Cassia Occidentalis Research Articles

Effect of Phenolic and Alkaloid Extract of Senna occidentalis Leaf on the Oxidative Status of the Heart in High Fat-diet Streptozotocin-induced Type 2 Diabetic Wistar Rats

Abstract Objective: This research examined the effects of extracts (alkaloid and phenolic) from the leaves of Senna occidentalis on the oxidative status of heart in Wistar rats fed high-fat diets and induced with streptozotocin. Type 2 diabetes was established in the rats by injecting 35 mg/kg of streptozotocin intraperitoneally. Materials and Methods Forty-three experimental rats were randomly categorized into seven groups of six rats each, with Group 1 as control group, which comprised seven rats. The remaining groups were as follows group 2 (untreated diabetic rats), Group 3 (metformin-treated diabetic rats), Group 4 (phenolic extract-treated diabetic rats), Group 5 (alkaloids extract-treated diabetic rats), Group 6 (high-dose phenolic extract-treated diabetic rats), and Group 7 (high-dose alkaloids extract-treated diabetic rats). Results: The activity levels of various biochemical factors such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde were assessed to determine antioxidant status. Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrated that the phenolic and alkaloid extracts from S. occidentalis possess antioxidant properties and show promise in the management of type 2 diabetes.

Biosynthesis of NiO nanoparticles using Senna occidentalis leaves extract: Effects of annealing temperature and antibacterial activity

In this work a cost effective and ecofriendly green method for the preparation of NiO nanostructures employing Senna occidentalis (S. occidentalis) leaves extract has been reported. XRD studies show that the 400 °C and 500 °C annealed nanostructures were authenticated as pure face centered cubic phase with an average crystallite size are about 27 nm and 15 nm, respectively. The SEM results show that both the annealed samples were nearly spherical with grain sizes ranging between 40 and 700 nm. The band gap of 400 °C and 500 °C annealed NiO nanoparticles (NPs) was estimated to be 5.28 eV and 5.40 eV, respectively from UV-visible studies while the occurrence of Ni-O stretching in the FTIR spectra validates the formation of NiO. Further this work witnesses that the NiO NPs synthesized from the green route offer better antibacterial activity. The observed maximum zone of inhibition of 500 °C annealed NiO NPs was found to be 20 mm and 19 mm for Serratia marcescens and Bacillus cereus strains and indicates that this material can serve as a prospective drug for biomedical application.

Some Aspects of the Ecology of Senna occidentalis (L.) Link around Awka in Anambra State, Nigeria

Some Aspects of the Ecology of Senna occidentalis (L.) Link around Awka in Anambra State, Nigeria

Effect of Feeding Mango and Senna occidentalis Leaf Meals as Replacement to Prophylactic Antibiotic Use on Performance of Broiler Chickens

A total of 180-day-old broiler chicks were used to evaluate the effect of feeding mango and Senna leaf meal as a replacement to prophylactic antibiotics use on the performance of broiler chickens. The birds were fed mango (MLM) and senna leaf meal (SLM) at 0g, 5gMLM, 7.5gMLM, 5gSLM and 7.5gSLM as treatments in a completely randomized design. Data on phytochemicals, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and haematological and serum biochemical parameters were collected. Data collected were subjected to variance analysis. The results show that flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannin and phenol were present in Mango and Senna leaf meals. Total feed costs in diets containing the different levels of MLM and SLM were lower (P<0.05) compared to the control. The feed cost per kg gain was also higher (P<0.05) in the control group compared to 5gMLM. Mortality was higher in the control compared to those fed the different leaf meals. The breast weight of the 5gMLM was higher (P<0.05) than that of 7.5gMLM and 5gSLM. The PCV of the group fed with 5gSLM was lower (p<0.05) compared to the control group and those fed with 5gMLM, 7.5gMLM, and 7.5gSLM. The WBC was higher (p<0.05) in the control group and 5gSLM compared to those fed with 5gMLM and 7.5gSLM. From the results, it can be concluded that 5gM resulted in better growth performance without adverse effects on haematological and serum biochemical parameters. Hence, it is recommended that 5gMLM can be used in the diets of broiler chickens in place of prophylactic antibiotics.

Efficacy of rhizobacteria in suppressing weed growth

The production of bioherbicides from isolates of deleterious rhizobacteria capable of suppressing plant growth is a sustainable method for weed management. The objective of this research was to evaluate whether rhizobacteria that potentially inhibit plant growth interfere with the growth of weeds. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments consisted of inoculating seeds of the weeds Bidens pilosa L., Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, and Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth with two distinct isolates of rhizobacteria (171 and 122), as well as cultivating these weeds without inoculation. At 50 days after sowing of the weeds, the height, stem diameter, shoot dry matter, and root dry matter were measured. Inoculation with isolates 171 and 122 did not influence the growth in height, diameter, shoot dry matter, or root dry matter of the weeds. It is concluded that rhizobacteria 171 and 122 do not have the potential to inhibit the growth of the weeds B. pilosa, S. occidentalis, and I. nil.

Correction: Exploring the Potential of Senna occidentalis Plant Extract as a Bio-anti-corrosive Agent for Steel in a Sulfuric Acid Environment: A Study of Electrochemical, Surface, and Computational Aspects

Correction: Exploring the Potential of Senna occidentalis Plant Extract as a Bio-anti-corrosive Agent for Steel in a Sulfuric Acid Environment: A Study of Electrochemical, Surface, and Computational Aspects

Identification of Bacterial Endophytes Isolated from Different Medicinal Plants

Plants have very potential compounds to live on earth as they supply 90% of human calorie intake, 80% of protein intake directly, and perhaps the most vital sources of medicine with a vast diversity of microorganisms. As such it’s important to know those microorganisms, their kinds, the features they possess, and the significant compounds/metabolites they can produce. So, this study is based on identifying such microorganisms. To achieve this aim, isolation of endophytes has been done to know their biochemical activities and properties. Various identification procedures have been followed to get pure endophytic strains without any contamination. Surface sterilization of the plant tissue is a must in this progress, various surface sterilization techniques have been tried and finally, for 4/5 plant tissues, sodium hypochlorite and ethanol were given the best result and for 1/5 with the addition of mercuric chloride were the standardized method for surface sterilization. About 30 different bacterial endophytes have been isolated from five kinds of medicinal plants. 4% sodium hypochlorite and 75% ethanol were found effective in sterilizing the surface of Psidium guajava, Cassia occidentalis, Calotropis procera, and Hibiscus rosa-sinensa. While Mangifera indica required an addition of 0.1% mercuric chloride. 19 strains isolated were Gram-positive, 11 Gram-negative (5 were Lactose fermenters and 6 were not), and most of which were bacilli. All isolates have shown different biochemical results, 25 showed a positive result for oxidase, and 28 gave a positive result for catalase. Most of the endophytes identified in this work are Bacillus spp. However, this study highlighted the significance of surface sterilisation and most importantly the presence of potential endophytes capable of producing novel bioactive compounds usable in pharmaceutical/medicinal application.

Exploring the Potential of Senna occidentalis Plant Extract as a Bio-anti-corrosive Agent for Steel in a Sulfuric Acid Environment: A Study of Electrochemical, Surface, and Computational Aspects

Exploring the Potential of Senna occidentalis Plant Extract as a Bio-anti-corrosive Agent for Steel in a Sulfuric Acid Environment: A Study of Electrochemical, Surface, and Computational Aspects

Antimicrobial and Immunostimulatory Effects of Senna occidentalis Ethanolic Extract against Aspergillus flavus-Induced Mycotic Keratitis: A Promising Therapeutic Approach

Antimicrobial and Immunostimulatory Effects of Senna occidentalis Ethanolic Extract against Aspergillus flavus-Induced Mycotic Keratitis: A Promising Therapeutic Approach

Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemicals Screening of Aqueous, Methanol and Hexane Leaves Extracts of Senna Occidentalis

The Senna occidentalis tree is an incredible plant with incredible antimicrobial, antifungal and antimalarial activities used traditionally. The study was carried out to determine the phytochemical content responsible for these activities Fresh leaves were collected, aqueous, methanolic and hexane extracts of leaves were prepared, and the extracts were screened for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. Results of the phytochemical screening of all the crude extracts revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, steroids, phenol, alkaloid and flavonoid. In aqeuose extract, flavonoid show higher content of 2,47%, followed by tepernoid with 2.27%, methanol with higher content of tepernoid with 2.60%, and hexane with the highest in tepernoid with only 2.38%. Based on the present study, it can be concluded that the extracts of Senna occidentalis are rich source of phytochemicals and F flavonoid is found to be most abundant phytochemical presence of bioactive constituents that could be the reason for pharmacological activity that is used traditionally by many people as an alternative treatment for a variety of health diseases.

Using Macroscopic, Microscopic, and FTIR Spectroscopy combined with Chemometrics to Authenticate Arabica Coffee from Antbush

Limited coffee stocks, high consumption, export demands, and increasing prices may contribute to counterfeiting. In other countries, including India and Africa, coffee forgery using antbush has been extensively established. Due to its abundance in Indonesia, unscrupulous coffee growers allegedly employ antbush (Senna occidentalis) as an adulterant in coffee to increase commercial earnings. This study aims to authenticate coffee from antbush using macroscopic and microscopic differences and FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. The arabica coffee samples from various regions were oven-roasted to a second crack and milled. The materials were then examined under macroscopic, microscopic, and infrared spectroscopic conditions. The obtained responses were used to monitor the qualitative and quantitative information in the targeted samples. Antbush in coffee samples is successfully identified microscopically by remnants of palisade tissue as well as the structural differences of the endosperm. In addition, FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate calibration can accurately estimate the concentration of antbush as adulterants in the target sample. Principle component regression (PCR) provides the best modeling for the relationship between the actual value. FTIR predicted the value of antbush with the lowest RMSEC and RMSEP values of 0.852 and 0.896, respectively, with the coefficient of determination (R2) in calibration and validation models of 0.9996 and 0.9967, respectively. The combination of macroscopic, microscopic, and FTIR spectroscopy offered reliable tools to authenticate arabica coffee from antbush.

Biosynthesis and assessment of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles utilizing Cassia occidentalis L. seed

This research explores the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Cassia occidentalis L. seed extract. Various analytical techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), were employed for comprehensive characterization. The UV–visible spectra revealed a distinct peak at 425 nm, while the seed extract exhibited peaks at 220 and 248 nm, indicating the presence of polyphenols and phytochemicals. High-resolution TEM unveiled spherical and oval-shaped AgNPs with diameters ranging from 6.44 to 28.50 nm. The SEM exhibiting a spherical shape and a polydisperse nature, thus providing insights into the morphology of the AgNPs. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of silver atoms at 10.01% in the sample. XRD results unequivocally confirm the crystalline nature of the AgNPs suspension, thereby providing valuable insights into their structural characteristics and purity. The antioxidant properties of AgNPs, C. occidentalis seed extract, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were assessed, revealing IC50 values of 345, 500, and 434 μg/mL, respectively. Antibacterial evaluation against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli demonstrated heightened sensitivity of bacteria to AgNPs compared to AgNO3. Standard antibiotics, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, acting as positive controls, exhibited substantial antibacterial efficacy. The green-synthesized AgNPs displayed potent antibacterial activity, suggesting their potential as a viable alternative to conventional antibiotics for combating pathogenic bacterial infections. Furthermore, potential biomedical applications of AgNPs were thoroughly discussed.

New Perspective on the Use of α-Bisabolol for Weed Control.

The indiscriminate use of synthetic herbicides reduces its effectiveness. Bioherbicides produced with metabolites emerge as an alternative to managing weeds. We aimed to analyze the phytotoxic potential of the essential oil of Vanillosmopsis arborea (EOVA) and the α-bisabolol molecule, its main component. We evaluated the effects of EOVA and α-bisabolol at different concentrations on the germination, growth, antioxidant metabolism, and photosynthesis of different species. EOVA and α-bisabolol showed promising phytotoxic effects on the germination and initial growth of the weed Senna occidentalis, inhibiting the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and increasing lipid peroxidation. α-Bisabolol reduced the weed seedling growth by inducing oxidative stress, which suggests a greater role in postemergence. Moreover, in the weed postemergence, both EOVA and α-bisabolol caused damage in the shoots, reduced the chlorophyll content, and increased lipid peroxidation besides reducing photosynthesis in S. occidentalis. Overall, we suggest the promising action of α-bisabolol and EOVA as bioherbicides for weed control.

HPTLC Analysis of Senna occidentalis (L.) in the Methanolic extract of the leaf

Phytomedicines are now an important area of better treatment and high prospects in many countries these medicinal herbs are found in tropical and subtropical areas and it is an erect, branched herb usually 2 to 3 m in height. The members of this species are annual and perennial. The leaves of the plant are alternate, paripinnate compound and the petiole possesses a dark purple-brown ovoid gland near the stem junction. Senna occidentalis (L.) also known as “Kasondi or coffee senna” is a herbaceous medicinal weed with orange-yellow to yellow flowers belonging to the family “Fabaceae (Leguminosae)” Senna occidentalis (L.). The present work was designed to investigate the presence of quercetin and gallic acid in the n-hexane and hydro-alcoholic extract of S. occidantalis through HPTLC. The result presented through chromatograms and peak tables reveals the presence of quercetin in the sample extracted with n-hexane and hydro-alcohol while gallic acid was not detected in n-hexane and hydro-alcohol extracted samples.

Development of highly discriminatory SCoT- and CBDP-based SCAR fingerprint for authentication of Indian senna (Senna alexandrina Mill.) formerly Cassia angustifolia Vahl.).

Indian senna (Senna alexandrina Mill.) (formerly Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) is an important medicinal plant of the family Fabaceae. The leaves and pods of Indian senna yield sennosides and rhein-based laxative. Adulteration of Indian senna is a serious issue as with most of the medicinal plants used in the Indian systems of traditional medicine. The bulk of dried leaves and pods of morphologically related species, such as Cassia fistula, Senna occidentalis, Senna sophera, and Senna tora, is usually mixed with those of the Indian senna, and the admixture is used in laxative-based formulations. The present investigation is a modest attempt at developing species-specific start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism- and CAAT-box-derived polymorphism (CBDP)-based sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers for the identification and authentication of Indian senna and four adulterant species (C. fistula, S. occidentalis, S. sophera, and S. tora species). In this study, genomic DNA extracted from 44 accessions of Indian senna and four adulterant species was subjected to SCoT and CBDP PCR. The polymorphic amplicons were identified, eluted, ligated, and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5 α strain. PCR, restriction analysis, and DNA sequencing confirmed the transformed recombinant plasmid clones. Post-sequencing, the sequence of the primary SCoT and CBDP primers was analyzed and extended into the unique signature sequence of the concerned accessions. This resulted in development of one SCoT-44- and two CBDP-25-based SCARs. SCoT-44 SCAR produced a signature amplicon of 287 bp for accession DCA120, and CBDP-25 SCAR yielded signature amplicons of 575 and 345 bp for accessions DCA13 and DCA119, respectively. The developed SCAR markers were validated across 48 samples (44 accessions of Indian senna and 4 adulterant species) and produced distinct amplicons in Indian senna only, while no such amplicon was observed in the other four adulterant species. The information generated using these markers have been faithfully converted to single-locus, unequivocal, highly reproducible, and informative sequence-based SCAR markers. These markers will enable discrimination of individual plants on the basis of unique sequence-specific amplicons, which could be used as diagnostic markers to settle issues pertaining to the true identity of Indian senna.

Mechanical Scarification: The Key to Optimal Germination Parameters in Nine Flowering Species Of The United Arab Emirates.

Seed germination is the most essential stage of the plant life. Prior to germination, seed dormancy provides protection to the seed against germinating under unfavorable conditions. The seeds of many plants in arid regions are particularly characterized by having a hard seed coat. Seed dormancy is essential to the survival of plants, however in some incidents such as reforestation on desert areas, it is important for ecologists to investigate methods of breaking the dormancy of seeds in order to maximize the production of plants. In this study, we tested four methods of seed pre-treatment (Mechanical scarification (MChip), chemical scarification with sulfuric acid at two exposure durations (SAcid15, SAcid30), and soaking in water for 24h (Soak)) on 9 flowering plants (Senna italica, Sorghum sudanese, Tephrosia nubica, Senna angustifolia, Acacia tortilles, Senna occidentalis, Abutilon pannosum, Prosopis cineraria, Crotalaria persica) of the UAE. Six germination parameters (Final germination percentage (G) %, Mean germination time (MGT) day, Mean germination rate (MGR) day, Coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) %, Mean Daily Germination Percentage (MDG) %, and Germination index (GI) day) were calculated to assess the germination. Final Germination Percentage (G) significantly improved (P

Antidiarrheal Activity of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Using Cassia ocidentalis in Castor Oil Induced Diarrhea Rats

Diarrhea is among the leading cause of death especially among children aged under 5 years. Zinc has been included in the management and treatment of diarrhea. Nanoparticle is gaining importance in medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticle in castor oil-induced diarrheal rats. Zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnONP) was biosynthesized using Cassia occidentalis leaf. The biosynthesized ZnONP was characterized using ultraviolet (UV)-spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Twenty five albino rats were randomly grouped into five groups. All rats, except the control, were induced with diarrhea. Group1 received normal saline, group 2 received 3 mg/kg b.wt. loperamide while groups 3, 4 and 5 received 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg b.wt. biosynthesized ZnONP. UV spectroscopy showed an absorption peak at 320 nm. The SEM micrographs reveal the nanoparticles as flake like which are well agglomerated.. The SEM micrographs reveal the nanoparticles as flake like which are well agglomerated. The biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticle significantly delayed the onset of diarrhea, decreased the number of wet feces, increased the percentage gastrointestinal tract (GIT) inhibition and decreased the volume of intestinal fluid. Biosynthesized zincoxide nanoparticle from Cassia occidentalis leaf can be used in the treatment of diarrhea.

Determination of Polyphenols and Flavonoids and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Crude Extraction from the Leaves, Seeds, Stems and Roots of Cassia occidentalis

In this article, we studied four organs of Cassia occidentalis namely leaves, seeds, stems and roots. Cassia occidentalis is a plant used in traditional Senegalese medicine to treat several pathologies including asthma, malaria, high blood pressure, bronchitis, anemia, stubborn stomach aches, etc. This study focuses on the determination of the antioxidant activity of these extracts. This study focuses on the determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids of different organ extracts (leaves, seeds, stems and roots) of Cassia occidentalis and the determination of the antioxidant activity of these extracts. Total polyphenols are assayed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and total flavonoids using aluminum trichloride (AlCl3). The antioxidant activity of the extracts is evaluated by the DPPH method using TROLOX as reference antioxidant. The results of this study show that leaves and roots are the richest organs in polyphenols with contents ranging from 0.4941 ± 0.0633 mg EAG/g to 11.5114 ± 0.0791 mg EAG/g for leaves and 0.1235 ± 0.0220 mg EAG/g to 4.1968 ± 0.0481 mg EAG/g for roots. These same organs are richer in flavonoids with contents ranging from 1.6645 ± 0.0215 mg EQ/g to 7.2215 ± 0.1728 mg EQ/g for the leaves and 0.0813 ± 0.0022 mg EQ/ g to ​​3.4839 ± 0.0538 mg EQ/g for roots. These contents are higher in the methanolic and aqueous extracts. Total antioxidant capacities are significantly correlated with polyphenol and flavonoid contents. This is because the leaves and roots have more antioxidants that can react with the DPPH radical. This quantity is more noted in the methanolic extracts (14.1502 ± 0.3781 mg ETr/g for the leaves and 7.7042 ± 0.0619 mg ETr/g for the roots). Only the methanolic extracts show remarkable antiradical activities with IC50 values ​​of 0.2409 ± 0.0006 mg/mL for the leaves and 0.1415 ± 0.0005 mg/mL for the roots. IC50 values for other extracts are not available, due to the low total antioxidant capacity. In short, the methanolic extracts of the roots and leaves therefore have an appreciable antioxidant power. This antioxidant power is more significant at the level of the methanolic root extract with the lowest IC50 value. This would justify the use of Cassia occidentalis in traditional Senegalese medicine to fight against several pathologies. This plant would therefore be a good source of natural antioxidants.

Effect of Pinching, Paclobutrazol and Kinetin on the Growth and Flowering of Cassia Occidentalis

The experiment was conducted in lath house of the Agricultural Preparatory School / Abi Ghareq for the spring season 2022_2023 to study the effect of fencing and spraying with paclobuterol and kinetin and its interaction on the growth and flowering traits of Cassia Occidentalis. Where the symbol for pinching is C1 and no edging is C0, the plants were sprayed with three concentrations of paclobetrazole with two concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 g. L-1) and its symbol is (P0, P1, P2), and the plants were sprayed with kinetin at concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg.L-1) and its symbol (K0, K1, K2. It was a split-plot factorial experiment (2*3*3) with three replicates using a Complete Randomized Blocks Design (R.C.B.D).Pinching was the main plot and paclobetrazole, kinetin, and their interactions were the subplot in each replication with 18 treatments and five plants per experimental unit (one plant per pot). The averages were compared using the Least Significant Difference L.S.D test at the 5% level, and the results showed excelled of edging on without pinching in the traits of the leaf area (587.75 cm2) and the number of flowering inflorescences (3.33 inflorescences.plant-1), The treatment of paclobetrazole with a concentration of (1 g.L-1) excelled in plant height (17.15 cm), leaf area (346.17 cm2), length of internodes (1.94 cm), and number of inflorescences (2.7 inflorescences. plant-1). While the treatment of kinetin with a concentration of (100 mg.L-1) excelled in length of the internodes (1.66 cm), the diameter of the flower (3.13 cm), while the treatment of Kinetin with a concentration of (50 mg.L-1) excelled in leaf area (630.20 cm2).

Investigation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of Senna occidentalis leaf extract, and in silico screening for both activities

Senna occidentalis, synonym Cassia occidentalis, is a native American pantropical plant species previously classified under the genus Cassia. This study is for testing and to discover new potent phytochemicals from this plant as wound healing and anti-inflammatory agents. The Excision and Assay of Red Blood Cell (RBC) Membrane Stabilization for Anti-Inflammatory Activity Test Method was used to test how well extracts of S. occidentalis leaves from methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, and absolute alcohol helped wounds heal and stopped inflammation. In silico is another method for finding potent phytochemicals for both activities. These leaf extracts effectively cure wound areas and promote re-epithelialization. The methanol extract exhibited maximum wound healing (95.04%) and anti-inflammation (62.94%) activity compared to their other extracts, standard, and control groups. In silico molecular docking of Apigenin, Aloe-emodin with GSK-3B protein, and 1-Methoxynaphthalene, Quinine with COX-2 protein showed binding affinity in (kjJ/mol) of −8.4, −8.6, and −7.3, −7.7, for wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity, respectively, in their binding sites with stability. They support the "Lipinski Rule of Five." This plant leaf extract is recommended as a traditional medicine and an alternative, complementary treatment for its continued contribution to drug discovery and development.