Application Of Casting Research Articles

Comparative Study Between Single-limb Versus One-and-a-Half Hip Spica Cast in Fracture Femur in Young Children.

Femoral fractures account for ∼1% to 2% of all pediatric bone injuries and are a common occurrence in children. The conservative approach, employing either a single or one-and-a-half spica casts, has been traditionally favored, yielding satisfactory outcomes in select cases. This study aims to compare both procedures regarding functional and radiologic outcomes, complications, and parents' satisfaction. In this randomized controlled trial, we enrolled 84 pediatric patients, aged between 2 and 6 years, presenting with femoral fractures. Participants were randomly allocated into 2 groups; one receiving single-limb spica cast fixation (n=42) and the other receiving one-and-a-half spica cast fixation (n=42). We assessed postprocedural functional and radiologic outcomes. Other evaluations focused on parental ease in maintaining hygiene for the casted child, the child's mobility capabilities including standing and crawling, and the incidence of skin complications. No significant variance was observed between the 2 groups concerning the time to bone union, and the overall complication rates. Parental satisfaction was notably higher in the single-limb spica group, particularly regarding the ease of maintaining hygiene for the casted child and the child's mobility while encased in the cast (P<0.001). Furthermore, a significant correlation was identified between the one-and-a-half spica application and the increased occurrence of skin pressure ulcers (P<0.001). Both single-limb and one-and-a-half spica cast applications demonstrated comparable results in functional and radiologic outcomes, as well as in complication rates. However, parents favored the single-limb method due to its facilitation of a more manageable lifestyle for both the child and their parents. These considerations suggest that the single-limb hip spica cast fixation may be preferable in managing pediatric femoral fractures. Level II.

Virtual reality use in pediatric patients for orthopedic clinical procedures: A randomized prospective trial of efficacy.

Distraction therapy use such as virtual reality is novel in the pediatric orthopedic field. In this study, we use subjective and objective metrics to evaluate virtual reality efficacy to reduce anxiety and pain in a pediatric orthopedic cohort. A prospective randomized controlled trial included patients between age 5 and 17 years, presenting to a tertiary care pediatric orthopedic clinic. Parallel groups underwent orthopedic procedures in clinic, utilizing immersive and interactive virtual reality distraction therapies versus standard of care. Procedures included cast application, cast removal, bone pin removal, and fracture reduction. All preprocedure parameters were similar between the groups. Primary outcome was the difference between maximum procedural heart rate and baseline. Secondary outcomes included Wong Baker FACES Rating Scale (Wong & Baker, 1988, Oklahoma, USA) for pain and Visual Analog Scale scores for anxiety. Ninety-five patients (66 M, 29 F) underwent 59 cast removals, 26 cast applications, 7 percutaneous pin removals, and 3 fracture reductions. Average patient age in the virtual reality and control cohorts was 10.1 (5-17) and 10.6 (5-17), respectively. Average change in maximum heart rate in the virtual reality and control groups was 10.6 ± 10.1 versus 18.4 ± 11.0 (p = 0.00048). The virtual reality group demonstrated trends toward lower perceived anxiety (1.7 ± 2.8 versus 2.9 ± 3.6, p = 0.0666) when compared to controls. This level 1 study is the first to utilize objective biometric measurements to evaluate use of interactive virtual reality during multiple types of pediatric orthopedic procedures in the clinical setting. The findings suggest that an interactive and immersive virtual reality experience can be effective in reducing pain and anxiety. Level 1, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Research on Fe Removal, Regeneration Process, and Mechanical Properties of Mg Alloy AM50A

In recent years, the widespread application of Mg alloy casting and Mg alloy products has generated a large amount of Mg alloy waste. This experiment used a single factor experimental analysis method to study the optimal process for removing Fe from Mg alloy AM50A waste, and developed an efficient Fe removal and regeneration process for Mg alloy AM50A. It was found that the optimal refining temperature for removing Fe ions was 670 °C, the optimal refining (RJ-2) agent mass ratio was 1.5%, and the optimal refining time was 40 min. Regenerated J40-1.5-AM50A Mg alloy was prepared using the best refining process, and its composition and mechanical properties were tested and analyzed. The experimental results show that the composition of the regenerated J40-1.5-AM50A Mg alloy prepared by this method is consistent with AM50A, with an Fe removal rate of 96.2%. The mechanical properties were improved compared to the original AM50A sample, with a maximum tensile strength increase of 1.611 KN and a tensile strength increase of 26.333 MPa. The elongation after fracture is 2.25 times that of the original sample. Research has shown that the RJ-2 refining agent can provide mechanical properties of magnesium alloys during the refining process. By analyzing the composition, XRD, SEM, and EDS of AM50A (Fe) and J40-1.5-AM50A, it was found that the refining process accelerates the removal of Fe in the form of Fe deposition.

Upper Limb Casting Application Post-Botulinum Toxin Injection for Elbow Spasticity: A Guided Casting Protocol.

Casting is an effective adjunctive treatment, which increases the effects of botulinum toxin on patients with spasticity. The evidence for casting as an adjunctive therapy post-botulinum toxin has been well documented in the literature. However, standardized casting protocols are lacking, with no published descriptions of upper limb casting application post-botulinum toxin injection for spasticity. In this article, we will describe our experience regarding the application of upper limb casting as an adjunctive therapy for elbow spasticity, detailing indications, contraindications, and description of our protocol (materials required and technique).

A Quality Improvement Project to Measure and Improve the Quality of Below-Knee Ankle Cast Application in Emergency Departments.

Background Ankle fractures are very common injuries seen in an emergency setting. Initial management involves the application of below-knee plaster casts. At our local trauma meetings, we have observed that below-knee casts are often applied incorrectly which can result in suboptimal outcomes for patients and increase the burden on plaster room services if re-application is required. This quality improvement project aimed to assess the quality of below-knee cast applications for ankle fractures in two local district general hospitals (DGHs). Methodology We performed a closed-loop audit utilising a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent casting for unstable ankle fractures. Two audit cycles were completed over a 90-day period across two DGHs. Working within our local orthopaedic unit, we created a targeted, multi-disciplinary educational programme led by experienced plaster technicians. Between audit cycles, we organised a single interactive session with specialist nurses in the urgent treatment centre (UTC) of our DGH while a second DGH did the same with junior doctors working in the emergency department. Both sessions demonstrated correct casting techniques and discussed the importance of a neutral ankle position for optimal patient recovery. Our audit criteria were based on AO Foundation guidance, which states that the ankle should be immobilised in a neutral plantigrade position. All patients with an unstable ankle fracture requiring immobilisation in a below-knee cast were included in the audit. We measured the angle of plantarflexion from neutral, with 90° representing a neutral angle. The angle between the axis of the tibia and the sole of the foot was measured and judged to be within an acceptable range if it was between 80° and 100°, representing a stable ankle position. The audit findings were presented in our local audit meeting. Results In our first audit cycle, we collected data from 65 patients across both sites (N = 32 for DGH 1 and N = 33 for DGH 2). The mean angle was 108.5° and 18 of the 65 (27.7%)patients had angles of ankle plantarflexion that were in the acceptable range (80°-100°). Following the intervention, we again collected data from 61 patients across both sites (N = 28 for DGH 1 and N = 33 for DGH 2). The mean angle was 106.2° and 23 of the 61 (37.7%)patients had an acceptable angle of ankle plantarflexion (80°-100°). Both of our outcome measures showed an improvement but were not statistically significant. The hospital that provided an educational session for the doctors showed an improvement in acceptable ankle casts of 3% while the hospital which provided an educational session for the UTC team improved by 22%. Conclusions We demonstrated a quantifiable approach to assess and improve the quality of below-knee cast application for ankle fractures via a single intervention that would be easily reproducible in other hospitals. We suggest further studies to investigate below-knee cast application quality and its association with patient outcomes as our data and other preliminary sources suggest that current standards are unsatisfactory.

Effect of solidification direction on microstructure and mechanical property of single crystal superalloy CMSX-4

The microstructure and mechanical property of single crystal superalloy CMSX-4 fabricated by downward direction solidification (DWS) and upward direction solidification (UWS) were systematically investigated by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), nano-indentation instrument and finite element simulation method. Meanwhile, the effect of remelting heat treatment on microstructure evolution and mechanical property of the superalloy was also explored. Compared to the traditional UWS process, the DWS process was superior in inhibiting the formation of freckle defects and alleviating the segregation of difficult-diffusion elements. Moreover, the expected application of thin shell casting in the DWS process was also more beneficial to the control of freckles and the refinement of microstructure. The change of solidification direction would alter the solute distribution in the mushy zone. Different convection patterns were then formed under the action of gravity, thereby affecting the microstructure of the casting. In the following process of remelting heat treatment, the generation and elimination of incipient melting structures occurred in both UWS and DWS samples. However, more incipient melting structures in the DWS samples made longer elimination time required. After remelting heat treatment, the mechanical property of the DWS sample was comparable with that of the UWS one, since the element segregation in the final microstructure was reduced, and the size, morphology and uniformity of γ' phase were also adjusted.

Serial Casting as an Effective Method for Burn Scar Contracture Rehabilitation: A Case Series.

Guidelines and protocols for orthoses in burn scar contracture rehabilitation are limited. The current study aims to determine the optimal frequency of casting, potentially facilitating the development of a serial casting protocol. Previous literature supporting casting has low generalizability due to methodology limitations. Seven patients with burn scar contracted joints, who did not respond to traditional therapy, were recruited in this study. Patients were serially casted once, three times, or five times a week. Joint range of motion was maximized with stretching and exercise techniques before every new cast application. Across all patients, active range of motion increased from 65.8 ± 27.8° to 108.1 ± 23.3° with casting; or from 57.8 ± 16.2% to 96.7 ± 2.9% of normal. Similarly, scars improved from 9.5 ± 1.5 to 4.9 ± 1.4 on the Modified Vancouver Scar Scale score. This therapeutic effect was achieved within an average of 8.5 ± 3.7 d and 4.0 ± 2.2 new cast applications. Given the study findings, the procedures outlined could be used to develop a standardized serial casting protocol for burn scar contracture rehabilitation.

Flame-sprayed alumina molten metal filters for dead-mould casting application

Ceramic foam filters are applied to remove non-metallic inclusions during steel melt filtration. The flame-spray technology can contribute to improving such filters by increasing the deposition capability of inclusions and decreasing the impairment of the filter substrate by the steel melt. This makes them suitable for application to the continuous steel casting process and foundry casting. The ball-on-three-balls test was utilized at elevated temperatures to determine the high-temperature behaviour of thermally sprayed alumina. Additionally, the flame-spray technology was used to produce carbon-free filters composed of flame-sprayed alumina by coating and burning out the Al2O3–C filter substrate during a sintering step. The B3B revealed a ductile behaviour with increasing temperature and a bending strength of 23.28 MPa at 1400 °C. After sintering at 1400 °C, the filters showed a sufficient CCS of 0.16 MPa, which allows the performance of casting tests (immersion and pouring) with molten steel at 1580 °C.

Assessing the factors that influence a recurrence of congenital talipes equinovarus in children treated with the Ponseti method

Background: Congenital talipes equinovarus, also known as clubfoot, is one of the most common congenital malformations in pediatric orthopedics. With a checkered treatment history extending from Hippocrates' bandages to Kite's serial plaster cast application to surgical treatment, no single modality can claim to be a complete treatment. Methods: In a combined prospective and retrospective study at the Department of Orthopaedics of St. Stephen's Hospital, 192 patients with 292 clubfeet who met the inclusion criteria and received ethics committee approval were included. The purpose of the research was to identify early recurrence characteristics, undertake the Pirani scoring, and identify additional clinical characteristics to evaluate recurrence predictors. Results: In our study, out of 192 patients, 188 were successfully treated with the Ponseti casting technique combined with tendoachilles tenotomy; tenotomy was required in 177 patients (93%). Four patients were lost to follow-up. Nine out of sixty-one children in the six-month-to-one-year age group showed the maximum rate of recurrence (15%). The mean number of cast applications was 7.23. In all, 90% of children required casts ranging from four to eight in number. The syndromic association was seen in 10.4% of cases with club feet. Most common among them were neural tube defects (4.2%) and arthrogryposis (3% of cases). Fourteen out of 154 (or 9%) of the non-operated idiopathic patients had lateral border recurrence during an average follow-up of two years. According to the Pirani score, recurrence was seen in eight out of twenty (or 40% of) syndromic patients and five out of fourteen (or 35% of) operated cases. In 37% of recurrences, dynamic supination was observed. Conclusions: Even though Ponseti's approach to treating idiopathic clubfoot is widely regarded as the gold standard, recurrences are known to occur even in the best of circumstances. The most common cause of recurrence was poor brace compliance, with families citing a variety of reasons.

Towards relieving center segregation in twin-roll cast Al-Mg-Si-Cu strips by controlling the thermal-mechanical process

Serious center segregation greatly limits the application of twin-roll casting (TRC) technology for producing 6xxx alloy strips. Herein, Al-0.9Mg-0.6Si-0.2Cu-0.1Fe (wt.%, 6061) strips with different thicknesses were fabricated by TRC, and we found that the center segregation was well relieved with the thickness increased from 3 mm to 4 mm. To reveal the mechanisms of mitigation of center segregation in the 4 mm strip, various techniques including solidification simulation, crystallographic calculation, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) were utilized. The results disclosed that the Fe-containing phase in the 3 mm strip was π-AlFeMgSi, while the counterpart in the 4 mm strip was α-AlFeSi. The α-AlFeSi could serve as nucleation substrates for Mg2Si and Q-AlCuMgSi phases, thus promoting the uniform distribution of elements and preventing the accumulation of phases in the center region. Three matching planes between the α-AlFeSi and Q/Mg2Si were examined as: (112¯0)α-AlFeSi // (0001)Q, (0001)α-AlFeSi // (110)Mg2Si, and (112¯0)α-AlFeSi // (11¯0)Mg2Si. Meanwhile, the smaller roll separating force during the TRC process in the 4 mm strip could weaken the force-induced liquid flow behavior in the semi-solid region, which is the other reason for the alleviation of center segregation. Owing to the elimination of the center segregation, a more excellent fracture elongation was achieved in the as-homogenized 4 mm strip (∼29%) compared with the counterpart of the 3 mm strip (∼20%). This work may provide a strategy to eliminate the center segregation, thus further promoting the application of TRC process and producing high-performance Al alloy strips efficiently.

UNDERSTANDING THE OPTIMIZED EFFECT OF MULTIPLE REINFORCEMENT ON IMPACT STRENGTH AND HARDNESS FOR AA6061/AL2O3/SIC REINFORCED COMPOSITE USING TAGUCHI TECHNIQUE AND GREY RELATION ANALYSIS

Aluminium matrix composite with the reinforcements of Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and SiC were fabricated by using stir casting together with the application of squeeze casting. The percentage of the volume fractions of both the reinforcement varied between 2&amp;#37; to 4&amp;#37; and the combinations were made for the experiments. It is a novelty because less work is required for the combination of the above reinforcements and their effect on the properties. The presence and uniform distribution of Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and SiC are confirmed by microstructural analysis. Hardness as well as tests were carried out as per ASTM standards for the Charpy test and hardness test by Brinell hardness tester. ANOVA analysis found the effect of the two reinforcement agents. The effect of the varied reinforcement combinations was analyzed and the optimum value of hardness and impact strength is predicted by the use of Taguchi technique. Impact strength and hardness show an increasing trend up to level 3 having impact strength &amp;#61; 17.1 kJ/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, and a hardness of 79.2 BHN.

Control of content and distribution of oxides in mould during casting of aluminum alloys

It is shown that depending on the amount, size and shape of oxide inclusions they can have a significant effect on the service characteristics and casting technological properties of aluminum and its alloys. The effect of fi ne and oxide inclusions in the form of films formed at various stages of foundry technology on the service characteristics of castings and processing properties of melts is analyzed. The negative effect of casting shrinkage impediment on the development of shrinkage defects caused by oxide contamination of the melt is noted. Means that reduce the probability of oxide ingress into the most stressed parts of castings, responsible for the load-bearing capacity of the product as a whole, are proposed. The effectiveness of these means is illustrated by digital mould casting and practical application.

Flow behavior of gadolinium doped ceria under different polymeric and hydrodynamic environment for tape casting application

Flow behavior of gadolinium doped ceria under different polymeric and hydrodynamic environment for tape casting application

Physico Mechanical Characteristics of Basalt Melt

Research relevance: knowledge of mechanical characteristics of petrified products allows to use them most effectively in various industries. In specific application of stone casting, all technical, physical and chemical properties are required at the same time. Research objectives: determination of physical and mechanical properties of basalt in assessment of ability of glass-ceramic casting and resistance to external influence of any factor. Research materials and methods: stone casting, compared with metal, glass, plastic, concrete, has increased chemical resistance to aggressive environments and high resistance to mechanical abrasion, has good dielectric properties, low water absorption and high hardness. These properties depend on the chemical, mineralogical composition, the structure of the casting and the degree of crystallization. Research results: the porphyry structure negatively affects the strength of product. Conclusions: the decrease in temperature in absolute value does not exceed the value of thermal resistance at 900°С equal to 210°С, therefore, the product does not break. Low heat resistance, increased brittleness, poor resistance to impact loads, low bending and tensile strength imposes special conditions on the products exploitation.

Surface energy matching to improve the wetting behaviour of aqueous slurries with carrier tapes for the production of large YAG transparent ceramic flakes

Aqueous tape casting exhibits unique advantages in the production of large transparent ceramic (TC) flakes. However, the high surface energy of aqueous slurries results in poor wettability with carrier tapes, thereby making it difficult to obtain high-quality green bodies. In addition, organic additives always introduce unexpected defects into TCs. In this study, the wettabilities of an aqueous solution on various carrier tapes were compared, and the rheological behaviours of a slurry were systematically investigated. The cellophane (PT) carrier with high surface energy dramatically improved the wettability of the aqueous slurry. The organic content of the optimized slurry was as low as 12.0 wt%. The dried green body was defect-free, and its tensile strength reached 8.7 MPa. The deformation degree of the TC flakes was only approximately 0.3%. The YAG flakes with dimensions of 100 mm × 100 mm × 1 mm exhibited a high transmittance of 82.8% (@400 nm). The ideas, methods, and results of this study will accelerate the application of aqueous tape casting in the field of high-tech ceramics.

On the effect of ECAP and subsequent cold rolling on the microstructure and properties of electromagnetically cast Al–Fe alloys

The application of the electromagnetic casting (EMC) to aluminum alloys is capable of producing structures, hardly obtainable by the conventional methods of casting due to the constant stirring of the crystallizing alloy and high cooling rate (∼103 K/s). For the first time we study EMC high purity binary Al-0.5Fe and Al-2.5Fe (wt.%) alloys in the as-cast state as well as after equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and cold rolling (CR). We demonstrate that EMC process leads to formation of metastable Al2Fe-alike intermetallic phase which does not decompose by further straining and annealing. Combined deformation by ECAP and CR results in the formation of ultrafine grained structure in which providing the increase in ultimate tensile strength up to 200 MPa in Al-0.5Fe and up to 340 MPa in Al-2.5Fe. Electrical conductivity level of Al-0.5Fe alloy increases up to 58.5% IACS, while the conductivity of Al-2.5Fe alloy decreases to 47.9% IACS. Both alloys demonstrate thermal stability of microstructure, mechanical and electrical properties under annealing up to 230 °C for 1h. These effects are discussed in terms of as-cast and strain-induced microstructures.

Elongation-Derotation-Flexion Casting Treatment of Early-Onset Progressive Scoliosis in Skeletal Dysplasia.

Early-onset scoliosis in children with skeletal dysplasia is progressive, contributing to cardiopulmonary restrictive disease. Serial elongation-derotation-flexion (EDF) casting, used in other etiologies of scoliosis to delay curve progression, may be beneficial in maximizing spine growth. Our hypothesis is serial EDF casting can be safely used as a temporary alternative to surgery, delaying progression and preserving growth, to treat scoliosis in skeletal dysplasia. All patients with skeletal dysplasia treated at a single institution with serial EDF casting for scoliosis were reviewed retrospectively. Radiographic parameters: Cobb angle of major and minor curves, curve location, thoracic height, thoracolumbar height, space available for lung, and rib vertebra angle difference were measured before casting (C1), in first casting (C2), in last casting (C3), and out of last casting (C4). Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) values were monitored and recorded during the casting application. Eleven patients met the inclusion criteria (mean 9.7 castings). The mean duration of EDF serial casting was 35 months. The mean major Cobb angles were 54 degrees° (C1), 30 degrees (C2), 37 degrees (C3), and 49 degrees (C4) with no statistically significant differences. The mean minor Cobb angles were 35 degrees (C1), 25 degrees (C2), 33 degrees (C3), and 51 degrees (C4) with no statistically significant differences. The mean thoracic heights were 130 mm (C1), 155 mm (C2), 173 mm (C3), and 160 mm (C4). The 19-mm mean difference between C2 and C3 represents spinal growth. The PIP-1, PIP-2, and PIP-3 mean values were 15, 27, and 18 cmH2O, respectively. Changes in PIP-1 and PIP-2 and PIP-2 and PIP-3 were statistically significant. Serial EDF casting can delay surgical scoliosis correction in children younger than 7 years with a diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia. Our study showed that serial casting controls progression of the major curve and allows longitudinal growth of the spine with possible expansion of lung volume for nearly 3 years. During cast application, PIP increased with molding and traction, and improved until windowing and trimming of the cast. Level IV-retrospective study.

DECORATED MODELS, REPLICATION, AND ASSEMBLY LINES FOR BRONZE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN 500 b.c.e. CHINA

AbstractThis article examines the earliest examples of replication of bronze objects of complicated structure in China. It uses four quadrupeds from the Freer Gallery (National Museum of Asian Art, Smithsonian Institution), the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, the British Museum, and the Yūrinkan Museum in Kyōto as examples to illustrate the complex technology required in replicating bronzes. It provides evidence to define identical bronzes and proves that the four quadrupeds shared the same decorated model. The application of section-mold casting, spacers, clay cores, and mold section assemblage will be examined using 3D scanning, X-ray photography, computerized tomography (CT) scanning, and alloy composition analysis.

Effect of trace Cr alloying on centerline segregations in sub-rapid solidified Al–Mg–Si (AA6061) alloys fabricated by twin-roll casting

Serious centerline segregations limited the application of twin-roll casting (TRC) to produce Al–Mg–Si alloys. The formation of centerline segregations was closely associated with solidification behaviors especially the flow of residual liquid. In the present study, we chose 0.07 wt% Cr as grain refiner of Al–1.2Mg–0.7Si–0.1Fe (AA6061) alloys, and we found the secondary dendrite arm spacing around the segregations sharply decreased from ~25 to ~9 μm. Grain refinement was probably attributed to the Cr addition induced formation of Al45Cr7 phases acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites for fcc-Al, which decreased the flowing tendency of residual liquid by providing extra flowing resistance, and heterogeneous nucleation for fcc-Al depleted the residual liquid. As a result, the quantity of residual liquid at the centerline was significantly reduced, and then the centerline segregations of TRC were significantly restrained by alloying with 0.07 wt% Cr. Tensile properties of solution treated (T4) and peak aged (T6) alloys were synchronously optimized. In particular, the uniform elongation of peak aged alloys increased from ~9% to ~12%, and the fracture elongation increased from ~15% to ~18%. Hence, this study may provide a simple and economic method to restrain the centerline segregations of TRC, and also improve the tensile properties.

Clinical Results of Corrective Cast and Brace Treatment for Early-onset Scoliosis: The Effectiveness of Long-term Cast Treatment That Extends into Children's Schooldays.

Cast and brace treatment is a conservative treatment for early-onset scoliosis (EOS). We analyzed the clinical results of this treatment when extended into patients' schooldays. Twenty-two children with EOS underwent alternatively repetitive cast and brace treatment (ARCBT). Cast was applied under general anesthesia and remained for some weeks, and the brace was continuously worn, which was repeatedly applied when scoliosis progressed. The change in the major curve angle, requirement for surgical intervention, and complications of ARCBT were analyzed. Six patients had idiopathic scoliosis (IS), 9 had syndromic scoliosis (SS), and 7 had neuromuscular scoliosis. Cast treatment started at 4.9±2.1 years of age, and the patients were followed up for 8.3 years. The average total number of cast applications was 5.5 per patient. The mean major scoliosis angle was 45.4±12.5 degrees at the first visit; this was corrected to 26.5±8.7 degrees at the first cast application and progressed to 75.4±22.1 degrees at the final visit. Nine patients whose scoliosis progressed finally underwent surgery. The mean age at surgery was 11.0 years (range, 8.8 to 13.1 y), and the mean period from first cast application to surgery was 6.1 years (range, 5.0 to 8.9 y). Four patients' IS rapidly progressed after 9 years of age, and all of them underwent final fusion surgery with a correction rate of 56.9%. Among patients with SS, 1 final fusion, and 2 growth-friendly surgeries were performed at a mean age of 9.2 years; the correction rate was 21.5%. Among patients with neuromuscular scoliosis, 2 final fusion surgeries were performed at a mean age of 11.3 years; the correction rate was 30.7%. The cast-related complication rate was 5.0%, and most complications were skin problems. Long-term ARCBT extended into schooldays might be effective for IS. This should be considered as a time-saving treatment option for EOS. Level IV-case series.