SiO2 was due to the too large SBET surface area gap.

Optimization of hydrogen production via toluene steam reforming over Ni–Co supported modified-activated carbon using ANN coupled GA and RSM

Hydrogen (H2) is a clean fuel that can be produced from various resources including biomass. Optimization of H2 production from catalytic steam reforming of toluene using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network coupled genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) models has been investigated. In RSM model, the central composite design (CCD) is employed in the experimental design. The CCD conditions are temperature (500–900 °C), feed flow rate (0.006–0.034 ml/min), catalyst weight (0.1–0.5 g) and steam-to-carbon molar ratio (1–9). ANN model employs a three-layered feed-forward backpropagation neural network in conjugation with the tangent sigmoid (tansig) and linear (purelin) as the transfer functions and Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm. Best network structure of 4-14-1 is developed and utilized in the GA optimization for determining the optimum conditions. An optimum H2 yield of 92.6% and 81.4% with 1.19% and 6.02% prediction error are obtained from ANN-GA and RSM models, respectively. The predictive capabilities of the two models are evaluated by statistical parameters, including the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). Higher R2 and lower RSME values are reported for ANN-GA model (R2 = 0.95, RMSE = 4.09) demonstrating the superiority of ANN-GA in determining the nonlinear behavior compared to RSM model (R2 = 0.87, RMSE = 6.92). These results infer that ANN-GA is a more reliable and robust predictive steam reforming modelling tool for H2 production optimization compared to RSM model.

Catalytic Steam Reforming of Toluene for Hydrogen Production over Nickel-Cobalt Supported Activated Carbon

Hydrogen may play a key role in future sustainable energy system as a carrier of renewable energy to replace the conventional fossil fuel. Biomass gasification is the most promising method in renewable hydrogen production technologies. However, the tar by-product poses great obstacle in the realization of commercial biomass gasification. In this work, the performance of Ni and/or Co supported on modified-palm kernel shell-derived activated carbon (AC) catalyst in steam reforming of toluene (SRT) for the production of hydrogen has been investigated. Toluene has been chosen as a model compound since it represents one of the major tar compositions. The effects of nitric acid in the surface pretreatment of AC (ACN) and the influence of Ni and/or Co loading on the catalyst support are studied. The catalysts are characterized using FTIR, BET, XRD, TGA and FESEM-EDX. The modified-AC support shows that the surface area, microporous structure and surface oxygenated functional group (SOFG) increase, leading to a homogeneous distribution of metal particles. The highest toluene conversion (Xtoluene) and hydrogen yield (YH2) obtained over 10%Ni-10%Co/ACN are 70% and 69%, respectively. The catalytic performance of bimetallic Ni–Co/ACN catalyst is more significant compared to monometallic Ni- and Co-supported catalysts. The highest catalytic performance achieved can be attributed to the larger surface area and unique porous structure of the modified-AC support as well as the formation of Ni–Co solid solution alloys that improve its coke-resistant capability with low carbon formation during SRT. The modified palm kernel shell AC-supported bimetal catalyst has high potential as a biomass-based catalyst for the applications in biomass tar removal toward hydrogen production due to its good coke-resistance properties.

Study on Catalytic Steam Reforming of Toluene over Ni/Activated Carbon Catalysts Prepared from Adsorption Treatment of Nickel Electroplating Wastewater by Activated Carbon

The conditions (adsorption duration and pH) for removal of nickel ions from nickel electroplating wastewater by adsorbing on activated carbon were studied. Ni/AC catalysts prepared by adsorption under alkaline conditions with high removal rate of Ni(II) has been chosen for catalytic steam reforming of toluene, and its catalytic performances were evaluated compared to that of Ni/AC catalysts prepared by impregnation. Alkaline conditions facilitated the removal of Ni(II) from nickel electroplating wastewater by AC and pH=9 in especial, was a critical point above which Ni(II) could be removed efficiently. The removal rate within 20 min reached up to more than 97%. After H2 reduction, the catalytic activity of Ni/AC-Ad was observed in catalytic steam reforming of toluene and then gradually decreased with the reaction time. Both the toluene conversion and hydrogen production with Ni/AC-Ad were about 65% of those with Ni/AC-Im at similar Ni loading rate. Under alkaline conditions, most of the nickel adsorbed on AC was Ni(OH)2 complex. This adsorption state led to a larger average size of nickel particle in Ni/AC-Ad than that in Ni/AC-Im. The uneven size of nickel particles on the surface caused poor dispersion of active spots, agglomeration and sintering, resulting in gradual deactivation of Ni/AC-Ad prepared under alkaline conditions during catalytic steam reforming of toluene.

Synthesis of graphitic mesoporous carbon supported Ce-doped nickel catalyst for steam reforming of toluene

Graphitic mesoporous carbon (GMC) supported Ce-doped nickel catalyst was prepared by a simple incipient wetness impregnation and calcination method. The catalytic performance of the prepared catalyst was tested by catalytic steam reforming of toluene (a biomass tar model compound). Compared with mesoporous SBA-15 supported catalyst, the GMC supported catalyst has a higher toluene conversion efficiency of 98% at 700 °C and remained stable during 24 h of continuous reaction. The excellent catalytic performance is mainly attributed to the better dispersion of Ni nanoparticles on GMC support and the reduced carbon deposition because of the Ce-doping.

Effects of Cu and Fe Additives on Low-Temperature Catalytic Steam Reforming of Toluene Over Ni/AC Catalysts

Steam reforming of toluene, a model tar compound, was carried out at low temperature of 600 °C using Cu–Ni and Fe–Ni bimetallic catalysts with different molar ratios supported on activated carbon (AC). For the Cu–Ni/AC catalysts, the carbon conversion of toluene rose and then decreased with the content of Cu increasing, and the best performance was achieved at the molar ratio of 0.2. However, the Fe–Ni/AC catalyst with the optimum composition of Fe/Ni = 0.1 had a better catalytic performance for toluene steam reforming than the Cu–Ni/AC catalyst (Cu/Ni = 0.2). During the duration test of 20 h, the Fe–Ni/AC (Fe/Ni = 0.1) catalyst showed higher activity for the average carbon conversion of toluene (93.8% vs. 92.9%) and better resistance. to carbon deposition than those of Ni/AC catalyst. Moreover, the metal average sizes of the spent Ni/AC and 0.1-Fe–Ni/AC were estimated to be 30.0 nm and 19.0 nm, respectively. Based on a variety of physiochemical characterization results, it is demonstrated that the addition of iron into Ni/AC catalyst led to good dispersion of Ni, and few coke formation and limited aggregation of nickel particles during reaction.

High catalytic performance of Fe-Ni/Palygorskite in the steam reforming of toluene for hydrogen production

The inexpensive and abundant material, palygorskite, was used as a promising catalyst support to prepare Fe-Ni/Pal catalysts. Catalytic steam reforming of toluene as a biomass tar model compound over these catalysts was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor under different parameters, including reaction temperatures and S/C molar ratios. The stability and lifetime of Fe3Ni8/Palygorskite catalyst was evaluated under optimal conditions and its kinetic parameters were determined as well. The fresh and used catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectra. The results showed that the Fe3Ni8/Palygorskite catalyst with high dispersion was successfully prepared and exhibited superior catalytic performance compared with those of the monometallic catalysts (Fe3/Palygorskite and Ni8/Palygorskite) and the bare Palygorskite. Increasing the reaction temperature from 500 °C to 700 °C was beneficial for the toluene conversion and gaseous yields. The catalytic activity of Fe3Ni8/Palygorskite varied distinctly with the increase of S/C molar ratio and reached maximum at the the S/C molar ratio of 1.0. The apparent activation energy of 41.55 kJ mol−1 and the pre-exponential factor of 1.35 × 103 m3 kg−1 h−1 were obtained for Fe3Ni8/Palygorskite in kinetic studies under optimal reaction conditions, respectively. The carbon deposition analysis of the used catalysts revealed that the formation of graphitic carbon rather than amorphous carbon was the main reason for the deactivation of Fe3Ni8/Palygorskite catalysts. When ceased the injection of steam into the reaction system, the graphitic carbon would be accelerating formed on the surface of the Fe3Ni8/Palygorskite and decreased its catalytic activity for toluene conversion. But owing to the water gas shift reaction, the catalytic activity of Fe3Ni8/Palygorskite seemed to recover gradually to its optimum.

Steam reforming of toluene as model biomass tar to H2-rich syngas in a DBD plasma-catalytic system

Biomass tar is one of the most troublesome issues limiting the further development of biomass pyrolysis and gasification. In this study, a plasma enhanced catalytic steam reforming technology was applied for biomass tar removal. Toluene was selected as biomass tar surrogate. The nano-sized alumina-supported nickel and iron catalysts with different molar ratios of M/Al (M: Ni or Fe, 0:1, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1, 1:0) were prepared for catalytic steam reforming of toluene in a non-thermal plasma reactor featuring dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). The results showed that syngas was the dominant gas product of toluene decomposition. The conversion efficiency of toluene and energy efficiency using Ni-Al and Fe-Al catalysts both followed a sequence: M1Al3 > M1Al1 > M3Al1, which is in line with the BET surface area and pore volume. However, the selectivity of H2 and CO catalysed by Ni-Al and Fe-Al catalysts follows the order of M1Al3 < M1Al1 < M3Al1. Presumably, toluene dissociation is a process composed of adsorption-reaction-desorption. The formation of syngas is supposed to proceed as a series of ionic and free radical reactions occurring preferably in the gas phase. Ni1Al3 catalyst shows the largest potential in converting biomass tar into H2-rich syngas, with a maximum toluene conversion of 96% and a largest H2 yield of 2.18 mol/mol-toluene. Besides, the results showed that this hybrid plasma-catalysis system was potential in anti-carbon deposition.

Iron Oxide over Silica-Doped Alumina Catalyst for Catalytic Steam Reforming of Toluene as a Surrogate Tar Biomass Species

An iron oxide over silica-doped alumina catalyst was successfully synthesized using one-pot, solvent-deficient method. The prepared Fe2O3/SiO2–Al2O3 catalyst was characterized using TGA/DTG, XRD, N2 adsorption isotherm, NH3-TPD, and SEM. The TGA/DTG and XRD results show that the presence of Si enhances the stability of γ-Al2O3 support at high temperatures. The prepared Fe2O3/SiO2–Al2O3 catalyst was obtained by calcination at 950 °C, with a high BET specific surface area (49 m2/g). The NH3-TPD showed that Fe addition can significantly increase catalyst acidity. SEM images confirmed the textural properties of the catalysts in term of surface morphology. The catalytic activity of Fe2O3/SiO2−Al2O3 catalysts was examined in a CREC fluidized riser simulator using toluene as model compound for biomass tar. Experiments with this catalyst yielded high toluene conversions. Composition of gases produced (H2, CO, CO2, and CH4) were close to chemical equilibrium at 25 s and 600 °C. These results indicate that the Fe2O...

Low-temperature catalytic steam reforming of toluene over activated carbon supported nickel catalysts

In order to decrease the reaction temperature of catalytic cracking of tar derived from biomass gasification and prolong the lifetime of catalyst, nickel supported on activated carbon (Ni/AC) catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and used in steam reforming of toluene, a model tar compound, in a fixed bed reactor. The physiochemical properties of the catalysts were analyzed by N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), etc. The effects of nickel content, calcination temperature and reaction temperature on carbon conversion were investigated, and the catalytic performance of the Ni/AC catalyst was compared with those of Al2O3/olivine-supported nickel catalysts. The results showed that the Ni/AC catalyst with 10 wt% of nickel loading and 600°C of calcination temperature had the best low-temperature catalytic activity at 600°C for toluene reforming, and the carbon conversion achieved about 99%. The high performance of the 600-10%Ni/AC catalyst was probably accounted for the AC support, which had a large BET surface area and unique porous structure, and therefore, a fine nickel particle size distribution on it. It also could be known by XRD analysis that nickel loaded on the surface of AC was in the form of metallic state after calcination, thus decreasing the use of hydrogen for reduction before reaction, so the catalyst preparation process can be simplified and the cost will be saved.

Ni/Ru-X/Al2O3(X=K or Mn) 촉매를 이용한 바이오매스 가스화 타르의 수증기개질

바이오매스 가스화 시 발생하는 타르의 개질 연구가 다양한 Ni 촉매를 이용하여 수행되었다. 바이오매스 타르의 주요 성분인 톨루엔을 이용하여 실험실 규모의 수증기개질을 수행하였다. 고정층 형태의 개질기를 이용하였고 반응온도 범위는 400-800 &#x2103;로 변화시켰다. Ni 촉매에 증진제로 Ru (0.6 wt%)와 Mn 또는 K (1 wt%)를 적용하였다. Ni/Ru-K/Al₂O₃ 촉매가 Ni/Ru-Mn/Al₂O₃ 촉매보다 전반적으로 높은 톨루엔 개질 전환 성능을 보였으며, X-선 회절분석과 열중량분석을 통해 촉매의 안정성을 확인하였다. 실험실 규모 연구 결과를 바탕으로 모노리스와 펠렛 형태의 촉매를 제작하고 1 톤/일 규모의 바이오매스 가스화 시스템에 적용하였다. 모노리스 촉매의 경우 Ni/Ru-K/Al₂O₃ 촉매가 고온에서 특히 우수한 성능을 보였으며, Ni/Ru-Mn/Al₂O₃ 촉매는 운전 시간 경과에 의한 활성저하가 관찰되었다. 펠렛 촉매의 경우 Ni/Ru-K/Al₂O₃ 는 587 &#x2103;에서 66.7%의 타르 전환율을 보였으며, 사용된 촉매의 재생 후 타르 개질 성능을 비교하였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 촉매 중 Ni/Ru-K/Al₂O₃ 펠렛 촉매가 가장 우수한 촉매 활성과 안정성을 보였다. Steam reforming of tar produced from biomass gasification was conducted using several Ni-based catalysts. In labscale, the catalytic steam reforming of toluene which is a major component of biomass tar was studied. A fixed bed reactor was used at various temperatures of 400-800 &#x2103;. Ru (0.6 wt%) and Mn or K (1 wt%) were applied as a promoter in Ni based catalysts. Generally, Ni/Ru-K/Al₂O₃ catalyst shows higher performance on steam reforming of toluene than Ni/Ru-Mn/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Used catalysts were analyzed by XRD and TGA to detect sintering and carbon deposition. Base on the lab-scale studies, the monolith and pellet type catalysts were tested in 1 ton/day scale biomass gasification system. Ni/Ru-K/Al₂O₃ monolith catalyst shows high tar reforming performance at high temperature. In addition, Ni/Ru-Mn/Al₂O₃ monolith catalyst was showed deactivation with operation time. Reforming performance of Ni/Ru-K/Al₂O₃ pellet catalyst which showed 66.7% tar conversion at 587 &#x2103; was compared to regenerated one. Overall, Ni/Ru-K/Al₂O₃ pellet catalyst shows higher stability and performance than other used catalysts.