Castor Oil Polyurethane Resin Research Articles

Performance of castor oil polyurethane resin in composite with the piassava fibers residue from the Amazon

The use of castor oil in producing polyurethane resins has been identified as one of the most promising options for the industry. The piassava fibers waste generated by the industry on a large scale presents excellent properties as a reinforcing agent due to its high lignin content characterized by chemical tests and FTIR. Composite boards consisting of a higher content of mercerized piassava fibers (10 mm, 85 wt.%) reinforced polyurethane castor oil-based resin (prepolymer (PP) and polyol (OM)) exhibited excellent performance. Composites with these properties have strong potential for medium-density applications ranging from biomedical prosthetics to civil partition walls and insulation linings. Alkali treatment removed the superficial impurities of piassava fibers, activating polar groups, and physical characterization reported excellent performance for all composites. Among the composites, the CP3 sample (composite reinforced with piassava fibers (85 wt.% fibers; 1.2:1—PP:OM)) stood out with higher density and lower swelling and water absorption percentage than other composites. FTIR results indicated NCO traces after the resin cured in the PU3 (1.2:1—PP:OM), possibly contributing to the interaction with the fibers. DMA results reported relevant information about more flexibility to CP1 (composite reinforced with piassava fibers (85 wt.% fibers; 0.8:1—PP:OM)) and CP3 than CP2 (composite reinforced with piassava fibers (85 wt.% fibers; 1:1—PP:OM)). The results suggest that the proper combination with natural products must lead to composites with potential applications as engineering materials.

Evaluation of OSB panels using residual wood with low contents of castor oil polyurethane resin

Evaluation of OSB panels using residual wood with low contents of castor oil polyurethane resin

Investigating the Effects of Al2O3 Microparticles on Wood Waste OSBs: A Study on Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Performance.

The development of new materials for the construction sector is a global trend, and products that use by-products in their composition and have also incorporated technology are commercially competitive. Microparticles have large surface areas and can modify the microstructure of materials, positively affecting their physical and mechanical properties. In this context, this study aims to investigate the effect of incorporating aluminium oxide (Al2O3) microparticles on the physical and mechanical properties of oriented strand boards (OSBs) made from reforested residual balsa and castor oil polyurethane resin and to evaluate their durability performance under accelerated aging conditions. The OSBs were produced on a laboratory scale with a density of 650 kg/m3, strand-type particles measuring 90 × 25 × 1 mm3, using castor oil-based polyurethane resin (13%) and Al2O3 microparticle content ranging from 1% to 3% of the resin mass. The physical and mechanical properties of the OSBs were determined following the EN-300:2002 recommendations. The results obtained indicated that the OSBs with 2% Al2O3 presented thickness swelling significantly lower (at the 5% significance level) after being subjected to accelerated aging and internal bonding of the particles higher than the values obtained for the references, evidencing the positive effect of including Al2O3 microparticles in balsa OSBs.

Optimization of castor oil polyurethane resin content of OSB panel made of <i>Dendrocalamus asper</i> bamboo

This work presents a study of the optimization of castor oil polyurethane (PU) resin content for the production of Oriented Strand Boards (OSB) using bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper). For this study, medium-density (650 kg/m3) OSB panels were produced with different resin contents (8%, 10%, 12%, and 15%). The bamboo particles were characterized through physical, chemical and anatomical analyses, identifying the potential of this product as a raw material for OSB panels. Subsequently, the physical and mechanical properties of OSB panels were evaluated. The results indicated that bamboo and castor oil PU are suitable for the production of OSB panels, and all the conditions met the minimum requirements of the European standard EN 300 (2002), for OSB type 1. In particular, the best overall properties were obtained by the panels with a resin content of 12%, achieving the minimum requirements for applications as a structural panel (type 4), opening new opportunities for formaldehyde-free engineered bamboo materials for the built environment.

Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of the mechanical performance of OSB sandwich panels manufactured with trapezoidal core

The development of materials using forest biomass by-products has presented a viable alternative to replacing conventional materials and a great potential for the reuse of waste by-products. This study aimed to evaluate experimentally and by computational modeling, the mechanical performance of OSB (Oriented Strand Board) panels stiffened by the trapezoidal core according to the bending direction. By the cross-section of the panels manufactured with strands of balsa wood waste and castor oil polyurethane resin, the influence of the core direction on the flexural stiffness and ultimate load capacity was evaluated. Bending performance tests showed that stiffness in the longitudinal direction was 56% greater than in the transversal direction. For this same approach and referring to the elastic-linear segment, the computational modeling by Finite Element Analysis showed a superiority of 66% for stiffness in the longitudinal direction. Regarding the deflections and predictions of critical regions for the failure of the panel, an appropriate accuracy of the computational models adjusted for the material's nonlinearity and orthotropy. The OSB sandwich panels reached the minimum normative requirements for structural purposes, presenting great potential for applications in civil constructions, due to their efficient bending stiffness added to the benefits of a bio-based waste product

Evaluation of Balsa wood (Ochroma pyramidale) waste and OSB panels with castor oil polyurethane resin

ABSTRACT This research presents an advanced characterization of Balsa wood waste to evaluate its potential use as raw material for Oriented Strand Board (OSB) panel. For that, chemical, thermal and microstructural characterization of the Balsa wood particles were performed followed by the production and characterization of OSB agglomerated with castor oil polyurethane resin (Pu-Castor oil). The results indicated that the lignin content of the Balsa wood waste was lower than the content found in Pinus spp. wood, used in the industrial production of OSB panels, demonstrating the need for higher resin contents to ensure a perfect agglomeration of the particles. Microstructural analysis indicated that the Balsa wood presented characteristics to be used as a constituent raw material of OSB with Pu-Castor oil. The physical-mechanical characterization indicated that the material can be classified as OSB type 1 in accordance with the EN 300:2006 guidelines and is suitable for application in internal environments.

Numerical modeling for adjustment of the equivalent moduli of elasticity of OSB layers estimated from experimental flexural rigidity

Oriented strand board (OSB) panels are well-known for their many applications and as a complex multi-layer composite, which elastic properties are commonly obtained by testing the specimens for the longitudinal and transverse directions of the panel. This study aimed to establish a method to obtain the equivalent moduli of elasticity to each panel layer. For this purpose, OSB panels were manufactured from balsa wood waste and castor oil polyurethane resin. Based on the flexural rigidity for each panel direction and considering the geometric and elastic parameters, a system of the equations was established to obtain the equivalent moduli of elasticity of each layer. The method proposed was validated using the finite element method. The experimental results showed that the elastic-linear behavior was quite accurate for up to approximately 60% of the ultimate stress, and thereafter the non-linearity was better fitted by a multi-linear model. The load-deflection curves, both for the longitudinal and transverse directions, for the elastic phase were precisely represented with the equivalent moduli of elasticity. For non-linear segments, there was a strong dependence on the parameters adopted in the model. The results obtained in this study showed that the equivalent moduli of elasticity of layers of OSB panel can be obtained based on the results of bending test of specimens manufactured with the full thickness of the panel, providing properties for more detailed applications in the modeling with of this layered wood-based product.

Investigation of pore size distribution by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) technique applied on different OSB panels

Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) is a technique used to characterize the pore size distribution and resin penetration in lignocellulosic materials, such as oriented strand board specimens (OSB), a multilayer panel utilized in structural applications. The method is based on the isostatic injection, under very high pressure, of a non-wetting fluid (mercury) into the porous material to determine parameters such as pore size distribution and percentage of porosity of the specimens. In this study, five different OSB were analyzed; they contained different wood species, resin type, and resin content. The panels manufactured with castor oil polyurethane resin showed porosity values in the range of 54.7 and 27.8%. This was a promising result compared with those obtained for panels made with phenolic resins, which are currently commercialized in Brazil.

Development and characterization of sustainable agglomerated composites formulated from castor polyurethane resin and reinforced with rice husk

The current accelerated development of industrial and agricultural production has intermittently generated a large amount of waste. One of these residues is the rice husk, which represents 20% of the total volume of the grain produced. It is a lignocellulosic material that can be used as a reinforcement for composite materials. In turn, castor oil-based polyurethane resin is a triglyceride extracted from the seed, widely used to replace synthetic resins that are more aggressive to the environment. Thus, the objective of this study was to obtain a sustainable agglomerated composite based on rice husk and castor oil polyurethane resin. The samples were obtained by cold molding according to a 2 k (DoE) factorial design, the matrix/reinforcement volume fraction and the molding volume being the factors studied. The composite obtained was tested according to NBR 14,810, used for medium-density composites. Density, swelling, water absorption and resistance to flexion were evaluated. The results obtained allow us to classify the composite as low density, with values below 640 kg/m3 according to the A 208.1 standard. Regarding the mechanical behavior, the composite does not meet the standard NBR 14,810 for medium density but meets the standard A 208.1 being classified as low-density LD-1 and LD-2.

Trapezoidal core sandwich panel produced with sugarcane bagasse

The properties of traditional particleboards are limited by their flat shape. New shapes and configurations with alternative raw materials enable strength and stiffness gains without significantly increasing weight. In this context, the present work presents an investigation of the potential use of sugarcane bagasse particles agglomerated with castor oil-based polyurethane resin to produce trapezoidal core sandwich panels for building applications. Thickness swelling was analysed based on the Brazilian standard NBR 14810 and flexure tests were performed according to the standard ASTM C393. Maximum force at failure, bending stiffness (EI), maximum moment (FbS), maximum shear stiffness (U), and core shear modulus (G) were calculated. The obtained results were compared with specifications of the standard PS-2-10 – Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural-Use, which provides values of bending stiffness and maximum moment requirements for OSB panels according to different classes of use. The evaluated sandwich panels presented bending properties (up to 2.1×106 N-mm2/mm for EI and 1199 N-mm/mm for FbS) similar to commercial OSB panels, showing potential for sealing, structural, and flooring applications. The castor oil polyurethane resin presented acceptable efficiency as the particle binder and as an adhesive for the face-core gluing of the low density sandwich panels (0.43 MPa), meeting the minimum requirements recommended by ABNT NBR 14810:2006.

Waterproofing of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) with castor oil polyurethane resin

Castor oil is widely used in chemical industry as raw material for paints, coatings, lubricants and a wide variety of other products. It is an important alternative to petrochemical feedstocks for the synthesis of polyurethanes (PU), besides being cost competitive and environmentally friendly alternative. It is used as a substitute for formaldehyde adhesives to produce composites and particleboards. Higher percentages of the resin tend to cause low water absorption and dimensional changes in the panels, so it has potential to use as waterproofing of natural materials. Bottle gourd is a fruit, used worldwide by different peoples as a raw material for the production of artifacts since many thousands of years. After the drying period, the inner part of the shell acquires characteristics similar to wood and the outer shell becomes impermeable. The objective of the work is increasing the durability and extend the useful life of the bottle gourd for use in the product design by waterproofing the material with polyurethane resin derived from castor oil. Untreated samples were compared with one and two layer resin samples. For the water absorption test, reference was made to standard NBR 15316: Medium density fiberboard. The analysis of the results was made through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), water absorption test and contact angle. As a result, the application of the PU resin of castor oil reduced the water absorption indexes, and the samples with two layers of resin obtained the best results. Keywords: lagenaria siceraria, waterproofing, castor oil polyurethane resin.

Quasi-static and dynamic response of oriented strand boards based on balsa wood waste

This work presents an evaluation of the performance of Oriented Strand Boards (OSB) panels based on balsa wood (Ochroma Pyramidale) waste agglomerated with castor oil polyurethane resin. In this study, were evaluated OSB panels with different densities (300 kg/m3, 400 kg/m3 and 650 kg/m3), with 10 mm thickness and castor oil polyurethane resin in different contents (11% and 15%). The OSB panels were preliminary characterized by physical and quasi-static mechanical tests to identify the class of application of this material according to the recommendations of standard EN 300: 2002. Subsequently, the OSB panels were characterized by low velocity impact tests. Panels with the highest density outperformed those with the lowest one in terms of peak force and perforation energy (Ep = 22.88 J). Both properties are clearly influenced by the better compaction of the particles, as confirmed by the higher value of internal adhesion (0.46 MPa), which resulted also in better residual flexural properties after impact, with a reduction in strength of 36% for the samples with 650 kg/m3 compared to about 70% for the samples with the lowest density at an impact energy level equal to 50% of the respective perforation energy.

Assessment of multilayer particleboards produced with green coconut and sugarcane bagasse fibers

The use of alternative raw materials to produce particleboards become an interesting strategy to replace wood and dampen the deforestation that have created environmental issues. Thus, this paper aims to assess the physical, mechanical, thermal and aging properties of multilayer particleboards produced with green coconut and sugarcane bagasse fibers. The particleboards were produced with two different densities (500 and 700 kg/m3) consisting of 3 layers: two outer layers (OL) of sugarcane bagasse fiber and one inner layer (IL) of green coconut fiber bonded with castor oil polyurethane resin (PU-resin). The physical, mechanical, thermal and accelerated aging properties of the particleboards were measured by advance equipment. The X-ray densitometry identified variations in the density profile across the thickness of the particleboards. Regarding the assessed mechanical properties, the particleboards produced with a density of 500 kg/m3 (T1) meet all the ANSI A208.1-1999 requirements for LD-1 particleboards. On the other hand, the particleboards produced with a density of 700 kg/m3 (T2) only meet ANSI A208.1-1999 requirements for M-2 particleboards. The results of the fatigue tests indicated that all the particleboards assessed were able to survive a fatigue life of 40.000 cycles at stress levels equal to 25% of the breaking load. Accelerated aging assessment shown that this test caused degradation of the particleboards and indicated that the exposure conditions (temperature, humidity, UVA and UVB) caused permanent damage to the physical properties of WA and TS as well as the mechanical properties.

Evaluating thermal properties of sugarcane bagasse-based composites by using active infrared thermography and terahertz imaging

This study is devoted to the analysis of impact damage in composite samples by applying techniques of IR and Terahertz imaging. The samples made of high-density homogeneous particleboards of sugarcane bagasse and castor oil polyurethane resin were subjected to impacts with the energy from 5 to 30 J. The impact damage defects were evaluated by applying one- and two-sided thermal non-destructive testing. Both the apparent thermal effusivity and diffusivity were determined to analyse their relationship to impact energy. In the above-mentioned range of impact energies, the thermal effusivity varied from 5 to 18%, while the variations in thermal diffusivity were from 4 to 24%. The algorithm of dynamic thermal tomography was used to demonstrate that predominant subsurface cracking occurred at depths up to 1 mm. In addition, the defect areas were tested by applying the Terahertz technique, whose results qualitatively matched the IR thermographic ones to show that the damaged areas were larger than they appeared visually. However, both inspection techniques have revealed no significant dependence of analysed parameters on impact energy. This is believed to prove that non-uniform composite structure is the decisive factor in producing structural defects under impacting.

OSB Panels with Balsa Wood Waste and Castor Oil Polyurethane Resin

This work presents a study for using Balsa wood (Ochroma pyramidale) waste in the production of oriented strand boards (OSB) agglomerated with castor oil polyurethane resin. For this study, were produced OSB panels with different densities (300 kg/m3 and 400 kg/m3), with 10 mm thickness and castor oil polyurethane resin in different contents (11% and 15%). The Balsa wood particles were characterized by physical, chemical and anatomical tests that identified the potential of this by-product as raw material for the production of OSB panels. Subsequently, the thermo-physical-mechanical properties of low density OSB panels produced with Balsa wood waste were determined. The results indicated that panels with a density of 400 kg/m3 and a resin content of 15% obtained a performance that classifies them as OSB type 1—internal and non-structural use panels according to the European Standard EN 300: 2002—OSB—definitions, classification and specifications.

Impact Modelling and A Posteriori Non-destructive Evaluation of Homogeneous Particleboards of Sugarcane Bagasse

With a view to gaining an in-depth assessment of the response of particleboards (PBs) to different in-service loading conditions, samples of high-density homogeneous PBs of sugarcane bagasse and castor oil polyurethane resin were manufactured and subjected to low velocity impacts using an instrumented drop weight impact tower and four different energy levels, namely 5, 10, 20 and 30 J. The prediction of the damage modes was assessed using Comsol Multiphysics $$^\circledR .$$ In particular, the random distribution of the fibres and their lengths were reproduced through a robust model. The experimentally obtained dent depths due to the impactor were compared with the ones numerically simulated showing good agreement. The post-impact damage was evaluated by a simultaneous system of image acquisitions coming from two different sensors. In particular, thermograms were recorded during the heating up and cooling down phases, while the specklegrams were gathered one at room temperature (as reference) and the remaining during the cooling down phase. On one hand, the specklegrams were processed via a new software package named Ncorr v.1.2, which is an open-source subset-based 2D digital image correlation (DIC) package that combines modern DIC algorithms proposed in the literature with additional enhancements. On the other hand, the thermographic results linked to a square pulse were compared with those coming from the laser line thermography technique that heats a line-region on the surface of the sample instead of a spot. Surprisingly, both the vibrothermography and the line scanning thermography methods coupled with a robotized system show substantial advantages in the defect detection around the impacted zone.

Evaluation of mold growth on sugarcane bagasse particleboards in natural exposure and in accelerated test

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of alternative sugarcane bagasse particle board (BCP) using castor oil polyurethane resin in comparison with commercial medium density wood particle board (MDP) under natural and accelerated test conditions. The particle boards were evaluated after 12 months of exposure to natural weathering in Pirassununga (21.9965° S, 47.4262° W), Brazil and by an accelerated mold growth test under laboratory conditions. The mold growth was quantified according to the Standards ASTM D 3273-12 (2012) and the results were evaluated by statistical analysis through the Proportional Chances Model (PCM). For both materials, the surface coating with castor oil based bi-component polyurethane resin was less colonized than the non-coated materials; independent of the particleboard type. Additionally, the bending test shows that the sugarcane bagasse particle boards presents better performance of module of elasticity (MOR) (7.7 MPa) in comparison with the commercial wood particle boards (3.6 MPa) after exposed to accelerated tests for mold colonization. The surface coating with castor oil based polyurethane resin reduces mold growth, therefore these results support the potential use of this alternative resin both as a binder and as a surface coating in these particulate materials. The particle boards fabricated with sugarcane bagasse and castor oil resin presented similar mold colonization compared to the commercial wood particle boards.

Thermal Insulation Particleboards Made with Wastes from Wood and Tire Rubber

The concept of sustainable buildings addresses the environmentally efficiency, with respect to energy consumption, by adopting products that offer thermal insulation. Moreover, use of wastes from different materials also contributes to obtain products for this application. The volume of wastes from timber industry and those from tires are an environmental problem. This study aimed to production and characterization of particleboards using wastes from wood and tire rubber with castor-oil polyurethane resin. Panels were produced containing only wood and also with addition of tire rubber. The properties determined were density, modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) in bending, according to Brazilian Code NBR 14810-3 (2006), and thermal conductivity. Statistical analysis was conducted in physical and mechanical properties. Panels containing wood were classified as low density (0.55 g/cm³), while those with wood and tire rubber resulted in medium density (0.78 g/cm³). For mechanical properties, the addition of rubber resulted in increased of MOR and reduction for MOE. Superior performance for thermal conductivity was achieved for panels produced only with wood. However, samples with a mixture of wood and tire rubber also showed consistent thermal conductivity with similar products. Considering the results obtained, panels containing wood and tire rubber addition have potential for application as thermal insulation.

Manufacture of particleboard based on cement bag and castor oil polyurethane resin

This study assesses the potential of cement packaging residues from building site wastes to produce particle boards. Panels with 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6gcm−3 and 15% of castor resin content were produced and its chemical, physical, mechanical and microstructural were analyzed. The results revealed that the packages have a high cement content and low lignin pulp. Furthermore, the increase in density reduced the physical properties while enhanced mechanical properties, being the 0.6gcm−3 particleboards the only formulation with potential to produce particulates. Thus, the packaging of cement becomes an option for the manufacture of particle board.

Eco-panels Based on Wastes from Urban Trees and Castor Oil Polyurethane Resin

Eco-panels Based on Wastes from Urban Trees and Castor Oil Polyurethane Resin