Cast Brass Research Articles

Investigation of fracture mechanical properties of a brass alloy with microstructural variations

This study investigates the effect of microstructural variations on the mechanical properties of CuZn35Mn2Al1Fe1-C-GS brass alloy. Specimens taken from positions with different cooling rates in a large cast component exhibit coarse-grained (approximately 5mm) and fine-grained (approximately 1mm) microstructures. Fine-grained samples demonstrate at least a 7% increase in Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and up to a 33% higher long crack threshold ΔKth,lc. Hardness measurements are similar between microstructures. The NASGRO model and cyclic R-curve are applied to fit crack propagation data, and fractographic analysis reveals distinct fracture mechanisms. The results indicate that a fine-grained microstructure enhances tensile strength and crack resistance, providing valuable insights for the design and maintenance of heavy machinery components made from cast brass.

The Structure and Properties of G-CuZn15Si4 Cast Brass After Inoculation of Its Melt with Dispersed FeCr Intermetallic Component

The Structure and Properties of G-CuZn15Si4 Cast Brass After Inoculation of Its Melt with Dispersed FeCr Intermetallic Component

Структура та властивості нових підшипникових композитів на основі сталевих відходів для важких умов експлуатації друкарських машин

The article presents the research results on the structure and properties of new self-lubricating bearing composites based on grinding wastes of high-alloyed steel 8X4V2MFS2 with additives of CaF2 solid lubricant. The new composites are designed to operate in friction units of printing machines at rotational speeds of 600˗800 rpm and increased loads of up to 3.0 MPa. It is shown that the application of the developed technology ensures the formation of a fine-grained heterophase structure of the new composite. The formed structure is a metal matrix base made of regenerated grinding waste from 8X4V2MFS2 steel, consisting of a high-alloy α-solid solution and solid grains of alloying elements’ carbides, as well as a uniformly distributed solid lubricant CaF2. This structure ensured the formation of the new composite’s physical, mechanical and tribological properties high level. In the process of friction, antifriction films were formed on the contact surfaces, which provided a self-lubricating mode. Comparative friction and wear tests have shown significant advantages of the new waste composite compared to cast brass L63, which is traditionally used in friction units of printing equipment. The determined level of physical, mechanical, and tribological characteristics makes it possible to recommend the studied material for use in friction units of printing equipment operating at elevated rotational speeds of 600˗800 rpm and loads up to 3.0 MPa in air. The studies have shown the prospects of using a wide range of valuable metal grinding waste in the repeated production cycle for the manufacture of high-quality composites. The reuse of such waste will make a significant contribution to the protection of the environment from pollution associated with human industrial activity and will help reduce its negative effect on the ecosystem. Keywords: grinding waste, high-alloyed steel, technology, composite bearing, microstructure, solid lubricant, properties, antifriction films, printing machines.

Sistem Informasi Geografis Peta Lokasi Toko Oleh-oleh Khas Wonosari Berbasis Website


 
 
 
 
 Wonosasri, Gunung Kidul district, Special Region of Yogyakarta is famous for having quite a lot of interesting tourist destinations for tourists to visit. Tourist attractions that are quite famous in Indonesia are Wediombo Beach, Nglambor Beach, Becici Hill Pine Forest, Oya River, Ngringrong Valley, Sri Gethuk Waterfall, Ki Ageng Giring III Grave, Baron Beach, Wunung Giri Sela Kandha, Stone Garden, Kejawan Temple, Tanding Cave, Pindul Cave, Kalisuci Cave Tubing, Jomblang Cave, HeHa Sky View, Gesing Beach, Sadranan Beach, Drini Beach, Bukit Bintang, Puncak Segoro, Tanding Cave, Embung Glangeran, Slili Beach and many others. Apart from being famous as an attractive tourist destination, Wonosari Yogyakarta also has various types of souvenirs typical of Tiwul food, Gatot, Nasi Tiwul, Prawn Peyek, Fried Grasshoppers, Fried Lungkrung, Cassava Crackers, Various processed sea fish, Seaweed Peyek, Manggleng, Pathilo , and ornamental stone handicrafts, wooden and wooden batik crafts, natural colored batik crafts, bamboo crafts, vetiver crafts, natural handicrafts, silver crafts, cast metal crafts, blacksmith crafts, copper and brass crafts, and so on. Tourists who want to buy souvenirs often have difficulty finding souvenir shop locations. This research aims to develop a system that can provide information on the location of souvenir shops around users. This research was built using the waterfall method starting with the analysis, design, implementation and stages testing. The programming language used is PHP and MySql for the database. The result of this research is that a website that can display locations can display the distance and information on souvenir shops so that it really helps tourists/people to see the distance and information on souvenir shops. According to the UAT testing carried out, it is hoped that 90% of tourists/people will be helped. with the development of this system.
 
 
 
 

Dezincification in cast and heat-treated alpha-beta brass samples

Abstract Two α-β brass alloys with varying Zn contents have been studied. The samples received for examination were heat-treated at 500 °C in order to conduct dezincification studies according to EN ISO 6509-1 and to measure the depth of dezincification from metallographic sections. According to the phase diagram, the α-phase content should increase as a result of heat-treatment at 500 °C. This phenomenon, however, is difficult to observe in the metallographic sections which were prepared from the heattreated samples. When analyzing the depth of dezincification, it was found that reduced dezincification occurred in the heat-treated samples. This is plausible since β brass is attacked by preferential corrosion. Not only was uniform layer dezincification observed in the brass alloy with the higher Zn content, but also the onset of plug dezincification. This is associated with the original microstructure of the brass which is characterized by a coarse primary grain size. In this alloy, it is clearly observed that larger areas containing alpha brass will impede the process of dezincification.

Finite Element Analysis of Spur Gear

Abstract: Gear drive is crucial in control transmission businesses, as they are subjected to fluctuating loads, creating bowing and compressive stresses. Analyzing these stresses is crucial for safety operation and weight reduction. Gears are analyzed using AUTO CAD and ANSYS for inactive and modular examinations, considering materials like cast iron, carbon steel, brass, and copper

The improvement of operational properties of the parts of means of transport by applying regular reliefs

Problem. Specially created regular surface reliefs strongly influence the reliability and operational properties of machine parts. One of the effective methods of obtaining reliefs is cold plastic deformation (CPD). This method of modification does not lead to the occurrence of significant stresses in the material of the part and can be form-forming. The latter is important in repair production. However, to date, there is no systematic study of the formation of reliefs by CPD methods, especially with the use of linear indenters. Goal. To improve the operational properties of the parts of means of transport by applying regular micro- and macro-reliefs of technological and operational purposes by deepening linear indenters. Methodology. Press hydroficated equipment was used to create a normal indenter penetration force. The brands of typical structural materials are defined: steel, gray cast iron, bronze, brass, aluminum and titanium alloys. A linear indenter made of high-speed steel with angles at the top of 60° - 90° and a radius at the base of 0.005 - 0.5 mm was created. Methods of microstructural analysis and microhardness, standard and original instruments and devices were used. The range of groove depths was 0.02-0.5 mm. A lubricating-cooling liquid based on rapeseed oil was used. Results. It was hypothesized that when the indenter is immersed in the material of the part, the factors that have the greatest influence on the depth and other parameters of the relief groove are the normal strength, hardness, and relative elongation of the material under study. These theoretical principles formed the basis of the mathematical model of the indentation process. Originality. It was created a classification of regular reliefs by purpose: for preliminary division of the allowance during cutting; for preparing the surfaces of parts for applying coatings, including anti-friction films; to create labyrinths on the surface of parts for lubricants; for preliminary separation of fragmentary ammunition cases; to create strengthened new load-bearing surfaces, in particular, discrete when restoring worn parts; to obtain complex profiles on the surfaces of the holes of the parts. The calculation of the impact of the indentation force and the geometric parameters of the linear indenter on the shape and dimensions of the relief groove has been developed. Theoretical propositions about the influence of the embedment force, hardness and plasticity of the material of the part on the parameters of the relief groove were experimentally confirmed. These factors affect the optimization parameter both directly and through intermediate factors: the radius of rounding and the angle at the top of the indenter and the composition of the lubricating and cooling liquid and the speed of immersion. The interrelationship of phenomena during the formation of reliefs and the dependence of the depth of the groove on the process factors are constructed. Practical value. The method of restoring worn parts by indenting a linear indenter was developed, the principle of obtaining discrete surfaces of machine parts by alternating relief grooves with flat areas within a discreteness of 5-50% and methods of obtaining shaped surfaces in the holes of hollow parts by copying were developed.

Pengaruh variasi ketebalan saluran dan temperatur tuang terhadap fluiditas dan porositas hasil pengecoran kuningan pada pengecoran evaporatif

The development of foundry technology continues to grow along with the increasingly complex needs for making products based on art and culture, one of which is sclupture. Evaporative casting based on non-permanent patterns made of polystyrene foam, with the advantage of precision casting results in complex shapes. The purpose of this study was to determine how variations in the pouring channel and pouring temperature affect the fluidity and porosity of brass castings in evaporative casting. Casting was carried out in castings with thicknesses of 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm at pouring temperatures of 900°C, 950°C, and 1000°C using brass with a composition of Cu60% and Zn40%. The highest fluidity was found at a pattern density of 0.012 gr/cm3 at a pouring temperature of 1000°C with a flow length of 150 mm, while the lowest fluidity was obtained at a pattern density of 0.016 gr/cm3 at a pouring temperature of 900°C with a flow length of 13 mm. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations can be observed in spesimens with a density of polystyrene foam and a high casting temperature, an increase in the porosity formed.

Negative Shrinkage of Thin-walled Investment Brass Castings

Negative Shrinkage of Thin-walled Investment Brass Castings

Beeswax Material as Corrosion Inhibitor in a Brake Oil System

One of the most important additives used in the braking system is anti-corrosion providing corrosion protection for metals used in braking systems, including cast iron, aluminum, steel, copper, and brass. Beeswax is a biocorrosion inhibitor in braking systems tested. It is cheap, environmental-friendly, a source of nature, and a secondary product in the life of bees. The additive was added in several concentrations of weight percent (wt%), and the method of weight loss was used to study the effect of beeswax as a corrosion inhibitor. The result is an enhancement in corrosion resistance with beeswax content increasing. Many tests, such as an atomic force microscope (AFM), were used to observe the aluminum surface's topography. The result shows a decrease in surface roughness with beeswax additives. Besides, a rheometer and tensiometer were used to study the flow behavior of brake oil/beeswax at different shear rates and shear stresses. It shows a dramatic drop in viscosity as its concentration increases. Beeswax can be considered an environmentally friendly additive and has exhibited a good corrosion inhibitor even in severe acidic environments. The result showed that the brake oil/beeswax fluid offers excellent corrosion protection for metal components and lubricating properties that reduce wear.

Experimental Research on Properties of Naval Brass Castings

Abstract Naval brasses consisting of the α–β duplex phases are a special kind of Cu-Zn alloys. They are known to have excellent corrosion resistance to sea water and marine conditions. The aim of this study is the investigation of properties and behaviours of naval brass parts formed by different casting processes. A medium leaded naval brass alloy with 60 % Cu, 39 % Zn and 1 % Pb approximate composition was used. Several samples were subjected to mechanical testing by means of tensile and hardness tests. Light optical microscopy with image analyser and scanning electron microscopy were used for microstructure observations. The corrosion test was applied in sea water conditions. Results reveal that besides hot forging also casting is a very suitable technique for naval brass shaping. Casting does not have a negative effect on the most important property corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the obtained mechanical properties are satisfactory.

ПОЛІПШЕННЯ ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЙНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ДЕТАЛЕЙ МАШИН ХОЛОДНИМИ ПЛАСТИЧНИМ ДЕФОРМУВАННЯМ

The article discusses the direction of improving the operational properties of machine parts by the cold plastic deformation. Purpose – to develop methods of experimental research of regular reliefs, including equipment, tools and material of prototypes; to create a classification of regular reliefs by purpose; to determine the mechanics of deepening of the linear indenter in the metal sample; to develop technological recommendations and research tools. The object of research – regular reliefs on the surface of machine parts. Methods and devices for conducting experiments were selected: hydrogenated presses, linear indentors, optical microscopes, microhardness testers, research materials, instruments and measuring instruments. The materials were alloy and stainless steel, gray and malleable cast iron, bronze and brass, aluminum and titanium alloys. The classification of reliefs by purpose, obtained by cold plastic deformation and cutting, has been developed. The mechanics of deepening of a linear indenter into a metal sample has been developed, which combines the values of the depth of indentation with the geometrical parameters of the indenter, friction coefficient, contact stress and groove depth. Experiments on 8 typical representatives of structural materials confirmed the theoretical principles of the mechanics of deepening. Scientific results allowed to develop and test a sample of the tool on a tubular part made of duralumin D16 (2117). The following process of improvement of operational properties of details of cars is offered: preparation of a surface under indentation; indenter deepening; removal of metal protrusions by cutting. KEYWORDS: REGULAR RELIEF, COLD PLASTIC DEFORMATION, LINEAR INDUCTOR, SURFACE OF PARTS, MECHANICS OF DEEPING

Improvement of mechanical properties of Cu-10% Zn alloy processed by cryoforging

The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of cast brass (Cu-10% Zn) subjected to cumulative strains of 3.0, 5.4 and 7.2 through multiaxial forging (MAF) at cryogenic temperature (77 K) were investigated. The mechanical properties of the homogenized and MAF treated alloy were measured through Vickers hardness testing. The brass deformed up to a cumulative strain of 7.2 showed improvement in the hardness of 2.3 GPa as compared with the as-homogenized annealed (0.55 GPa) alloy. The microstructural evolutions of cryoforged samples were characterized by optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Thereby, it helps to increase twining activity for further deformation. TEM and AFM investigations confirmed that the formation of subgrains as well as nanotwins is responsible for the improvement of the mechanical properties. Copyright © 2018 VBRI Press.

On the brass ewer unearthed from the crypt of the Shang-fang Śarīra Stupa of Qingshan Monastery in Lintong District, Shaanxi

Abstract A cast brass ewer was unearthed from the Shangfang Śarīra Stupa crypt at Qingshan Monastery. Most likely, it was made in the northwestern part of the South Asian subcontinent in the late seventh century. Integrating ancient Roman, Sassanian, and early Islamic styles, the shape of this ewer not only is a mixture of the elements of different eras and traditions but also reflects unique attributes. The multi-headed and multi-armed deities from Hinduism, especially Skanda, may have inspired the six-faced design on the body. Eventually, the ewer was taken to Chang’an by Indian or Kashmirian monks and buried in the pagoda’s crypt.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЙНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ДЕТАЛЕЙ МАШИН РЕЛЬЄФАМИ ПОВЕРХНІ

The article discusses the direction of improving the operational properties of machine parts by applying regular reliefs to the surface/ Purpose - to develop a model, plan and methodology for experimental studies of regular reliefs and create their classification by purpose and methods of obtaining. The object of research - regular reliefs on the surface of machine parts. The hierarchy of the main factors that affect the profile of reliefs formed by triangular grooves is determined. This is the normal penetration force of a linear indenter, hardness and elongation of the experimental material. The optimization parameter is the groove depth. A mathematical model and research plan have been developed 23. The methodology and devices for conducting experiments are determined. These are hydraulic presses, linear indenters, optical microscopes, microhardness testers, test materials, instruments, and measuring instruments. Materials for research: alloyed and stainless steel, gray and malleable cast irons, bronze and brass, aluminum and titanium alloys. Classifications of reliefs according to the methods of obtaining and destination are developed. Production methods are based on cold plastic deformation and cutting. The basic methods for the study are static methods: the introduction of a dividing element with discrete drawing and a single protrusion of the shaped mandrel during reduction. The dependence of the depth and double angle of the relief groove on the normal force is shown. A new method for obtaining the surface of a part, including the alternation of supporting platforms and grooves is proposed. The method is carried out using machining and subsequent deformation pulling. A distinctive feature of the method is the use of an intermediate elastic sleeve. KEYWORDS: REGULAR RELIEF, COLD PLASTIC DEFORMATION, LINEAR INDUCTOR, SURFACE OF PARTS, COATING, MODEL OF FORMATION OF RELIEF.

The “Molten Sea” Revisited

Abstract According to the biblical account (1 Kgs 7:23–26), in the middle of the courtyard of the temple stood a large water vessel of cast brass. Commentators and researchers have put forward various suggestions as to the form of the Molten Sea and its purpose in the temple. In this article, I argue that the description in 1 Kings offers definitive conclusions as to the biblical author’s intent regarding the form of the “Sea” and its volume (in בת units), and can resolve the outstanding question in the literature as to the equivalent of a בת in modern units of volume measurement. I shall also point to evidence in support of the view of other researchers that the Molten Sea held a purely symbolic role, while the practical functions of water for sacrificial purposes were provided by the bases (1 Kgs 7:27).

Green Quality Improvement Using Six Sigma Method

Traditional cast brass handicrafts Majapahit is one of the nation's cultural heritage which has a high historical value. The uniqueness and quality become the hallmark of this craft products. The results of handmade products such as sculptures, wall hangings, souvenirs, ornaments doors and so on. To increase the sales of traditional handicrafts of brass castings, required Majapahit applicative technical efforts in improving the quality of products which are ecofriendly. Quality improvement method such as Six sigma. Six sigma focuses on decreasing flawed rate, by reaching the standard 3, 4 flawed in a thousand possibility. Six sigma has 5 phases; define, measure, analyze, improvement, and control. In this research, six sigma is applied in producing cast brass handicraft starting from making the master mold, preparation of smelting raw materials, cooling process, releasing of the mold, and finishing. Purposefully to improve the quality by overcoming and decreasing the high of flawed possibility and also applying marketing mixture in improving the market segmentation of traditional cast brass of Majapahit market. The result is quality improvement is shown by decreasing happen in number of flawed product in total of mean for about 154, 8 decreased to 59,5. While the calculation of the six sigma, flawed product of cast brass handicraft is for about 1,7625 sigma value or being in level 2 and increased to 3,725 or being in level 4 with the flawed possibility in amount 235,000 for thousand times of production. The ability of production for the requirement which is wanted by the consumers and owning a good enough capability but still needed some correction to achieve world class home industry

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Brass Francis Turbine Manufactured by Local Investment Casting Technique in Nepal

Most of the hydro turbines in Nepalese power plants are imported from foreign industries. Findings from the studies have shown that up to 60% of the 13,000 MW capacity hydropower projects under the survey stage in Nepal would need Francis type of turbine with unit size below 5 MW. To meet the demand for turbines, Nepal has imported turbines worth US$ 5,616,072. The imported turbines from foreign industries could not address local problems of Nepalese hydropower. In Nepal, due to the sediment-laden condition of rivers alternative design and manufacturing techniques of turbines are necessary. To provide the new manufacturing techniques of Francis turbine in Nepal local casting process can be a solution because metal casting is a hereditary profession in Nepal since ancient periods till now. Large-sized bronze cast bells that are placed in Nepalese temples were manufactured in ancient times without a proper theoretical study on them. This paper discusses the materials testing of investment cast and sand cast brass materials of 14 kW Francis runner of Turbine Testing Lab (TTL) for exploring the possibilities of manufacturing Francis turbine. Tensile, Compressive and Charpy impact tests were performed base on ASTM standards and also the microscopic study was conducted at Kathmandu university laboratory. These testing results can be helpful for further studies on alternate turbine manufacturing processes as well.

Physical Behaviour of Thermally Affected Bronze and Brass

The physical behavior of thermally affected cast copper, aluminium bronze and brass has been studied by subjecting to heating isochronally for one hour at a range of 600°C. It shows that solid-solution hardening takes place into the Al added bronze and Zn added brass metal. Due to heating Al forms hard and brittle intermetallic of copper aluminites into bronze metal which responses some age hardening effects. The electrical conductivity of the metals increases initially through heat treatment due to stress relieving and finally decreases due to formation of intermetallic precipitates. The color of the heated samples are also studied through tristimulus color ‘L*’, ‘a*’ and ‘b*’ values which were analyzed and evaluated in MATLAB software. It is found that incorporation of Al and Zn affects the colour of cast Cu. The overall change of color occurs with increasing heating temperature due to chemical changes like oxidization, intermetallic formation, dissolution of phases, precipitation coarsening and recrsystallization. Due to change of hardness and microstructural properties of the experimental metals the sound intensity level also decreases at high heating temperature. A microstructural study confirms that the cast alloys contents the different phases of grains and bring about re-crystallized state after heating at 500°C for one hour.

Традиционный селькупский пояс: происхождение, изготовление, символика, применение

The article is devoted to the theme “Thing in culture”, and more specifically, “Thing in Selkup culture”. The aim of the study is to consider the belt, an attribute of the traditional outer clothing of the Selkups. It is outlined that the preservation of this element of culture can be highly estimated: during field work among the Selkups, author had an opportunity to see various belts, male and female ones, stored in families and presented in museums. It is emphasized that the Selkup belts are very beautiful, bright, decorated with seed bead and cast brass pendants. The article contains information about the origin of each type of belt, as well as their description is presented in the article. Methods: author's field research in the Krasnoselkupsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug made in 2012, 2015, 2016 and 2018, interview of informants, a number of author's publications on Selkup culture; comparative and typological method and description method. The classification of the belt is based on such characteristics as the technic of execution, origin, application and symbolism. The author outlines that information about the symbolism of the belt was especially difficult to collect, since all informants noted in the belt only the functionality, beauty and antiquity of the tradition of wearing it. Without pretending to be a full disclosure of the topic, the author presents a summary of data obtained and collected. Results of the study. Putting on traditional belts only on big (winter) holidays along with national clothes, Selkups practically do not make new belts nowadays. It is pointed out that belts stored in museum collections are generally not attributed. Study devoted to belts returns to the Selkups the element of their traditional culture in the form of a scientific description. It is assumed that the study will contribute to the formation of a new ethnicity of the Selkups, the collection and rethinking of cultural heritage by the Selkups.