Catalytic Cracking Method Research Articles

Catalytic cracking of crude palm oil into biogasoline over HZSM-5 and USY-Zeolite catalysts: A comparative study

This study comprehensively evaluated HZSM-5 and USY-Zeolite as catalysts for producing biogasoline from crude palm oil through a catalytic cracking method, including uncertainty analysis. This study utilized HZSM-5 and USY-Zeolite as catalysts with crude palm oil (CPO) concentration ratios of 1:50, 1:75, 1:100, and 1:125. USY-Zeolite (19.06 %) exhibited a higher biogasoline yield than HZSM-5 (39.56 %) because of its optimal pore structure, as proven by N₂ physisorption characterization. Physicochemical characterization of biogasoline included flash point, viscosity, boiling point, and octane number measurements. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to determine the chemical composition of biogasoline. An elevated catalyst ratio results in reduced liquid yields and biogasoline fractions. At a ratio of 1:125, the HZSM-5 catalyst produced the highest biogasoline yield (39.56 %). GC–MS analysis revealed that biogasoline contained various hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds. Life cycle assessment (LCA) also demonstrated that this method can reduce the scarcity of mineral and fossil resources by 85 % and 35 %, respectively. Biogasoline's physical and chemical characteristics are significantly impacted by the type of catalyst and its various modifications. This study provides evidence that the catalytic cracking technique is suitable for producing biogasoline from CPO and yields positive results.

Catalytic cracking of off grade crude palm oil to biogasoline using Co-Mo/α-Fe2O3 catalyst

ABSTRACT Off Grade Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is known as renewable waste source. By catalytic cracking of Off Grade CPO, it is potential use for biogasoline. However, the production remains a problem from heterogeneous catalysis. Active site of α-Fe2O3 can be improved with metal impregnation of Cobalt (Co) and Molybdenum (Mo). Therefore, this study were: (1) to synthesize Co-Mo/α-Fe2O3 catalyst assisted by ultrasonic wave, and (2) to synthesize biogasoline from Off Grade CPO by catalytic cracking method using Co-Mo/α-Fe2O3 catalyst with determining the ratio effect of Co:Mo metal impregnation and the effect of its concentration. The steps included: (1) synthesis of hematite (α-Fe2O3) with precipitation method, (2) impregnation of Co-Mo metal on hematite (α-Fe2O3) using the wet impregnation method with the ratio of addition of Co-Mo metal with 1:2; 1:1; 2:1, (3) catalytic cracking of Off Grade CPO using Co-Mo/α-Fe2O3 catalyst with concentration of 0.5%; 1%; and 1.5% w/w, and (4) Characterization and identification of biogasoline components using GC-MS and FTIR. The results showed that Co-Mo/α-Fe2O3 catalyst was successfully synthesized as confirmed by XRD and SEM. The best catalytic cracking of Off Grade CPO was carried out by 0.5% w/w Co-Mo(1:1)/α-Fe2O3 catalyst which produced biogasoline yield of 31.37%. The characteristics of the best synthesized biogasoline included density of 0.77 g/cm3, viscosity of 2.561 cSt, refractive index of 1.454, acid number of 56.793 mg KOH/g, and iodine number of 100.515 g I2/100 g. The main component of biogasoline was undecane compound.

Catalytic cracking of waste polyethylene into wax-based warm-mix agent for optimizing rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt composites

High value-added transformation of waste polyethylene with low recyclability and slow degradation in nature has become increasingly prevalent. To achieve the viscosity-reducing effect of asphalt, the wax-based warm-mix agents from waste polyethylene were synthesized via a catalytic cracking method, followed by the melt-mixing process of such agent and base asphalt. The effective relationship between chemical composition/structure of warm-mix agents and properties of asphalt composites was established, and the effects of synthesized warm-mix agents on viscoelasticity, rutting resistance and strain recovering ability of asphalt composites were systematically demonstrated. The results showed that the obtained asphalt composites containing 3 wt% warm-mix agents not only exhibited the significantly improved complex shear modulus, rutting factor and recovery percent, but also showed the decreased phase angle and non-recoverable creep compliance, suggesting excellent permanent deformation resistance and high elastic recovery; in addition, the low-temperature properties of resultant asphalt composites might be clearly changed. Moreover, the stiffening effect of the synthesized warm-mix agents was confirmed by the increased amounts of “bee structure” and glass-transition temperature. This work demonstrates that the catalytic cracking product of waste plastics is an economical yet efficient alternative for tuning structure and performance of asphalt.

Alternative Liquid Fuel from Catalytic Cracking of Candlenut Oil Biodiesel (Aleurites Moluccana) and PP/PS Plastic Waste

In this research, synthesis and characterization of alternative liquid fuel obtained from candlenut oil biodiesel (Aleurites moluccana) and polypropylene (PP) combined with polystyrene (PS) plastic waste were carried out. This research aims to obtain biodiesel that is more environmentally friendly when compared to conventional diesel fuel today. The synthesis and characterization process was performed through catalytic cracking using a combination of Al-MCM-41 catalyst and ceramics, with a ratio of 7:3, respectively. This catalytic cracking method has been known to produce biodiesel because it can break long-chain carbon bonds to be shorter and simpler. The morphology and acidity of the catalysts were analyzed using XRD and FTIR-Pyridine techniques. The fuel liquid obtained from synthesis was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) to obtain its constituent hydrocarbon components fraction. The highest yield was obtained at a feedstock of PS:COB (candlenut oil biodiesel) variation of 68.2%, with hydrocarbon fraction composition C7, C7–C12, > C12 each respectively of 14.66%, 85.32%, and 13.05%. The viscosity and the calorific value of the liquid fuel were initially known. In this research, the effects of using other plastic waste towards the yield percentage and the characteristics of the synthesized fuel were also investigated. The results from the analysis show that the properties of the synthesized liquid fuel mixture variations being researched have met the Indonesian National Standard SNI 06-3506-1994, which refers to the quality standards of gasoline-type liquid fuel.

The Removal of Biomass Tar Derived Producer Gas by Means of Thermal and Catalytic Cracking Methods

Tar derived from biomass gasification system needs to be eliminated before applying biomass producer gas for avoiding equipment and its gas problems. In this study, thermal and catalytic cracking methods of biomass tar along with microwave assistance in heat transfer were experimented at various temperatures during 650-1,200 °C and residence at 0.24-0.5 s. The results present that high tar removal efficiency by approximately 90 % under thermal cracking treatment and about 98 % with catalytic cracking method. It also shows that the catalytic cracking especially modified catalyst could be lowered carbon deposition on catalyst surface.

Using silkworm excrement and spent lead paste to prepare additives for improving the cycle life of lead-acid batteries

Sulfation at the negative electrode remains a crucial failure in lead-acid batteries. To overcome the sulfation issue, herein, a silkworm excrement-based porous carbon (SEPC) material has been successfully synthesized by a facile one-step metal catalytic cracking method. Consequently, SEPC and desulfurization spent lead paste were mixed and calcined to obtain a composite material of SEPC and PbO (SEPC-PbO), and employed as the negative additive to suppress the sulfation of lead-acid battery. The morphological characterization exhibits that SEPC has a plentifully mesoporous structure. The specific discharge capacity of the SEPC-PbO negative plate is 165 mAh g−1 (11.5% higher than the negative plate of traditional lead-acid battery) and ensuring remarkable suppression of hydrogen evolution. After 400 100% depth of discharge (DOD) cycles, the capacity retention rate is still as high as 84% and after 3000 5%DOD cycles, the active substances of the SEPC cell remained high reversible. In addition, the development of new lead-acid batteries, the synthesis of biochar materials, and the combination of waste lead paste recycling industries were explored. All these contribute to the decrease of the pollution risk of the silkworm breeding and lead-acid battery recovery industry and revolutionize the sustainable utilization of carbon resources.

Artikel Review: Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Persen Biogasoline Minyak Nabati Menggunakan Katalis HZSM-5 dengan Metode Catalytic Cracking

The increase in fuel consumption of oil has an impact on the energy crisis. Biogasoline is one of the alternative energies that has the potential to solve the problem. The fact that biogasoline results are low is a challenge for further research. One of the methods used to produce biogasoline is the catalytic cracking method. Such methods generally use catalyst to help to speed up the reaction. HZSM-5 is one of the catalysts that has been widely used in various applications. In this review article will compare the value of % biogasoline between several types of crushed vegetable oils with hzsm-5 catalysts using catalytic cracking methods. Based on the results of the analysis it can be known that the method of catalytic cracking using the catalyst HZSM-5 produces a good % biogasoline value so the use of catalyst HZSM-5 is recommended in vegetable oil reactions. In addition, there are factors that affect the value of % biogasoline namely: rector type, operating temperature, reaction time, surface area and pore size catalyst HZSM-5 as well as vegetable oil type.

Engine performance and combustion characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition engine fueled waste cooking oil synthetic diesel

Biodiesels produced from various feedstocks have been considered as alternative fuels used in internal combustion engines without major modifications. This research focuses on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCOSD) by the catalytic cracking method using MgO as the catalyst and comparing the engine operating characteristics of the test engine when using WCOSD and traditional diesel (CD) as test fuels. As a result, the brake power of the test engine fueled WCOSD, and traditional diesel is similar. However, the engine fuel consumption in the case of using WCOSD is slight increases in some operating conditions. Also, the nitrogen oxides emissions of the test engine fueled WCOSD are higher than those of CD at all tested conditions. The trend is opposite for hydrocarbon emission as the HC emission of the engine fueled by WCOSD reduces 26.3% on average. The smoke emission of the test engine in case of using WCOSD is lower 17% on average than that of CD. However, the carbon monoxide emissions are lower at the low and medium loads and higher at the full loads. These results show that the new biodiesel has the same characteristics as those of commercial biodiesel and can be used as fuel for diesel engines.

Effect of catalysts on the conversion of polystyrene plastic waste into fuel with the Catalytic Cracking Method

Polystyrene is useful product that widely used today. But when it becomes waste, Polystyrene can cause environmental problem such as air pollution, soil contamination, as well as economical resistence due to the increase of space and disposal costs. On the other hand Polystyrene can be converted into fuel. It is expected can be a solution of the problem. The aim of this research is to convert polystyrene plastic waste into useful fuel with catalytic cracking process. Zeolit and Al2O3 was used as catalyst in this research as musch as 8 % feed. Temperature set at 250 oC. At the optimum reaction condition (catalyst Al2O3 and the length of cracking time is 30 minutes) the liquid yield of catalytic cracking process was 29.40 %. Physical properties like density, spgr, oAPI gravity and calorific value of fuel samples is determined and compared to gasoline standard. The result showed that density, spgr, oAPI gravity and calorific value was close to the density, spgr, oAPI gravity and calorific value of gasoline standard.

Engine Performance Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled by Traditional Diesel and Waste Cooking Oil

This research presents a comparison of the test engine’s performance characteristics fuelled by diesel and waste cooking oil synthetic diesel (WCOSD). Commercial diesel (CD) fuel used in this research was commercial diesel in the market; meanwhile, WCO was manufactured from cooking waste product using Catalytic Cracking Method. The synthesizing process known as Catalytic Cracking Method at pilot scale level using non-food oil such as waste cooking oil to manufacture biodiesel fuel oil in place of diesel with a stable energy output. The results of this research showed that it can be concluded that the engine torque with WCO drop from 1.9 Nm to 5.4 Nm at all speed while the BSFCs drop at almost speed at full load condition compared to that of CD. The BTEs of the engine fuelled with WCOSD are higher than that of the engine fuelled with CD at almost engine speed at full load. The result of this research is the foundation for using WCO in worldwide application.

Catalytic Conversion From Plastic Waste by Silica-Alumina-Ceramic Catalyst to Produce an Alternative Fuel Hydrocarbon Fraction

Liquid fuels from polypropylene plastic waste have been successfully performed by catalytic cracking method. The catalyst used is Al-MCM-41- Ceramics. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, Pyridine-FTIR, N2-Adsorption-Desorption, and the product of catalytic cracking were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The catalyst was using three times at sample notify A,B and C. The results showed liquid fuels have the largest percentage of gasoline (C8-C12) are 92.76; 91.92 and 90.58 percent fraction produced. The performance of catalyst showed that reuseability number were decrease, but the charactersitic of liquid fuel produced were also be agreeable to commercial gasoline standard. Keywords: olypropylene waste plastics, liquid fuels, catalytic conversion, Al-MCM-41-Cer catalyst, reuseability number.

Potential use of waste rubber tires containing polystyrene to produce gasoline-like hydrocarbon by thermal catalytic cracking

Rubber tire waste from abundant amount of vehicles are naturally unbiodegradable, without proper treatment they shall accumulate uncontrollably. Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer contained in rubber tires and it is usually unrecycled, therefore it needs a further study to recycle polystyrene effectively. In this research, waste tires are used to produce gasoline-like hydrocarbon using thermal catalytic cracking method uses high temperatures and catalysts of NaOH and zeolite. The ratios of zeolite and NaOH are 0:1; 2:3; 1:1; 3:2; 1:0 with waste tire mass of 400 g, the temperature used varies, which are 300°C, 350°C, and 400°C with pyrolysis durations of 1, 2 and 3 hrs. The thermal catalytic cracking method is a simple solution to break the hydrocarbon chains of polystyrene with considerably shorter length of time aided by the catalysts. The highest volume of gasoline-like hydrocarbon produced is 255 ml with 2 hrs pyrolysis at 400°C. The addition of 25% NaOH and 75% zeolite as the catalyst in the process has given the most favorable result in research octane number (RON) that is 113. The maximum point of heating value is 10223.161 cal/g with 3 hrs pyrolysis duration at 400°C temperature.

Thermo-catalytic decomposition of biomass tar models through microwave irradiation

Producer gas from biomass gasification is tormented by the demeanour of tar which causes pipe blockages, plugging, corrosion, and catalyst deactivation. Thermo-catalytic tar models decomposition via microwave irradiation has been shown to be effective method in reducing tar from producer gas. This study, toluene and naphthalene were used as tar models with N2 as the carrier gas followed by the use of spurious producer gas. Thermal and catalytic decomposition of tar models with over a wide temperature range from 850 °C to 1,200 °C and 650 °C to 900 °C, respectively, at residence time of 0.24 - 0.5 s. In term of catalytic treatment, Ni/Mg/Al2O3 which the improved catalyst was used to remove both of tar models too. The results showed that the high tar removal efficiency both of thermal and catalytic cracking method. In addition, toluene was much easier to be reduced than naphthalene.

New generation biofuel from polypropylene plastic waste with co-reactant waste cooking oil and its characteristic performance

Liquid fuels from polypropylene plastic waste and co-reactants biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil have been successfully performed by catalytic cracking method. The catalyst used is Al-MCM-41: Ceramics with ratio 7:3. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, Pyridine-FTIR, N2-Adsorption-Desorption, and the product of catalytic cracking were investigated by GC-MS. The Liquid fuels obtained was mixed with commercial fuels and MTBE with ratio (10:87.5:2.5). The results showed liquid fuels have the largest percentage of gasoline (C7-C12) are 93.92 fraction produced. The performance of liquid fuels is enhanced with the additive MTBE investigated by generator set engine with gasoline-based fuel. The liquid fuel blends on the CB50 feedstock variation has the highest percentage of thermal efficiency of 27.42%, with a density value of 722.55 Kg/m3, a flash point of -5.9 ° C, a viscosity of 0.238 cst, and a heating value of 15,465, 94 Kcal/Kg. Characteristics of liquid fuel blends (CB) manufactured in accordance with SNI 06-3506-1994. Addition of the MTBE additive enhances the performance of CB100 mixture by 0.74% to the variation of TCB100 and 4.66% to Premium RON 88 at maximum loading of 2090 Watt. Characteristic of liquid fuels produced were also suitable with commercial gasoline standard.

Bio-fuel oil characteristic from catalytic cracking of hydrogenated palm oil

Pyrolysis characteristic of hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) was analyzed using TG, TG-FTIR-MS and Py-GC-MS. Bio-fuel oil (BFO) was obtained using catalytic cracking method. The BFO was analyzed by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, GC-MS and ESI FT-ICR MS to provide complementary and comprehensive adequate information. TG-DTG results showed that the HPO pyrolysis was different with other plant oil. It was clear that HPO pyrolysis was mainly in temperature range of 350 °C–500 °C. The mean activation energy of HPO pyrolysis calculated from KAS and FWO models was 161.10 kJ/mol and 164.28 kJ/mol, respectively. According to TG-FTIR-MS results, little amount of gas components was detected. Py-GC-MS result found heavy compounds, which carbon number exceeds 18. FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and GC-MS results found the BFO mainly contained long-chain alkane and alkene. According to ESI FT-ICR MS, the oxygen containing compounds in BFO were from O2O6 classes, with the O2 being the major class. The RSFTIR was first used to analyze biomass pyrolysis. The results found that in the decarboxylation process, the carbon chain also was cracked to form short carbon chain carboxyl firstly. According to above experiments results, we can confirm HPO pyrolysis path was different with palm oil. The key conclusion was that HPO maybe was a good bio-resource to obtain BFO, and it was mainly contained diesel-like components. Compared to palm oil pyrolysis products, HPO pyrolysis products were mainly contained long-chain alkane and alkene. The recommended pyrolysis path was also proposed.

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Bioenergy is new and renewable alternative energy which is currently developed enthusiastically. Bioenergy could be produced by catalytic cracking method, which is cracking carbon chain to raise energy fraction. This paper observes potential non-food bioenergy of cashew nut shell liquid as an alternative bioenergy source using catalytic cracking method. The effect of impregnated-metals Nikel and Molibdenum catalyst used in hydrocracking of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) into bioenergy was investigated. It focused specifically on two type of natural activated zeolite catalysts: NiO and NiOMoO at temperature reaction of 450 o C and ratio feed catalyst of 2 and 4. Catalysts characterization was conducted according to a gravimetric method to determine acidity of catalyst; Spectroscopy FT-IR analysis to get distribution of active site catalyst; X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis to observe crystalinity of catalyst; and Gas Sorption Analyzer (GSA) to measure surface area, porosity and total of pore volume. Bioenergy of CNSL in the liquid-phase, which were predominantly by gasoline, diesel oil, and heavy oil, was further analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the compound energy fraction qualitatively and quantitatively. The result showed that the NiOMoO (natural activated zeolite) provided an optimal performance with liquid product conversion was about 65-75%, and selectivity gasoline as well as diesel fraction was about 37-47% and 22-31%, respectively.

Catalytic upgrading of gaseous tars over zeolite catalysts during coal pyrolysis

Although light arenes such as benzene, toluene, and xylene in coal tar are widely used in industries, their amounts are relatively small. The catalytic cracking method for gaseous tar is one of the promising techniques for upgrading tar, and the amounts of light arenes are improved. Therefore, the catalytic upgrading of gaseous tar using two different catalysts is investigated in this study; the variations of light arenes before and after catalytic cracking are determined. More importantly, the variation of heavy compounds in gaseous tar is analyzed, and also the catalytic cracking mechanism is elucidated. The results show that the amount of benzene increases by 500% under the action of USY zeolite, and the amount of other compounds such as toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and naphthalene also increases by different degrees. However, Al/SBA-15 zeolite shows no obvious effect on gaseous tar upgrading. At the same time, the analysis results show that heavy compounds can be cracked over USY zeolite. Side chains are cleaved from aromatic rings, and aromatic rings are also cracked during the catalytic cracking reactions. Furthermore, light arenes are formed after the hydroxyl groups in phenols cleaved from the aromatic rings.

The Investigation of Reducing PAHs Emission from Coal Pyrolysis by Gaseous Catalytic Cracking

The catalytic cracking method of PAHs for the pyrolysis gaseous products is proposed to control their pollution to the environment. In this study, the Py-GC-MS is used to investigate in situ the catalytic effect of CaO and Fe2O3 on the 16 PAHs from Pingshuo coal pyrolysis under different catalytic temperatures and catalyst particle sizes. The results demonstrate that Fe2O3 is effective than that of CaO for catalytic cracking of 16 PAHs and that their catalytic temperature corresponding to the maximum PAHs cracking rates is different. The PAHs cracking rate is up to 60.59% for Fe2O3 at 600°C and is 52.88% at 700°C for CaO. The catalytic temperature and particle size of the catalysts have a significant effect on PAHs cracking rate and CaO will lose the capability of decreasing 16 PAHs when the temperature is higher than 900°C. The possible cracking process of 16 PAHs is deduced by elaborately analyzing the cracking effect of the two catalysts on 16 different species of PAHs.

1103 接触分解法によるバイオディーゼル燃料化技術の開発(OS-6 次世代エネルギー基盤(2))

1103 接触分解法によるバイオディーゼル燃料化技術の開発(OS-6 次世代エネルギー基盤(2))

Recent Progress in Biomass Tar Catalytic Cracking Method Research

A major problem in the current biomass gasification systems is the formation of tar. The condensed tar at low temperatures may cause blockage and pollution of downstream equipments, as well as environmental pollution. Therefore, the removal and conversion of tar are the key issues for biomass gasification. At present, the common methods of tar removal are mainly mechanism methods, thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. In this paper, the catalytic cracking method and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed.