Casual Visitors Research Articles

Second Prebasic Molt of a Black-headed Gull at Anchorage, Alaska

A second-cycle Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), a rare to casual visitor in western North America, remained at Anchorage, Alaska, from 16 July through 17 September 2023, providing a unique opportunity to track and document most stages of its second prebasic molt into definitive (adult) basic plumage. I estimated that the Anchorage bird required approximately 3 to 3.5 months (early/mid-June through late September) to complete the molt of its primaries. This is notably longer than the “average” 2.5 months stated for second-cycle Black-headed Gulls in several publications, but consistent with the duration and calendar limits reported by others for the entire species (mid-May/June through September). The start and duration of rectrix molt relative to the stage of primary molt closely matched that described for gulls in general, and specifically for predefinitive Bonaparte’s (C. philadephia) and Western (Larus occidentalis) gulls. When first observed in mid-July, the Anchorage bird had a white tail, as in definitive plumage, a trait infrequent in first-cycle Black-headed Gulls; then it molted the tail again through August. Although Black-headed Gulls occurring in western North America have been presumed to originate from eastern Asia, the timing of the Anchorage bird’s primary molt closely matched that published for second-cycle Black-headed Gulls in Europe, which has reported to be earlier—though molt schedules of Charadriiformes at the population level are highly variable.

ExhibitXplorer: Enabling Personalized Content Delivery in Museums Using Contextual Geofencing and Artificial Intelligence

In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for personalized experiences in various domains, including the cultural and educational sectors. Museums, as custodians of art, history, and scientific knowledge, are seeking innovative ways to engage their visitors and provide tailored content that enhances their understanding and appreciation of the exhibits. This article presents ExhibitXplorer, a distributed architecture service that leverages geofencing, artificial intelligence, and microservices to enable personalized content delivery in museums. By combining implicit and explicit segmentation of museum visitors and utilizing the GPT API for content generation, ExhibitXplorer offers a dynamic experience to different visitor segments, including researchers, students, casual visitors, and children. The system utilizes push notifications triggered by visitor location changes, allowing seamless delivery of personalized information both indoors and outdoors. Tests were conducted to evaluate the user experience of visitors to an outdoor ethnographic museum. The results showed that 55% of the test participants were satisfied and 45% very satisfied with the way personalized content was delivered.

The role of sunflower crops in maintaining the biodiversity of hymenopterous insects in agrocenoses of Krasnodar Territory

Aim. To study the species composition and abundance of anthophilic Hymenopteran insects in the sunflower agrocenosis and the role of its flowers in maintaining biodiversity in the agrocenoses of the Krasnodar Territory. Material and Methods. The studies were conducted during the sunflower growing season in the Krasnodar Territory from 2017 to 2022 in the Kanevsky, Krasnoarmeysky, Krylovsky, Labinsky, Ust‐Labinsky, Tbilisi and Temryuk districts.Results. In sunflower agrocenoses, 53 species of stinging hymenopteran insects from 10 families are found. For each research area, there is an individual insect fauna, which is characteristic of the agrocenosis and actively visits sunflower flowers. The fauna of each district includes mass species, common and rare, most of which are not interested in sunflower flowers, using other resources. The main visitors of sunflower inflorescences are bumblebees, which in a range of circumstances may visit flowers. Most wasp species are casual visitors to sunflower flowers.Conclusion. Most widely represented in the sunflower agrocenosis are insects of the families Halictidae, Andrenidae, Megachilidae, Apidae. In each research area, there are individual situations when common insect species either visit sunflower flowers or completely ignore them. Combining information on all areas, we observe that in the case of certain local conditions, almost all representatives of the fauna can feed on sunflowers, but it is not the principal resources, only complementing the wild flora.

India: A History in Objects by T. Richard Blurton

India: A History in Objects is yet another book that tries to understand India through its objects. Yet, an object is more than an object, particularly in India. In addition to a patron and a creator, it likely had an environment that fostered it, a textual source that inspired it, and a timeless creative tradition that sustained it. Such an object creates relationships with objects around it, usually as part of a religious or cultural tradition, meant mainly for its subjective, inward, aesthetic experience.An encyclopedic work like this one can have much to offer about its subject matter even if it lacks academic depth and treats objects of art as mere ephemeral curiosities. To be fair, Blurton makes this point himself at the outset. The title of the book is also a misnomer; the objects are not from every museum that makes a contribution to the history of the subcontinent; it is primarily a guide to the Indian art collection at the British Museum, intended for casual visitors, not for scholars doing serious research. With more than 500 illustrations, the book is a visual delight, despite its lack of academic vigor. Through a bird’s-eye view, Blurton attempts to connect today’s India with its past.Blurton presents a vast chronology from the Indus Civilization to the British Raj, covering many of the intervening dynasties. As mainly a visual tour, with only a simple and attenuated text, it will saturate readers’ eyes more than it will stimulate their intellects. The captions of the images are succinct but sufficient.Blurton does well to include not only objects from the Hindu tradition but also from the Buddhist, Jain, and Islamic traditions, in India as well as elsewhere in the sub-continent. His broad sweep fittingly encompasses objects in daily use, like the pan box and huqqa base; a feature of Indian art is its seamless blending of the quotidian and the classical.By including both photography and objects, Blurton is able to draw attention to a wide variety of art forms. He restores some degree of academic strength to the book via his introductions to such noteworthy chapters as “Dynasties and the Rise of Buddhism,” “Shiva Nataraja,” “Rural Cultures,” and Film and Cinema. By restricting himself to the British Museum, however, he is unable to incorporate significant objects within the genres that he presents. In the section entitled “Paintings From the Punjab Hills,” he makes no reference to Kangra and Raja Sansar Chand, among other places. In the genre of Rajput Paintings, he fails to give the ateliers of Bikaner, Kishangarh, Bundi, et al. their due. The chapter about Ragamala paintings makes no mention of the Ragamala texts or the seed mantras from which the paintings emanated. The absence of any allusion to underlying, seminal primary works—whether temples, poetry, paintings, or sculpture—is a consistent problem in the book. A comprehensive bibliography would have been helpful to serious students of Indian art.Overall, this book belongs on a coffee table rather than on a library bookshelf, but it makes enjoyable reading, lightly touching many objects and their histories. Readers can open the book to any page and embark on a pleasure trip. The book will certainly appeal to anyone interested in the long history of beautiful objects created on the Indian sub-continent.

#NextGenOrgChem Special Collection: Supporting Young Researchers

Guest Editor Prof. Stefano Protti introduces the #NextGenOrgChem special collection, which includes original research papers, reviews and concept articles by young organic chemists (post-doctoral and early-career researchers) nominated by the EurJOC advisory and editorial board members. The Seehotel Waldstätterhof in Brunnen (Ingenbohl, Switzerland), where every year the traditional Bürgenstock Conference is held, faces the lake of Lucerne. If distracted participants of the congress thought of leaning out towards its surrounding crush barriers, they would catch sight of tens of ducks’ nests, at a safe distance from one another, lying all along the sand stripe rimming the water. While heading back towards the hotel, the casual visitor might even find that double imprinting of a protected nest facing the limitless watery space as a natural choice. Well, supervisors are not ducks, this must be said, although they are often as greedy as geese, feeding on asterisks and funding. Yet it would be nice if in the eternal struggle to get free from their mentors, they remembered not to make the same mistakes, really trying their best to lead a postdoc on, crossing the thin line that divides the you work for me status, from the you work with me one, avoiding to fall into the tempting territorial marking, leaving them free to develop insights and work on reviews parallel to, and not instead of, their commitments as post-doc. Not guiding them into the world, but showing it to them, with a hand's gesture. As with the horizon of a lake. From there on, staying afloat it is also on them. In line the European Journal of Organic Chemistry's efforts of offering early career researchers a platform to present their work, the #NextGenOrgChem virtual collection showcases a set of contributions (both Research Articles and Reviews) from both advanced postdocs and young group leaders nominated by the EurJOC editorial and advisory board members. The manuscripts collected in the present special collection (more than 30 contributions among reviews and research papers) aim to provide a bright and colourful portrait of the incoming generation of chemists. Contributions to this collection include the optimization of synthetic strategies (in several cases the use of biocatalytic, electrochemical or photocatalytic approaches has been proposed), the design of innovative bioactive compounds and materials, as well as computational and experimental investigations on reaction mechanisms. The design and the synthesis of molecular switches and probes is likewise covered. The EurJOC editorial team and I thank all the participants that accepted our invitation, as well as the members of the International Advisory Board. Surf's up, guys. The opinions expressed in this publication are the view of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or views of the European Journal of Organic Chemistry, the Publisher, Chemistry Europe, or the affiliated editors. This work has been made possible thanks to the commitment of the entire EurJOC editorial team and in particular Charlotte Gers-Panther (currently Editor-in-Chief of ChemCatChem), Leana Travaglini (Deputy Editor) and Anne Nijs (Editor-in-Chief). As the guest editor, my acknowledgment goes to the PhotoGreen Lab staff (mentors and students). I would also like to thank Dr. Rossana Quarteroni (University of Pavia) and Dr. Federica Rizzi (Wiley-VCH) who helped me to polish this text. Stefano Protti (Ph.D. in Chemistry, 2007, prof. A. Albini as the supervisor) is Associate Professor at the University of Pavia since 2018. His research is mainly focused on the design and the optimization of visible light mediated synthetic protocols under metal- and (photo)catalyst-free conditions. He is currently editor of the Specialist Periodical Reports in Photochemistry (Royal Society of Chemistry), associate editor of Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences and member of the International Advisory Board of the European Journal of Organic Chemistry.

Pollen morphology and flower visitors of Leiotulus aureus (Sm.) Pimenov & Ostr. (Apiaceae)

The pollen grains of Leiotulus aureus (syn. Malabaila aurea (Sm.) Boiss.) were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to contribute to the taxonomical and melissopalynological studies of the species. Flower visitors have also been observed and analyzed aiming at clarifying some pollination aspects including the species contribution to the bee pasture. The pollen grains of L. aureus are isopolar, radially symmetrical, medium to large in size, tricolporate and perprolate. They are slightly equatorially constricted with obtuse polar caps and triangular in polar view. The sculpturing pattern is rugulate–microperforate. With regard to flower visitors, the following pollination types occurred: melittophily, myophily and sapromyophily and cantharophily. Some insects attracted by L. aureus cannot be considered pollinators but casual visitors. The flowers were the most frequently visited by honey bees during the midday.

The Eyewitness War Museum in the Netherlands: Spectacle, Experience, and Usurping the Witness

ABSTRACT Since 2013, the Eyewitness War Museum (EWM) in Beek, the Netherlands, has been claiming to offer a ‘lifelike’ depiction of many of the central events of the years 1940 to 1945. While incorporating some video, soundtracks, and touchscreens, the heart of the museum is its thirteen largescale multifigure dioramas filled with war memorabilia, including uniforms, weapons, and everyday artifacts. Through the lifelike mannequins and the historical objects, the visitor is invited to ‘encounter’ and experience the events of the Second World War; so much so, that the visit promises to transform them into ‘eyewitnesses.’ In distinct contrast to numerous war and Holocaust museums that aim to involve the visitor as a ‘secondary witness’ through embodiment and self-reflection, the EWM visitor ‘experiences’ history as a captivating and consumable visual display, watching from a distanced position of spectatorship. Moreover, the ‘guide’ to the museum, an ‘ordinary’ German soldier, is fictional, while the items that surround him are authentic. After two decades of valorizing witnesses and the use of survivor testimony, museums like the EWM negate and downplay their value, labeling the commodified experience of the visitor equivalent to that of an historical ‘eyewitness.’ While exploring these issues, this article also provides a new tool in analyzing visitor responses by looking not at predetermined surveys—often designed by the very people who run the museums—but rather at more casual visitor responses in guidebooks and travel sites. Reviews on TripAdvisor and the travel platform izi.TRAVEL are explored to reveal the way that visitors perceive, remember, and interpret their experience in the museum.

Delivering Personalized Content to Open-air Museum Visitors Using Geofencing

This paper presents the architecture and implementation of a service that delivers personalized content to open-air museum visitors. The service uses push notifications to deliver this content. Notifications can be delivered to all visitors or personalized - to a group of visitors or to a specific visitor. The service segments museum visitors according to their location and their profile, which is built dynamically over time. For the geospatial segmentation of visitors, geofencing is used - each visitor is assigned to a segment that corresponds to a specific geographic area - part of an open space or exhibit. The service allows localization of visitors by their GPS coordinates or by estimating their distance from Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons. The geofences are described as a polygons or circles. Geospatial segmentation is implemented using a NoSQL database MongoDB, which has built-in capabilities for working with geospatial queries. Depending on the profile, each visitor falls into one or several segments: professional researcher, non-professional researcher, inspiration seeker, casual visitor, and visitors with disabilities. For each visitor, personalized content is delivered, depending on the segments to which the visitor is assigned. The necessary experiments have been conducted and analyzed to prove the applicability of the service for real-time delivery of personalized content.

Review: Creating the Creation Museum: How Fundamentalist Beliefs Come to Life, by Kathleen C. Oberlin

Review: <i>Creating the Creation Museum: How Fundamentalist Beliefs Come to Life</i>, by Kathleen C. Oberlin

Living amongst the Dead: Life at the Ancient Memphite Necropolis of Saqqara during the Late Period/Early Ptolemaic Era

The Memphite Necropolis of Saqqara is situated approximately 20 km south of modern Cairo on a plateau at the edge of the western desert and was in use as a funerary site for a period of nearly three and a half millennia. Today, the site is popular with visitors and archaeologists alike, but its ruinous condition and a proscribed visitor experience does little to offer visitors an understanding of the necropolis and how it was inhabited during the ancient past. This article examines the current documentary and excavation research on the Memphite Necropolis of Saqqara during the Late Period/early Ptolemaic era and considers its inhabitants, their routes of movement, and where they may have lived and worked. This article contends that the landscape of the necropolis was dynamic and full of activity. A mixture of priests, craftsmen, merchants, and others involved in the daily activities of the temples and cults, along with pilgrims, worshippers, and casual visitors, would have been moving in and around the necropolis daily.

Travelling to Bundesliga matches: the carbon footprint of football fans

ABSTRACT The purposes of this study were to estimate the carbon footprint caused by football fans travelling to Bundesliga matches (first division) in Germany in the 2018/19 season, to analyse determinants of seasonal carbon footprint, and to identify fan clusters based on travel behaviour. A nationwide online survey of football fans was conducted (n = 539) asking respondents to report their match-related travel behaviour. The average seasonal carbon footprint of a Bundesliga fan amounted 311.1 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (CO2-e), with car travel accounting for 70% of the emissions. The aggregate carbon footprint of all fans for the whole Bundesliga season was 369,765.2 t CO2-e. Buying out of these carbon emissions would cost over €9.2 million in total. The regression results revealed that club membership and commitment to favourite club significantly increased fans’ carbon footprint. The choice of favourite Bundesliga club also predicted carbon footprint, with fans of FC Bayern Munich and RB Leipzig producing a significantly higher carbon footprint than fans of Borussia Dortmund. The segmentation of Bundesliga fans by their travel behaviour identified three distinct clusters: Devoted travellers (19%), home fans (30%) and casual visitors (51%). These clusters differed significantly in terms of emissions per kilometre travelled, car use versus public transport, club membership, fan commitment, environmental consciousness, education and age. The findings have practical implications for policy makers, Bundesliga officials and club authorities, and can serve as a basis for initiatives to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in professional team sports.

Impact of Pollinator Insects Associated with Cucumber Fruit Set

Background: Cucumber is one of the popular vegetables of the cultivated cucurbits. Different insect species harbored with cucumber plant and they influence on its production, but little have been studied in Bangladesh. This study investigated the abundance of the insect species and the impact of insect pollinators on cucumber yield. Methods: Investigation was conducted in summer and rainy seasons at Gazipur, Bangladesh. Insects were collected and categorized as pest, predator, pollinator and casual visitor. Occurrence of the insects at different hours of the day and impact of supplemented insect pollinators on fruit and seed set compared to natural and hand pollination were studied. Result: In total thirty species of insects were found with cucumber plants and their relative abundances ranged from 0.4 to 13.7%. We found ten species of insects as pest, ten species as predator, four species as pollinator and six species as casual visitor. The red pumpkin beetle, epilachna beetle and fruit fly were found as the major pests. The red pumpkin beetle revealed the top ranks among the insects and the highest abundance of the insects occurred at 09:00 h of the day. Supplemented insect pollinators revealed higher yield, which indicated the significant for conserving insect pollinators.

Diversity of Arthropod Fauna in King Chilli (Capsicum Chinense JACQ.) Ecosystem in Northeast India

A field experiment was carried out at the Horticultural Orchard, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during rabi (2014-15 and 2015-16) to investigate on arthropod diversity of king chilli. Altogether 110 species were found to be associated, of which 19 species were identified as pests, 63 as natural enemies and 27 species as casual visitors. Among the insect pests recorded, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, Bemisia tabaci, Bactrocera latifrons, Scirtothrips dorsalis and Polyphagotarsonemus latus were major pests and B. latifrons being reported for the first time causing fruit rot. The relative abundance of pests was higher (54.84%) in 2015-16 compared to 45.16% during 2014-15. Among the natural enemies, 50 species were predators and 13 species were parasitoids, with most of them being reported for the first time in king chilli. The relative abundance of predators was maximum during 2015-16 (56.41%) compared to 2014-15 (43.59%) and among the parasitoids, hymenopterans exhibited maximum relative abundance (88.89% each). During the study, 27 species of insects were observed as causal visitors and their relative abundance was 46.67 and 53.33% during 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively.

Bringing Empty Rooms to Life for Casual Visitors Using an AR Adventure Game

This article reports on a heritage engagement project called Skullduggery at Old Government House. It offers an approach to augmented reality design based on adventure games as a solution to the problem of “empty rooms” encountered by casual visitors to cultural heritage sites such as historic buildings. Many cultural heritage sites depend on didactic panels and perhaps a few tangible items to communicate the history of a heritage location to casual visitors, however, providing a sense of the “spirit” of a site is harder to present to visitors who may only be passing through. The project is a response to this problem in Old Government House, Brisbane. It is inspired by a theatrical tour of the house and the potential of narrative games to re-create the tour's experiential aspects and engagement with a sense of history and place for casual visitors.

Implementing Participatory Site Stewardship through Citizen Science and Mobile Apps

ABSTRACTHistoric archaeological resources in the American West are increasingly at risk of loss because of prolonged droughts, wildfires, earthquakes, general deterioration, and the negative impact of increasing visitation. Casual visitors regularly remove objects from their original contexts in the landscape, either taking them home as souvenirs or bringing them to local staff because they are concerned about the items disappearing. As a result, many sites of cultural significance are losing the ability to convey the information required for scholarly interpretation and for drafting community and life histories of their past residents. We argue that citizen science and mobile apps specifically designed for site stewardship are viable tools for alleviating negative human impacts on cultural landscapes and enhancing our capacity to record and monitor sites of cultural heritage. We contend that our approach uses an innovative interface, the Citizen Preservationist app, an open-source hybrid mobile/desktop software we developed to foster both current use and protection of archaeological sites and historic parks. We demonstrated the viability of our app by conducting a user study at Bodie, California (ca. 1859–1942), that assessed how this software promotes a sense of stewardship and appreciation for the archaeological heritage of this beloved California State Historic Park.

Personal Guides: Heterogeneous Robots Sharing Personal Tours in Multi-Floor Environments.

GidaBot is an application designed to setup and run a heterogeneous team of robots to act as tour guides in multi-floor buildings. Although the tours can go through several floors, the robots can only service a single floor, and thus, a guiding task may require collaboration among several robots. The designed system makes use of a robust inter-robot communication strategy to share goals and paths during the guiding tasks. Such tours work as personal services carried out by one or more robots. In this paper, a face re-identification/verification module based on state-of-the-art techniques is developed, evaluated offline, and integrated into GidaBot’s real daily activities, to avoid new visitors interfering with those attended. It is a complex problem because, as users are casual visitors, no long-term information is stored, and consequently, faces are unknown in the training step. Initially, re-identification and verification are evaluated offline considering different face detectors and computing distances in a face embedding representation. To fulfil the goal online, several face detectors are fused in parallel to avoid face alignment bias produced by face detectors under certain circumstances, and the decision is made based on a minimum distance criterion. This fused approach outperforms any individual method and highly improves the real system’s reliability, as the tests carried out using real robots at the Faculty of Informatics in San Sebastian show.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Improvising the performance of image-based recommendation system using convolution neural networks and deep learning

Recommendation systems now hold special significance, for in a world full of choices, order is the need of the hour. Without proper sorting, the gift of choice means nothing. The online retail world is fast-paced and ever-growing. With the exponential waning of attention span, it has become crucial to convert a casual visitor into a buyer within a limited window. Different ways can be used to do this: analysing buying patterns, surveys, user–user relationships, user-item relationships, and so on. This can be done with simple data analysis or with complex algorithms—the data must be harnessed one way or another. Deep learning is a branch of machine learning that has now become synonymous with computer vision, as these deep architectures closely emulate the biological process of vision. In this paper, the primary focus is the incorporation of a recommendation system with the visual features of products. This is done with the help of a deep architecture and a series of “convolution” operations that cause the overlapping of edges and blobs in images. We find that when the dimensionality problem has been dealt with, the features extracted serve as good quality representations of the images. Our empirical study compares the different linear and nonlinear reduction techniques on convolutional neural network features for building a recommendation model entirely based on the images.

Mimosa diplotricha (Fabaceae) Recruits Native Pollinators, But Does it Matter?

Here an invasive alien weed Mimosa diplotricha, which attracts native pollinators to its flowers, was studied to establish the composition, diversity and the pattern of visitation of native flower-visiting species found on theweed as it expands its range unabatedly in Nigeria. From five randomly selected quadrats of 2 m x 2 m, repeated fourteen times, the floral visitors of M. diplotricha were sampled. Using diversity indices, non-parametric species estimators, Whittaker and Bray Curtis similarity indices, the composition and diversity of floral visiting bees and allied insects were reported. Thirteen insect taxa were encountered from a total of 1548 individuals in three Orders, albeit of low diversity in which the majority of floral visitors (or pollinators) were hymenopterans: the main being Chalicodoma species, followed by Xylocopa species, X. senior, and Apis mellifera. Non-parametric estimators revealed a high sampling efficiency of the true species visiting mimosa between sunrise and noon. That the floral resources of M. diplotricha supported high abundance of few species and some species with low abundance indicate that those of the latter case were casual visitors. In sum, that the population of M. diplotricha is still expanding in Nigeria against the backdrop of their utilisation by native pollinators is suggestive of a continual recruitment of the pollinators, which may prefer the novel host within a mosaic of widely scattered native flowering plants. Further investigations of pollinators’ choices may be apt to understand the true impact of invasive alien flowering weeds on native pollinators and crop productivity.Keywords: Invasive alien weed, pollen, nectar, bees

Pollinator Insects and their Impact on Crop Yield of Mustard in Kusma, Parbat, Nepal

The diversity of insect pollinators and their impact on crop yield of mustard were studied in Kusma, Parbat, Nepal from December 2018 to April 2019 in four blocks with each having 12 m2 areas. Two plots; treatment and control, were established in each block. Insect diversity was observed from 8 to 16 hrs, with the interval of an hour for three consecutive months (Jan-Feb). Eighty mustard plants were randomly selected, 40 from each plot just before flowering to find the impact of insect pollination on crop yield and these selected plants were examined for various qualitative and quantitative parameters. Altogether 16 species of pollinator insects belonging to five orders and nine families were recorded. Hymenoptera (36 %) was the most abundant order visiting mustard flowers followed by Diptera (34 %), Coleoptera (17 %), Lepidoptera (12 %) and Heteroptera (1 %). The most abundant family was Apidae (35.64 %), followed by Syrphidae (31.84 %). Apis cerana and Eristalis sp. were the most important pollinator insects of mustard. Seven species were found foraging both on pollen and nectar, four species foraging only on nectar and remaining five as casual visitors. The peak foraging activities of majority of the insects were observed between 12 hr to 14 hr. A significant difference was observed in the number of pods (59.80 ± 1.967 and 70.47 ± 2.431), fruit set (70.55 ± 1.362 and 80.94 ± 0.638), number of seeds per pods (16.70 ± 0.248 and 19.30 ± 0.330), diameter of seed (0.133 ± 0.2547 and 0.275 ± 0.0051) and weight of 100 dry seeds (0.33 ± 0.058 and 0.48 ± 0.023) in control and treatment plots whereas, the difference was non-significant in case of pod length between control and treatment plots (P=0.163).

University Museums of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens from Inside Out - Mapping Teaching Tools

University museums are being considered as important units in the departments and faculties they belong, and during the last decade they have been discussed for their role in the 21 century regarding the scientific and educational role that their collection play for enhancing knowledge to the community of university students. The aim of this paper is to give an insight of the different tools that university museums of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA (Greece) have involved and adapted in order to make their museum visible and reflect how their achievements have turned them to be places of communication and inclusion based in their collections. Even though this University has several museums managed differently from each other and spread around its campus in different buildings, not all of them operate as open museums for casual visitors or tourist, but this hasn’t affected in the many efforts made by museum staff, leading and expanding the role of university museums beyond the traditional cliche “only for research purposes”.