Catalysts For CO2 Methanation Research Articles

Space confinement effect of carbon nanotube-alumina strip support on the Cu-Co catalysts for CO2 methanation

The present work reported the space confinement effect of carbon nanotube-alumina strip (CAS) support on the Cu-Co bimetallic catalyst or the single Cu, Co catalysts for the CO2 methanation. CAS, made by extrusion of nanotubes and Al-based sol and high temperature calcination, was a macroscopic support with sufficient mesopores and hydrophobic property. Cu-Co/CAS catalysts exhibited high catalytic activity for methanation of CO2 (H2/CO2=3:1), where CO2 conversion was 49.62% and CH4 selectivity was 95.98% at temperature as low as 250 ℃ and 1.5 MPa, and showed advantage significantly over those with the supports of individual nanotube or pure Alumina support. The comparison suggested the hydrophobicity of carbon nanotubes can effectively remove water from the metal active sites, enhancing the equilibrium of reverse water gas shift and CO methanation reactions, as compared to alumina support. Additionally, CAS support had a spatial confinement effect that increased the contact time of CO2 or intermediates with the active sites, compared with individual nanotube support. XPS and Raman spectroscopy validated the presence of oxygen vacancies of CAS, promoting the CO2 methanation. H2-TPR results, in combination with DFT calculations, confirmed that the CAS supports enabled the Cu-Co active phase by changing their electronic structures, to possess a strong adsorption activation capacity for H2 at low temperatures with high performance for CO2 methanation.

Bimetallic Ni-Fe Supported by Gadolinium Doped Ceria (GDC) Catalyst for CO2 Methanation

CO2 conversion into fuels and high value-added chemical feedstocks, such as methane, has gained novel interest as a crucial process for further manufacturing multi-carbon products. Methane, CH4, becomes a promising alternative for environmental and energy supply issues. Nickel-based catalysts were found to be very active and selective for CH4 production. The use of promoter and support material to develop high activity, high selectivity, and durable catalysts for CO2 methanation at low temperature is a challenge. Gadolinium-Doped Ceria (GDC) has been known as material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) due to higher ionic conductivity and lower operating temperatures. However, few researches have been done regarding to CO2 methanation over GDC as catalyst support so far. In this present work, CO2 methanation was investigated over bimetallic Ni-Fe catalyst supported by GDC. The results showed that CH4 production rate by using Ni-Fe/GDC catalyst was higher than that of GDC at all reaction temperatures carried on. Ni-Fe/GDC showed remarkable CH4 production rate as of 17.73 mmol.gcat−1.h−1 at 280 °C. No catalytic activity was produced by GDC catalyst only. The highest CO2 conversion (46.50%) was observed at 280 °C, with almost 100% selectivity to CH4. The turnover frequency (TOF) value of Ni-Fe/GDC (4529.32 h−1) was the highest than that of Ni and common CO2 methanation catalyst, Ni/Al2O3 catalysts at 280 °C, further displaying the outstanding low-temperature catalytic activity. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Robust stability of La- and Ce- dual-promoted Ni/ZrO2 catalyst for CO2 methanation

The sintering issue of Ni nanoparticles seriously limits the practical application of the Ni-based catalysts for CO2 methanation. This work demonstrates that the La- and Ce- dual-promoted Ni/ZrO2 shows better durability at 600 ºC and 60000 mL gcat−1 h−1 over 200 h compared with the La- or Ce- single-promoted. The composition and microstructure characterization indicates that the dispersion and sintering resistance of Ni nanoparticles is enhanced with the dual-promoted catalysts. Both depth profile of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculation show that in the La- and Ce- dual-promoted Ni/ZrO2, the reduced dissolution of Ce into ZrO2 lattice and the spread of La on ZrO2 surface by forming a La2O3-CeO2 solid solution improves the dispersion and stability of Ni nanoparticles. This work provides a facile strategy to mitigate the sintering of Ni nanoparticles and thus improve the stability of Ni-based catalysts for CO2 methanation.

Optimizing Low-Temperature CO2 methanation with Aluminum-Doped Ni/CeO2 Catalysts: Insights into reaction pathway adjustments and strong Metal-Support interactions

Revealing the logical relationship between the structure, reaction mechanism and performance of the catalyst is a key step in the design of low-temperature CO2 methanation catalyst. The elemental Al was introduced into Ni/CeO2 using a co-precipitation method to form a composite support CeO2-Al2O3 loaded nickel-based catalyst. It was found that the incorporation of Al significantly improved the catalytic performance of low-temperature CO2 methanation. Notably, at a molar ratio of Al/Ce equal to 0.1, the catalyst exhibited optimal CO2 conversion of 88.83% and CH4 selectivity of 99.96% at 240 ℃. The addition of appropriate amounts of Al not only increases the specific surface area of the catalyst but also maintains a moderate strong interaction between metal Ni-support, thereby promoting the formation of active metal Ni species. Furthermore, the presence of Al leads to an increase in oxygen vacancy concentration, which facilitates the generation of numerous hydroxyl groups. Consequently, this alters the distribution of basic sites on the catalyst surface, resulting in a shift from the CO* pathway to a dual pathway involving both CO* and formate pathways. Remarkably, these divergent reaction pathways correspond to distinct active sites, thereby maximizing the utilization of each region within the catalyst. The diversity of reaction pathways and active sites represents pivotal factors for enhancing the catalytic performance of low-temperature CO2 methanation catalysts.

Ni-Based Catalysts for CO2 Methanation: Exploring the Support Role in Structure-Activity Relationships.

The catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methane is one of the highly researched areas for the production of chemical fuels. The activity of catalyst is largely affected by support type and metal-support interaction deriving from the special method during catalyst preparation. Hence, we employed a simple solvothermal technique to synthesize Ni-based catalysts with different supports and studied the support role (CeO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, and La2O3) on structure-activity relationships in CO2 methanation. It is found that catalyst morphology can be altered by only changing the support precursors during synthesis, and therefore their catalytic behaviours were significantly affected. The Ni/Al2O3 with a core-shell morphology prepared herein exhibited a higher activity than the catalyst prepared with a common wet impregnation method. To have a comprehensive understanding for structure-activity relationships, advanced characterization (e. g., synchrotron radiation-based XAS and photoionization mass spectrometry) and in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy experiments were conducted. This research opens an avenue to further delve into the role of support on morphologies that can greatly enhance catalytic activity during CO2 methanation.

Engineering biochar-supported nickel catalysts for efficient CO2 methanation

Carbon dioxide methanation is a promising approach to convert captured CO2 into green natural gas. Developing high performance biochar-supported nickel catalysts promotes a circular economy and the application of sustainable catalysts. Western red cedar biochar was produced via pyrolysis at 400, 500, and 600 °C and loaded with nickel via incipient wetness impregnation. Methanation was done at 400, 500, and 600 °C with the highest methane yield of 59% achieved at 500 °C with 10 wt.% Ni loading. This is comparable to a γ-Al2O3 supported catalyst prepared and tested similarly, which achieved a methane yield of 53%. Biochar-supported catalysts showed deactivation whereby methane yield decreased from 59% to 51% over 5 h, likely due to coking and/or the sintering of nickel. Various space velocities were tested, and results demonstrated that with a space velocity of 37.5 mL/g.min methane selectivity was 89% after 1 h on stream compared to methane selectivity of 42%, which was achieved at a space velocity of 112.5 mL/g.min. This shows that a much higher rate of deactivation is observed at higher space velocities. Increasing the nickel loading from 5 wt.% to 10 wt.% increased methane yield from 40% to 58% after 1 h on stream. The higher loading also showed significantly less deactivation. Future work focusing on the extent and impact of metal-support interactions and metal dispersion on catalytic performance and deactivation during CO2 methanation is recommended.

Exploring optimal total metal loading of Ni3Fe/Al2O3 catalyst for CO2 methanation and its kinetic model

A series of Al2O3-supported bimetallic Ni-Fe catalyst with Ni/Fe = 3 are prepared, characterized, and examined for CO2 methanation to identify the total metal loading (Ni+Fe) that yields the maximum activity. The XRD patterns of all catalysts exhibit a noticeable peak shift, which suggests alloy formation and XPS studies reveal that the near-surface concentration of the reduced catalysts possess Ni/Fe ratios similar to those targeted. Analysis of the particle size distribution from TEM and degree of reduction from TPR clearly shows that an increase in metal loading results in a gradual decrease in effective dispersion. However, the catalyst with 55% total metal loading of Ni+Fe, 55Ni3FeAl, possessed the maximum surface metal sites and effective surface metal area, which is reflected in the highest activity of this catalyst during CO2 methanation. Kinetic measurements of the CO2 methanation reaction are obtained on 55Ni3FeAl at temperatures ranging from 513 to 533 K and ambient pressure under differential reactor conditions and in the absence of heat and mass transfer resistance. Several kinetic models are then considered to fit the reaction data for CO2 methanation. The parameters of the models are determined by non-linear regression and analyzed for their thermodynamic consistency and statistical validity (R2, R2adj, NRMSE and F - test). The kinetic data of CO2 methanation on 55Ni3FeAl is adequately represented by a reaction model, where the surface reaction between molecularly adsorbed CO2 and adsorbed H2 appears to be the rate-determining step. The activation energy of this rate determining step was 136 kJ/mol. This kinetic model can then be used to design, analyze, and control different reactors where the most active Al2O3 supported Ni-Fe catalyst with Ni/Fe = 3, 55Ni3FeAl, is used for the CO2 methanation reaction.

Ce enhanced RuNi alloy multi-metal synergic hydrotalcite oxide derived catalyst for high performance CO2 methanation

Ni-based methanation catalysts have problems such as low temperature activity and easy sintering. The high cost of supported Ru-based methanation catalysts limits their application in industrialization. In this work, a hydrotalcite precursor Ru-Ni-Ce-Y catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation method, and the hydrotalcite oxide catalyst was prepared by high temperature calcination. The hydrotalcite oxide catalyst was prepared by optimizing the ratio of Ni element and the amount of precious metal and rare earth metal. Compared with the traditional supported catalyst, the activity of Ru1Ni80Ce4Y20 was significantly improved. It is confirmed from the experimental results that the medium basic sites, oxygen vacancies and the synergistic effect between RuNi alloy and Ce are the reasons for the high performance of Ru1Ni80Ce4Y20. It provides a thought for the design of highly active, stable and low cost methanation catalysts in industrial methanation production.

Impact of varied zeolite materials on nickel catalysts in CO2 methanation

Ni catalysts supported on 4A, 5A, 13X, ZSM-5, and BEA zeolites were prepared using the vacuum-heating method for CO2 methanation. These support materials play a pivotal role in shaping the catalysts' properties and their catalytic performance. High-resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mappings suggest a significant concentration of Ni nanoparticles situated on the external surfaces of catalysts with low Si/Al ratios zeolites (Ni-4A, Ni-5A, and Ni-13X). These Ni nanoparticles exhibit characteristics of weaker metal-support interaction, lower metal reduction temperatures, and moderate H2 adsorption activity. Moreover, these low Si/Al ratio zeolites demonstrate robust CO2 adsorption activity. These properties endow Ni-5A and Ni-13X catalysts with heightened CO2 conversion (70.4–70.9%) and methane selectivity (92.4–96.4%). In contrast, high Si/Al ratio zeolite-based catalysts (Ni-ZSM-5 and Ni-BEA) exhibit smaller Ni particles, strong metal-support interaction and weaker CO2 adsorption activity, resulting in reduced CO2 methanation activity and decreased methane selectivity (71.2–73.4%). The normalized CO2 conversion rate presents a correlation with the average Ni particle size.

Enhanced CO2 methanation activity over Ni/CeO2 catalyst by adjusting metal-support interactions

CO2 methanation is an essential means of utilizing CO2, which is crucial to solving environmental problems and alleviating energy crisis. The design and development of high- performance low temperature CO2 methanation catalysts is the key to its further application. In this work, the metal-support interaction of Ni/CeO2 catalyst was regulated by changing the calcination temperature and Ni loadings to optimize the CO2 methanation performance. The results showed that 5NiCe-800 exhibited the best CO2 conversion of 83.1 % and 98.0 % CH4 selectivity at 350 °C, since it has a suitable Ni-CeO2 interaction, higher oxygen vacancy concentration, great reducibility and better basic site distribution. The reaction mechanism and the synergistic effect of CeO2 and Ni in CO2 methanation was revealed by in-situ FTIR, which is of great significance for the development of efficient CeO2 supported Ni-based for CO2 methanation.

Facile Synthesis Method of Zeolite NaY and Zeolite NaY-Supported Ni Catalyst with High Catalytic Activity for the Conversion of CO2 to CH4

In this work, the facile reflux method was used as a crystallization procedure for zeolite NaY synthesis. The zeolite mixture was aged for 7 days and then refluxed for crystallization at 100 °C for 12 h. The synthesized zeolite NaY was impregnated with 10, 20 and 30 wt%Ni solution to use as a catalyst for CO2 methanation. The 30 wt% of Ni on the zeolite NaY catalyst showed the highest CO2 methanation catalytic activity, with almost 100% CH4 selectivity. This can be explained by an appropriate H2 and CO2 adsorption amount on a catalyst surface being able to facilitate the surface reaction between them and further react to form products. The oxidation state of Ni and the stability of the catalyst were monitored by time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The oxidation state of Ni2+ was reduced during the catalyst reduction prior to the CO2 methanation and it was completely reduced to Ni° at 600 °C. During CO2 methanation, Ni° remained unchanged. In addition, the stability test of the catalyst was conducted by exposing the catalyst to a fluctuating condition (CO2 + H2 and only CO2). The oxidation state of Ni° remained unchanged under the fluctuating condition. This indicated that the Ni/zeolite catalyst has high stability, which can be attributed to an appropriate binding strength between Ni and the zeolite support.

Superexchange-stabilized long-distance Cu sites in rock-salt-ordered double perovskite oxides for CO2 electromethanation

Cu-oxide-based catalysts are promising for CO2 electroreduction (CO2RR) to CH4, but suffer from inevitable reduction (to metallic Cu) and uncontrollable structural collapse. Here we report Cu-based rock-salt-ordered double perovskite oxides with superexchange-stabilized long-distance Cu sites for efficient and stable CO2-to-CH4 conversion. For the proof-of-concept catalyst of Sr2CuWO6, its corner-linked CuO6 and WO6 octahedral motifs alternate in all three crystallographic dimensions, creating sufficiently long Cu-Cu distances (at least 5.4 Å) and introducing marked superexchange interaction mainly manifested by O-anion-mediated electron transfer (from Cu to W sites). In CO2RR, the Sr2CuWO6 exhibits significant improvements (up to 14.1 folds) in activity and selectivity for CH4, together with well boosted stability, relative to a physical-mixture counterpart of CuO/WO3. Moreover, the Sr2CuWO6 is the most effective Cu-based-perovskite catalyst for CO2 methanation, achieving a remarkable selectivity of 73.1% at 400 mA cm−2 for CH4. Our experiments and theoretical calculations highlight the long Cu-Cu distances promoting *CO hydrogenation and the superexchange interaction stabilizing Cu sites as responsible for the superb performance.

Carbon Dioxide Methanation Enabled by Biochar-Nanocatalyst Composite Materials: A Mini-Review

Due to ever-increasing global warming, the scientific community is concerned with finding immediate solutions to reduce or utilize carbon dioxide (CO2) and convert it in useful compounds. In this context, the reductive process of CO2 methanation has been well-investigated and found to be attractive due to its simplicity. However, it requires the development of highly active catalysts. In this mini-review, the focus is on biochar-immobilized nanocatalysts for CO2 methanation. We summarize the recent literature on the topic, reporting strategies for designing biochar with immobilized nanocatalysts and their performance in CO2 methanation. We review the thermochemical transformation of biomass into biochar and its decoration with CO2 methanation catalysts. We also tackle direct methods of obtaining biochar nanocatalysts, in one pot, from nanocatalyst precursor-impregnated biomass. We review the effect of the initial biomass nature, as well as the conditions that permit tuning the performances of the composite catalysts. Finally, we discuss the CO2 methanation performance and how it could be improved, keeping in mind low operation costs and sustainability.

Exploring dolomite as a promising support for Ni catalysts in CO2 methanation

Ni catalysts supported on Al-modified calcined dolomite were developed, using a natural mineral as the precursor. Treatment with 3% w/w Al improved thermal stability and increased the surface area. The variation in Ni loading (5–30% w/w) was studied to characterize the structural, morphological, and chemical properties. The CO2 capture capacity of the solids, evaluated by Thermogravimetric Analysis at 400 °C (100–800 μmol∙g−1), decreased with increasing Ni loading due to the reduction of basic sites. CO2-TPD analyses revealed the presence of captured CO2 in various basic sites, especially in the strong ones, with efficient formation of thermally stable carbonates. In catalytic tests at 400 °C, conversions exceeding 50% were achieved for higher Ni loadings and around 50% for lower loadings, with 100% selectivity towards CH4. The application of in situ and operando Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy techniques provided insights into the formation of carbonates and their transformation into formate, methoxy, and formyl species, explaining the total selectivity towards CH4 and the absence of CO in the products. This comprehensive approach significantly contributes to the understanding of the reaction dynamics and opens new perspectives for the utilization of Ni catalysts supported on modified dolomite.

Zonal activation of molecular carbon dioxide and hydrogen over dual sites Ni-Co-MgO catalyst for CO2 methanation: Synergistic catalysis of Ni and Co species

An in-depth mechanism in zonal activation of CO2 and H2 molecular over dual-active sites has not been revealed yet. Here, Ni-Co-MgO was rationally constructed to elucidate the CO2 methanation mechanism. The abundant surface nickel and cobalt components as active sites led to strong Ni-Co interaction with charge transfer from nickel to cobalt. Notably, electron-enriched Coδ− species participated in efficient chemisorption and activation of CO2 to generate monodentate carbonate. Simultaneously, plentiful available Ni0 sites facilitated H2 dissociation, thus CO2 and H2 were smoothly activated at zones of Coδ− species and Ni0, respectively. Detailed in situ DRIFTS, quasi situ XPS, TPSR, and DFT calculations substantiated a new formate evolution mechanism via monodentate carbonate instead of traditional bidentate carbonate based on synergistic catalysis of Coδ− species and Ni0. The zonal activation of CO2 and H2 by tuning electron behaviors of double-center catalysts can boost heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation performance.

CO2 methanation over open cell foams prepared via chemical conversion coating

In the framework of the CO2 utilization, and of the integration of renewable energy sources into the power generation scenario, the methanation reaction plays a key role, being the core of the power-to-gas, or power-to-X, processes. Structured catalysts are widely recognized for being particularly promising in exothermic processes, as they ensure a better thermal management of the heat generated within the system. In recent years, the application of metallic structures has spread. Nevertheless, the functionalization of these structures via washcoating procedure has several disadvantages. Herein, it is highlighted the potential of ceria chemical-conversion coating (CCC) as technique for the preparation of methanation catalysts, and optimize the Ni deposition procedure on such structures. In this work, the suitability of the obtained catalysts for CO2 methanation was evaluated in several operating conditions, obtaining CO2 conversion as high as 70 % below 400 °C with the most promising sample. In a first analysis, it was demonstrated that the catalysts prepared through the CCC technique can be applied in the CO2 methanation systems. In addition, through a kinetic analysis it was highlighted that the preparation method could be a key parameter for the selectivity of the process, driving the system towards a direct CO2 methanation or to the CO-path mechanism, therefore further studies should be performed to better explore this aspect.

Tuning the selectivity of photothermal CO2 hydrogenation through photo-induced interaction between Ni nanoparticles and TiO2

Photothermal CO2 hydrogenation into value-added chemicals driven by abundant solar energy is a promising and sustainable approach for achieving carbon neutralization. Herein, we demonstrate the photo-induced interaction between Ni nanoparticles and TiO2 support (Ni@TiO2) for maneuvering the selectivity of photothermal CO2 hydrogenation. According to experimental characterizations and theoretical simulations, the formed strong metal-support interaction between Ni and TiO2 can significantly enhance the adsorption of key intermediate *CO for further hydrogenation, thus tuning the CO2 hydrogenation pathway toward CH4. Consequently, the Ni@TiO2 catalyst exhibits a CH4 production rate of 286.5 mmol gcat−1 h−1 with an 81.8% selectivity under full-spectrum solar light irradiation. Moreover, in situ experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations suggest that photothermal CO2 hydrogenation over Ni@TiO2 undergoes a stepwise hydrogenation pathway to methane. This work offers insights into a simple approach for designing efficient nonprecious metal-based CO2 methanation catalysts.

Heterogeneous Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Methanation: A View on Catalytic Performance

CO2 methanation offers a promising route for converting CO2 into valuable chemicals and energy fuels at the same time as hydrogen is stored in methane, so the development of suitable catalysts is crucial. In this review, the performance of catalysts for CO2 methanation is presented and discussed, including noble metal-based catalysts and non-noble metal-based catalysts. Among the noble metal-based catalysts (Ru, Rh, and Pd), Ru-based catalysts show the best catalytic performance. In the non-noble metal catalysts, Ni-based catalysts are the best among Ni-, Co-, and Fe-based catalysts. The factors predominantly affecting catalytic performance are the dispersion of the active metal; the synergy of the active metal with support; and the addition of dopants. Further comprehensive investigations into (i) catalytic performance under industrial conditions, (ii) stability over a much longer period and (iii) activity enhancement at low reaction temperatures are anticipated to meet the industrial applications of CO2 methanation.

Visualizing the Birth and Monitoring the Life of a Bimetallic Methanation Catalyst.

Well-defined bimetallic heterogeneous catalysts are not only difficult to synthesize in a controlled manner, but their elemental distributions are also notoriously challenging to define. Knowledge of these distributions is required for both the as-synthesized catalyst and its activated form under reaction conditions, where various types of reconstruction can occur. Success in this endeavor requires observation of the active catalyst via in situ analytical methods. As a step toward this goal, we present a composite material composed of bimetallic nickel-ruthenium nanoparticles supported on a protonated zeolite (Ni-Ru/HZSM-5) and probe its evolution and function as a photoactive carbon dioxide methanation catalyst using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The working Ni-Ru/HZSM-5, as a selective and durable photothermal CO2 methanation catalyst, comprises a corona of Ru nanoparticles decorating a Ni nanoparticle core. The specific Ni-Ru interactions in the bimetallic particles were confirmed by in situ XAS, which reveals significant electron transfer from Ni to Ru. The light-harvesting Ni nanoparticle core and electron-accepting Ru nanoparticle corona serve as the CO2 and H2 dissociation centers, respectively. These Ni and Ru nanoparticles also promote synergistic photothermal and hydrogen atom transfer effects. Collectively, these effects enable an associative CO2 methanation reaction pathway while hindering coking and fostering high selectivity toward methane.

Binder effect on CeO2-based technical catalyst performance: insights and implications

Cerium oxide has earned recognition as a valuable support material in heterogeneous catalysis due to its exceptional catalytic properties. Ensuring the mechanical stability of CeO2-based technical catalysts is crucial for reliable industrial performance. This study reports two primary approaches for enhancing the mechanical resistance of these catalysts. Firstly, thermal treatment was explored, applying various calcination temperatures and heating rates, which highlighted the balance between mechanical strength and porosity in catalyst supports. Secondly, the influence of inorganic binders ―boehmite, bentonite, and kaolinite― on the physicochemical properties and catalytic performance of CeO2-based supports in the context of CO2 methanation was systematically evaluated. Binder-modified CeO2-based technical supports (with a CeO2-to-binder ratio of 10:1) were fabricated, impregnated with nickel salts, characterized using N2-physisorption, compression assays, XRD, TGA, SEM-EDX, and H2-TPR, and their activity in the methanation of CO2 was assessed. Bentonite demonstrated remarkable strength enhancement, doubling the mechanical resistance compared to the pure CeO2 support. However, employing clay-altered supports as catalysts led to unfavorable results for application in practical cases. Boehmite emerged as a highly promising binder, demonstrating exceptional chemical and mechanical stability and minimal disruption to the activity of the catalyst in CO2 methanation thus establishing its practical suitability for catalyst development. This research highlights the nuanced influence of different binders on catalyst performance, providing valuable insights into the design and optimization of CeO2-based catalysts for applied catalytic technologies.