Castanopsis Argentea Research Articles

THE LOCAL COMMUNITY UNDERSTANDING OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DECLINE OF SANINTEN (CASTANOPSIS ARGENTEA (BLUME) A.DC.) AND TUNGURUT (CASTANOPSIS TUNGURRUT (BLUME) A.DC.) IN THE BUFFER VILLAGES OF THE GUNUNG HALIMUN-SALAK NATIONAL PARK

Saninten (Castanopsis argentea) and tungurut (Castanopsis tungurrut) are plant species belonging to the family Fagaceae, native to the mountainous forest ecosystem within the Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park (GHSNP). These species are currently classified as endangered according to the IUCN Red List due to their significance in providing seeds for consumption and wood for construction materials. This research aims to examine the local community’s knowledge concerning the presence, scarcity, and underlying causes of the decline of both species in the buffer villages of GHSNP. In this study, we employed survey methods and semi-structured interviews conducted with various informants. The data collected were meticulously described and analyzed descriptively. The findings revealed that the local community, in general, holds knowledge about the scarcity of species primarily based on field observations rather than legal or conservation status. Currently, both species are challenging to locate in the buffer villages of the GHSNP. According to the local community’s knowledge, the causes of species scarcity can be categorized into internal and external factors. Internal factors include both species having a slow natural regeneration pattern, difficulties in germination, and vulnerability of seedlings to environmental conditions. Meanwhile, external factors encompass seed and timber exploitation, habitat loss, climate changes, limited knowledge, skills, and understanding of forest plants, and the current perception among locals that C. argentea and C. tungurrut offer limited economic benefits, leading to the gradual neglect of these species’ existence.

Potential Regeneration and Spatial Distribution model of Saurauia pendula Blume in Mount Slamet, Central Java

Saurauia pendula Blume is a species of genus Saurauia and belong to Actinidiaceae family. Saurauia pendula spread over on several highlands or mountains in Java Island. Mount Slamet is the second highest mountain on Java with naturally good vegetations. The existence of several threats such as forest fires, destruction, deforestation and forest degradation has caused the condition of these plant species to begin to require attention. This study aims to determine the population of S. pendula, its potential regeneration and spatial distribution model in Mount Slamet area. The study was conducted on four (north, south, west and east) slopes in 2019-2020. Research on population conditions was carried out by following hiking trails and making new paths around the center of suitable habitat. Coordinate data is taken to make spatial analysis using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). The results showed that the number of S. pendula was found on the north, west and south slopes at an altitude of 1010-2024 masl. This species has a significant association with Saurauia microphylla de Vriese., Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.) Blume and Castanopsis argentea. The number of mature plants is 106 individuals, which have important role in the distribution of this plant. Analysis of the spatial distribution model shows that S. pendula is estimated to be widely distributed on the western slopes of Mount Slamet.

PERBANDINGAN KELIMPAHAN DAN ASOSIASI POHON AQUILARIA MALACCENSIS LAM. DAN CASTANOPSIS ARGENTEA (BLUME) A.DC. DI TAMAN HUTAN RAYA SULTAN SYARIF HASYIM PROVINSI RIAU

According to data from the 2019 IUCN Red List, the Aquilaria malaccensis species is included in the "Critically Endangered" category and the Castanopsis argentea species is included in the "Endangered" category. This study aims to determine the comparison of abundance and associations of Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. and Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC. in Sultan Syarif Hasyim Forest Park, Riau Province. Data collection is carried out by making observation plots. In this research, an observation plot will be made measuring 20 m x 20 m to analyze tree vegetation. The research plot was determined deliberately (purposive sampling) and measurements were carried out in places where there were Aquilaria malaccensis and Castanopsis argentea trees. The population in this study is the area of ​​Tahura Sultan Syarif Hasyim in Siak Regency, namely, 2,400 Ha. The sample in this study was taken with a sampling intensity of 0.1%. So, the sample in this study covers an area of ​​24,000 m2. The type of data collected is primary data consisting of data on the abundance and association (with other plants) of Aquilaria malaccensis and Castanopsis argentea in Tahura SSH, Riau Province as well as secondary data in the form of the general condition of the research location, maps and the results of research that has been carried out, thesis or journals related to the title to be researched. Data analysis in the form of an Important Value Index, Diversity Index, and associations with other types. The results of data analysis can determine the abundance and associations of Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. and Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC. in Sultan Syarif Hasyim Forest Park, Riau Province. The research results show that the Castanopsis argentea species has a higher abundance of 0.03 than Aquilaria malaccensis, which is 0.003. The highest association of Castanopsis argentea was 0.5 with Palaquium burkii, while the highest association of Aquilaria malaccensis was 0.8 with Sloetia elongata.

FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION IN GUNUNG SALAK GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

This research had been conducted in the forest area around the Gunung Sa-lak Geothermal Power Plant of PT. PLN Indonesia Power. Plant diversity data in the geothermal power plant area had yet to be fully available. This study aimed to analyze the composition and structure of vegetation in the conservation forest area around the Gunung Salak Geothermal Power Plant unit. This study used a quadrat plot with a purposive sampling method. We sampled 873 individuals from 56 families of 110 species, consisting of native and introduced species. Some introduced flora species that have the potential to become invasive include Calliandra houstoniana, Asystasia gangetica, Bellucia pentamera, Miconia crenata, Maesopsis eminii, and Solanum torvum. The families with the highest number of species at each growth level were Fagaceae (tree), Fagaceae (pole), Arecaceae and Moraceae (sapling), also Acanthaceae, Arecaceae, Melastomataceae, and Poaceae in the understory. Several species of plant at the site are listed as Endangered (EN) based on the IUCN Red List, including Alpinia scabra, Castanopsis argentea, and Dipterocarpus hasseltii. These endangered plants are expected to become priority for conservation strategies and action plans. The Important Value Index (IVI) analysis shows different values at each growth stage. The highest IVI at the seedling and herb was Selaginella plana (29.74), the sapling was Macaranga triloba (20.59), the pole was Ficus fistulosa (43.27), and the tree was Schima wallichii (54.90). The value of the Shannon-Wiener (H') diversity index was 3.784, which indicates that the level of diversity is high.

Habitat and behavior of javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) in SPTN 2 Majelengka Gunung Ciremai National Park, West Java

The existence of the Javan hawk-eagle depends on the condition of the forest in its habitat. If the lowland forest is damaged, the Javan hawk-eagle will be pushed to the higher forest; This can affect the behavior of the Javan hawk-eagle because it is related to the availability of the game in each habitat type. This study aims to analyze the habitat conditions and behavior of the Javan hawk-eagle in Mount Ciremai National Park, using the checkered line method and focal animal sampling. Analysis of the Javan hawk-eagle habitat used a vegetation analysis approach and the level of use of habitat types. The results showed that the Javan hawk-eagle most often used natural forest habitat types (85.38%) at the Cipari site and plantation forests (83.14%) at the Bantar agung site. The dominant tree species in the natural forest are benda (Castanopsis argentea; 20.02%) and saninten (Artocarpus elasticus; 13.30%). Javan hawk-eagles choose trees to nest in kedondong trees (Spondias pinnata) and pine trees (Pinus merkusii ) in valleys between hills and close to water sources or rivers. Overall the behavior of the Javan hawk-eagle found is resting/perching, hunting, flying, and interacting. The most common behavior of Javan hawk-eagles found was resting/perching (80.16%) and interaction (45.88%).

Autecology of <i>Castanopsis argentea</i> (Blume) A.DC. in Telaga Warna Nature Reserve Area, Bogor Regency

The red list of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) reported Castanopsis argentea as an endangered species. Studies about autecology on its natural habitat become important to perform species conservation. This study aimed to analyze the population structure, distribution pattern, and environmental factors that influence the presence of C. argentea in the Telaga Warna Nature Reserve. Data was collected in September 2020 by making 21 plots with a single plot. The purposive sampling method was used based on C. argentea representatives to determine plot location. Measurement of environmental factors, including soil sampling was carried out on each plot. Population structure was analyzed based on plant density, and Morisita index determined the distribution pattern. Environmental data were analyzed using PCA with Minitab 19 programs. Our field observation showed that C. argentea seedling has the highest density (1071 ind/ha) and decreased in the mature phase. C. argentea was found to have a clumped distribution pattern with an Id value of 1.03. PCA analysis showed differences in environmental factors that were thought to influence the presence of C. argentea individuals in four growth phases. The highest population structure of C. argentea was found in the growth phase of seedlings and saplings at an altitude of 1400 m asl. The spread population distribution of C. argentea was clumped. The influences of environmental variables on the existence of C. argentea were Mg, Ca, CEC, pH, and soil moisture.

Explant Sterilization Technique Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC. with the addition of Ascorbic Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) In Vitro

Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC. has the local name saninten. This plant is one of the woody plants that has the potential to be developed because it is beneficial for wildlife to nest and is used in reforestation. The seeds of this plant can be used for food by boiling and burning. This plant must be preserved so that it does not become extinct. However, the propagation, so it must use the technique of propagation through tissue culture. This study aims to determine the best sterilization technique for in vitro culture of C. argentea. Eight methods of explant sterilization have been carried out in this study. Methods 1-4 do not use ascorbic acid immersion, while methods 5-8 use the addition of ascorbic acid. Based on observations, it is known that the best sterilization is in the 8th method because the level of contamination and browning is lower than other methods, namely on the fifth day after planting only 20%. The 8th method is graded sterilization. In graded sterilization, explants were gradually immersed in 10% NaOCl, 20% NaOCl, and 30% NaOCl, respectively. Multilevel sterilization is the most effective method of sterilization to reduce contamination and browning. Ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant and reduces contamination in the enzymatic browning reaction. The combination of sterile substances, time, sequence, and method of immersion affects the sterility of explants.

Identifying the potential geographic distribution for Castanopsis argentea and C. tungurrut (Fagaceae) in the Sumatra Conservation Area Network, Indonesia

Abstract. Harapan TS, Nurainas, Syamsuardi, Taufiq A. 2022. Identifying the potential geographic distribution for Castanopsis argentea and Castanopsis tungurrut (Family: Fagaceae) in the Sumatra Conservation Area Network, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1726-1733. Recently, Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC. and Castanopsis tungurrut (Blume) A.DC. have been listed as endangered species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). For conservation planning, it is important to know the full distribution of species. This study aimed to predict the potential distribution of C. argentea and C. tungurrut using MaxEnt, and understand key factors responsible for the distribution of these species. A total of 53 occurrences and six environmental variables were used to model their distribution. The AUC values of C. argentea and C. tungurrut were 0.86 and 0.91, respectively, and the models suggest the distribution of both species is mainly influenced by elevation, and temperature seasonality for C. tungurrut. The predicted distributions of the species are in the mountains of the western part of Sumatra, and their range includes 12 conservation areas that have highly suitable habitats for both species. After generating the MaxEnt prediction map, we conducted field validation to validate the model predictions. Field surveys in two predicted areas showed that the predicted distribution maps accurately estimated the distribution of C. argentea and C. tungurrut at those localities.

Reproductive phenology period of the five threatened species in Cibodas Botanic Gardens

Agathis borneensis, Castanopsis argentea, Diospyros celebica, Merrillia caloxylon, and Saurauia bracteosa are some threatened species, which have been planted in Cibodas Botanic Gardens as a garden collection. As part of the plant conservation program, their vegetative and reproductive phenology knowledge is crucial to understand when to harvest the seeds used for further propagation and restoration. The study aimed to investigate the phenology phases of these species as well as the impact of microclimates. The study used a descriptive-quantitative analysis based on the records of the exploratory-inventory observation of flowering and fruiting phase data and microclimate circumstances in 2018. Except for precipitation, the data revealed that CBG’s microclimate was considerably less diversified. The results also described that A. borneensis has flowering and fruiting almost throughout the year. C. argentea flowers at the end of the year and then develop into fruit at the beginning of the next subsequent year. D. celebica is also a low-intensity flowering plant that bears fruit almost all year. S. bracteosa has a long period of flowering from May to the end of the year. And then it started to develop into fruits from July to the end of the year and continued to January of the following year. Unfortunately, M. caloxylon is not shown a reproductive stage throughout the year. According to the findings, reproductive phases prominently occur early and at the end of the year, along with the rainy season. It also implied the appropriate time for seed harvesting conducted during these periods.

Species Richness of spermatophytes in Mranak forest area of mount Prau, Central Java, Indonesia

Forest clearing that has been used as agricultural land in Mount Prau is increasing. As a result, the sustainability of biodiversity, natural habitat of mountain forest and natural resources are increasingly under threat. However, green, and natural landscapes of mountain forest can still be found in eastern and northern slopes of Mount Prau. Although at lower slopes already contain agricultural land, the rate of forest encroachment for conversion to agricultural land is relatively slow. Mranak forest in Genting Gunung village, Sukorejo sub-district, Kendal district is one forest area that still in good condition. This forest is one of the unofficial hiking routes to the top of Mount Prau. This study aims to assess species richness of seed plants (Spermatophytes) in the Mranak forest. The exploration method was used to assess plant species. Based on preliminary field study, four observation areas were determined at different altitudes (1600, 1900, 2100, and 2300 meter above sea level). The results found 124 species of seed plants belonging to 61 families. Melastoma malabathricum found in zones 1 and 4 (lowest and highest area). The two zones are indeed more open according to the habitat preferences of this species. The Important species found in this research were Sarangan (Castanopsis argentea), Corybas orchid, and Edelweiss (Anaphalis longifolia). All three species are important because of their conservation status.

Sub-population survey of Dipterocarpus retusus Bl. in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park

Dipterocarpaceae are globally important tree family due to its conservation status. Most of Dipterocarpaceae in Java are distributed in lowland area. However, several species exist in higher altitude such as Gede Pangrango National Park (GPNP) area. All Dipterocarpaceae species in GPNP are vulnerable or endangered based on IUCN Red List status. Dipterocarpaceae species are main priorities for plant conservation in GPNP. In this study we conducted early survey of Dipterocarpus retusus Bl. sub-population in Bodogol area (northwest slope of GPNP) at elevation 800-1000 m above sea level. We searched D. retusus individuals along trail in the Bodogol area from forest exterior towards forest interior. The subpopulation of D. retusus detected in mixed forests that dominated by emergent Fagaceae species (Castanopsis argentea). Positive correlation between diameter and height may reflect low disturbance rate in Bodogol forest area. We also found negative effect of habitat elevation toward plant height, which mean that the centre of sub-population located in the lower elevation part of the sampling location. This study signifies the importance of Bodogol forest area that contain globally important Red List plant species.

INVENTARISASI JENIS PAKAN LUTUNG JAWA (Trachypithecus auratus) PADA BLOK CILAME DAN BLOK CIMEUDEUM TAMAN WISATA ALAM GUNUNG TAMPOMAS KABUPATEN SUMEDANG

Javan Langur (Trachypithecus auratus) is one of folivora species by 50 % leaves, 32% fruits, 13% flowers and 7% insects. The most exist of J. langur in Mt. Tampomas Natural Tourism Park in Block of Cilame and Cimeundeum. Mt. Tampomas Natural Tourism Park is one of hiking trails that cause annoyed vegetation as J. Langur’s feed. The objects of studies are to identify of Javan langur’s feed and Importance Value Index of J. Langur’s feed. The method is purposive sampling to know vegetation of feed. The result of species number were 62 species, include 18 species is a J. Langur’s feed. The J. Langur’s feed are kondang (Ficus variegata), nangsi (Villebrunea rubessen), kadoya (Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum), kiara (Fics altisima), kitambaga (Eugenia cuprea), gadog (Bischofia javanica), hamirung (Vernonia arborea), kibanen (Cryteronia paniculata), huru (Machilus rimota), afrika (Maesopsis eminii), putat (Bringtonia acutangular), sampang (Evodia latifolia), pisitan monyet (Glianthus populacus), kilalayu (Lepisanthes tetraphylla), kihuni (Antidesma bunius), hantap (Sterculia coccinea) dan saninten (Castanopsis argentea). Dominance of Javan Langur feed is kadoya (Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum), kitambaga (Eugenia cuprea), dan huru (Machilus rimota). This mean of habitat condition is available feed to J. langur existing.

Evaluasi Kesintasan dan Pertumbuhan Beberapa Jenis Pohon Lokal di Area Restorasi Cagar Biosfer Cibodas

One of the threats faced with Cibodas Biosphere Reserve area is the changes of forest area into plantation. Various efforts were made by Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park (TNGP) management to restore the area to its original function. One of the efforts is planting trees in the ex-plantation area that has been abandoned by the farmers. In 2016, Cibodas Botanics Garden was collaborated with TNGP to plant native trees species that had potency of high carbon sequestration. Six hundreds seedlings from 12 native trees species were planted ie, Altingia excelsa Noronha , Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC ., Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC. , Castanopsis tunggurut (Blume) A.DC , Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. , Euonymus indicus B. Heyne ex Wall ., Lithocarpus indutus (Blume) Rehder , Magnolia blumei Prantl, Persea rimosa Zoll. ex Meisn ., Syzygium acuminatissimum (Blume) DC., Sloanea sigun (Blume) K. Schum ., and Schima wallichii Choisy . The observations of evaluation done by January, February and July 2016. Parameters were observed are plant height, root collar diameter and crown width. Then, the data were analyzed by RGR (Relative Growth Rate) and RPI (Relative Performance Index). The results of observation during six months after planting shown that the average survival rate was 60.56%, with the largest survival rates were Altingia excelsa and Castanopsis javanica (80%). Castanopsis tunggurut was the lowest survival rate than the other plants (33,33%). The best growth rate is shown by Schima wallichii. In this case, obstructed plant growth is caused by the high density of weeds and shrubs so that seedlings are less exposed to sunlight and nutritional deficiencies, and also the damage that caused by humans, especially for Castanopsis tunggurut and Sloanea sigun.

Short Communication: Floristic survey of vascular plant in the submontane forest of Mt. Burangrang Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Cahyanto T, Efendi M, Shofara RM. 2019. Short Communication: Floristic survey of vascular plant in the submontane forest of Mt. Burangrang Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2197-2205. A floristic survey was conducted in submontane forest of Block Pulus ​​Mount Burangrang West Java. The objectives of the study were to inventory vascular plant and do quantitative measurements of floristic composition as well as their structure vegetation in the submontane forest of Nature Reserves Mt. Burangrang, Purwakarta West Java. Samples were recorded using exploration methods, in the hiking traill of Mt. Burangrang, from 946 to 1110 m asl. Vegetation analysis was done using sampling plots methods, with plot size of 500 m2 in four locations. Result was that 208 species of vascular plant consisting of basal family of angiosperm (1 species), magnoliids (21 species), monocots (33 species), eudicots (1 species), superrosids (1 species), rosids (74 species), superasterids (5 species), and asterids (47), added with 25 species of pterydophytes were found in the area. The three families of plants are Lauraceae (10 species), Urticaceae (9 species), and Rubiaceae (8 species) dominating those areas. Fourteen species belong to IUCN red list: Least concern/LC (12 species), Vulnerable/VU (1 species), and endangered/EN (1 species). Furthermore, Castanopsis argentea A.DC, Pinanga javana Blume and Amorphophallus decus-silvae Backer & Aldrew belonging to protected plants are also found in the area. Based on the assessment of analysis vegetation, the forest has experienced disturbance, the density of trees is commonly low and has a lot of gaps. Many vacant lots are found. On the other side, there is the presence of invasive plant species that may slow down a succession into climax growth of local plant.

Nutritive values, dietary antioxidant and seed protein profile of some underutilized seeds and nuts from ethnic sources

Study with seven unrelated and diverse type of non-conventional seeds and nuts, viz. Trapa natans, Nymphaea nouchali,Euryle ferox, Castanopsis argentea, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Nelumbo nucifera and Gnetum gnemon revealed thatthey are rich in nutritive values and high in calorific values. Crude protein content varied from 4.40-32.08%; carbohydratecontent varied from 38.66-77.50%. With calorific values in the range of 317.78 Kcal/100g to 376.62 Kcal/100g, these are highcalorie food with low lipid in the range of 0.93% to 6.74%. They are also rich in dietary antioxidant phenolics which variedwidely from 1.0-17.6 mg/g. The free amino acid content varied from 4.0-10.66 mg/g. Present study show that that nonconventionalseeds and nuts are very rich in nutrient content

The detection of wood decay of trees collection Agathis borneensis and Castanopsis argentea at the public area in Cibodas Botanical Garden

Due to tree hazard risk, the collection of living plant species in the public area of Cibodas Botanical Garden should be detected. The objective of this research was to assess the existence of wood decay in the stand of Agathis borneensis and Castanopsis argentea tree using visual investigation and Arborsonic measurement technology. Six A. borneensis (20 to 36 m tall) and three C. argentea (16 to 26 m tall) trees were evaluated visually and measured for percentage of decay area. Visual report of A. borneensis indicated that 17% of the root, root collar and crown collar were in damaged and decayed condition; 33% trunk was in damaged and cracked condition; and 83% crown was in dry to damaged limb condition. Visual evaluation of C. argentea showed that the trunk, crown collar and crown were in poor condition. The ArborSonic 3D® measurement indicated a decayed area ranging from 0-10% and 39-71% for A. borneensis and C. argentea respectively. Only one C. argentea tree indicated a high risk from tree fallen. The others showed a low risk although visually were reported in poor condition. It was caused by Arborsonic risk rating resulted from the percentage decayed area and the safety factor not including the health condition of the tree. Moreover, more attention is required to prevent tree’s falling hazard from living plant species of Cibodas Botanical Garden.

RESPON PERTUMBUHAN TUNAS SANINTEN (Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC.) TERHADAP PEMBERIAN ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH BAP DAN IAA SECARA IN VITRO The growth response of Saninten (Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC.) In Vitro by Adding Plant Growth Regulator BAP

Saninten (Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC.) is one of the member Fagaceae family which can produce wood and non-wood product. Micropropagation of saninten by in vitro has never been reported. This research aims to identify the growth response of saninten shoot by adding Plant Growth Regulator (PGR), they are 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and indole-3-acetic-acid (IAA) with different concentrations in propagation in vitro on woody plant medium (WPM). The research conducted a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial. They are PGR type and PGR concentration. The PGR type consist of two levels namely BAP and IAA. PGR concentration consist of three levels namely 0 mg/L BAP and IAA, 0.5 mg/L BAP or 0.1 mg/L IAA, and 1.0 mg/L BAP or 0.1 mg/L IAA. Parameters observed is the amount of shoot, shoot height, and callus growth. The combination of BAP (0, 0.5, 1 mg/L) and IAA (0, 0.1, 0.1 mg/L) haven’t produce optimal growth of shoot. WPM medium with 0.5 mg/L BAP was able to produce the best of percentage of shoot, the number of shoots, and shoot height growth. WPM medium with IAA concentration of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L produce explant with callus.Key words: 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), Castanopsis argentea, indole-3-acetic-acid (IAA), woody plant medium (WPM)

STRUKTUR DAN KOMPOSISI VEGETASI POHON SERTA ESTIMASI BIOMASSA, KANDUNGAN KARBON DAN LAJU FOTOSINTESIS DI TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG HALIMUN-SALAK

Research the structure and composition of vegetation, biomass estimation, carbon content and the rate of photosynthesis was conducted in Citalahab Central Village,Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java, on August 2010. The purpose of research to determine the components and characteristics of each tree species at the study sites associated with biomass, the rate of CO2 assimilation and transpiration. Results showed that, the form of classified forest area of primary forest with a little disturbed. There were recorded 337 individual trees (stem diameter > 10 cm) per hectare from 71 species, 50 genera and 32 families. Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae and Meliaceae are the 5 most common families found in the plot area, thatis dominated by Altingia excelsa, Blumeodendron elateriospermum, Ardisia zollingeri, Gordonia excelsa, Tricalysia singularis, Castanopsis acuminatissima, Knema cinerea, Laportea stimulant, Vernonia arborea and Dysoxylum excelsum. Estimated biomass recorded of 304.5 tons dry weight / ha with a carbon content of 152.3 tons / ha of basal area of 28.89 m2/ha. Quercus oidocarpa, Litsea noronhae, Saurauia nudiflora, Castanopsis argentea and Altingia excelsa has recorded the highest photosyntheticrates compared with other species. While the highest transpiration rate is owned by the Macaranga triloba, Sandoricum koetjape, Prunus arborea, Urophyllum corymbosum and Altingia excelsa.

Botanical Exploration and Crater Vegetation Survey of Mt. Galunggung, West Java

Botanical exploration at Mt. Galunggung protected forest, West Java was conducted in June 2014. This study was aimed to collect plant living specimen for ex-situ conservation purpose of Kuningan Botanic Garden and to conduct vegetation analysis in crater area. Random inventory method at 600-1200 m asl was used to collect plant in that area. Vegetation analysis of tree, shrub and herb were used line transect methods. Result showed that 273 collection numbers of plant living species were collected from Mt. Galunggung, which consisted of 213 species, 143 genus and 72 families. Plant families which most collected were Moraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Arecaceae and Lauraceae respectively. In crater area was collected a lot of pioneer plant, such as dawola ( Trema cannabina Lour.), paku tiang ( Cyathea spp.), nangsi ( Villebrunea rubescens (Blume) Blume), muncang cina ( Ostodes paniculata Blume), mara ( Macaranga tanarius (L.) Mull.Arg.), and kareumbi ( Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax). Furthermore, in secondary remnant forest were collected typical plants of Java mountains such as saninten ( Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC., puspa ( Schima wallichii Choisy) and some of tree seedlings from Lauraceae family. Vegetation affected by eruption in Mt. Galunggung is in early stage of forest succession and still develops to next stage of succession. Tree, shrub and herb in the crater area were dominated by Cyathea contaminans (Wall. Ex Hook.) Copel. , Calliandra callothyrsus Meisn. and Ageratina riparia (Regel) R.M.King & H.Rob. with H’ was 0.35, 0.31 and 0.30 respectively.

Studi Perilaku Makan Dan Analisis Vegetasi Pakan Lutung Jawa (Trachypithecus Auratus) Di Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai

Javanmonkey (Trachypithecus auratus) an endemic primate of Java is vulnerable and listed in Appendix II of CITES. This study was done to observeits feeding behavior and food diversity.The results is expected to support its population in the wild from the destruction of habitat. It was conducted in March-April 2012 in Situ Sangiang Gunung Ciremai National Park, Majalengka, West Java Province. The method used is animal scan sampling was applied feeding behavior and purposive sampling to determine the vegetation diversity. Its feeding monkey between 07:00 to 11:00; 13:00 to 14:00; and 15:00 to 17:00 time in tree stratum(>15 meters), mostly on haripingku (Dysoxylum densiflorum). Other food plant shantap (Sterculia oblongata), kigambir (Uncaria gambir), nangsi (Villebrunea rubescens), kiara (Ficus globosa), hamirung (Vernonea arborea), mara (Macaranga tanarius), tisuk (Hibiscus macrophyllus), kiara koneng (Ficus annulata Bl.), mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni), saninten (Castanopsis argentea), and nunuk (* not identified). Key words : feeding behavior, Gunung Ciremai National Park, Javan monkey