Cassette Tape Research Articles

High Bias: The Distorted History of the Cassette Tape by Marc Masters (review)

High Bias: The Distorted History of the Cassette Tape by Marc Masters (review)

Ogden R. Lindsley: I Followed the Idea of the Missoula Smokejumpers.

In 1990, Ogden R. Lindsley served as guest faculty for Ohio State University's Teleconference on applied behavior analysis. He captivated students and faculty with tales of his personal journey from experiences during World War II to studying under B. F. Skinner, and his development of precision teaching (PT) to preserve rate of response measurement in educational applications.Derived from an audio cassette recording of that seminar session, this article captures highlights of those stories and Dr. Lindsley's discussion of topics ranging from his opinion of the open classroom movement to critiques of Sesame Street and errorless learning.

Faculty of Management, Sremski Karlovci, “Union-Nikola Tesla“ University

Re-defining important changes in the music and film restoration industry, exploring the possibility to: 1. Extract individually chosen sounds from the final movie track in order to re-balance (re-mix) its audio content. 2. Extract chosen sounds from the original audio recording and re-mix, with separated audio stems. The Results section starts by describing the process of creating a completely new mixdown made from AI-generated audio stems (previously extracted from the original mono recordings) joining it with restored original 16 mm video footage, resulting in a full eight-hour movie, separated into three episodes, each with a duration between two and three hours, covering about one week each, of the 21 days of studio time. The material was recorded during the filming of The Beatles’ “Get Back” sessions at Twickenham Studios, London, in January 1969, and chronicles the making of “Let It Be” and the band’s famed final “Rooftop Concert.” The second episode describes the audio/video production of the last-ever song by The Beatles (“Now and Then”) literally made from scratch, as the core of the project was only a poor-quality analog recording made by John Lennon, singing and playing piano to an old, mono, compact cassette recorder.

Poetic transcribbling: Ted Berrigan & Harris Schiff’s Yo-Yo’s with Money and Beaned in Boston

ABSTRACT In 1977 and 1978, the poets Ted Berrigan and Harris Schiff attended two baseball games, pretending to be game announcers and recording their repartee on a newly-released TCM-100 cassette tape recorder. The transcription of first game, between the Yankees and the Red Sox on September 14, 1977, was published by United Artists in 1979 as the mimeograph book Yo-Yo’s with Money. The second experiment, a May 26, 1978, Red Sox – Tigers game, was a ‘failure’, as Schiff puts it, and the audio recording was never fully transcribed. Using readings of tonal shifts in the text, an interview with Schiff, and archival material, including the Beaned in Boston tapes and Yo-Yo’s with Money’s original mimeograph title page and transcript, this essay examines Schiff and Berrigan’s self-reflexive process. I argue that the TCM-100 extends the qualities – immediacy, frequency, and ephemerality – which make the mimeograph so appealing as a production technology to writers and artists, and this moment occurs in anticipation of mimeo’s obsolescence. Furthermore, I suggest that these collaborative works can be viewed as ‘transcribbling’, a ludic form of transcription, enabled by this combination of tape recorder and mimeo.

Holy Moly

In this fast-paced choose-your-own-adventure performance, Holy Moly offers multiple truths, allowing everyone to walk away with a slightly different experience. Based on choices made as an audience member, each person will receive one of multiple collaged audio tracks on a personal cassette tape. These multiple tracks, Beanie Babies, Jazzercise, cooking shows, and Schexnider’s own childhood field recordings are used to recover a feeling of holiness. It is a ritualistic grab bag of the sacred in the everyday in a search for connection and wholeness.

Auditory Learner

Auditory Learner

Walkman time machine

ABSTRACT In the recent boom of 1980s-set television period dramas, the Walkman appears again and again as a symbol of the decade. This article argues that the Walkman (or personal stereo) is not just a one-way ticket into the past but can unsettle the temporality of the television serials in which it appears. It functions as a time machine – figuratively and occasionally even literally – by creating allegorical connections between past and present. Halt and Catch Fire (AMC, 2014–2017), The Americans (FX, 2013–2018), and Deutschland 83 (Sundance TV, 2015–2020) recreate for viewers the initial experience of the Walkman as a wondrously new piece of personal, mobile technology. Oblique comparisons to the smartphone sidestep didacticism, instead creating a defamiliarized perspective on current technology that has otherwise become a source of both boredom and anxiety. The Walkman further provides a structural metaphor for the ‘complex’ temporality of shows like Halt and Catch Fire: the back-and-forth spooling/unspooling mechanism of cassette tape access suggests that backward and forward movement in time are inherently intertwined. The Walkman’s recurring appearances in these serial television narratives allow the shows to ponder how we arrived at our technological present and what might have gone differently.

Melinjo fruit outer skin peeler prototype design using grate roller based-on auto reverse movement control

Cracker snacks made from melinjo fruit are often found in the Pidie Regency area, Aceh. However, processing melinjo seeds into crackers is still manual and takes a long time. In this research, a melinjo peeling machine will be designed to speed up the production process of melinjo crackers. This peeler uses two different electricity sources so it can work in two conditions, namely the PLN electricity supply is on or off. The research method was carried out by collecting data from device testing results and field observations as well as comparing test results with previous research. The movement of the motor is controlled using Time Delay which gives a command to activate the relay and then turns on the 12 V DC motor. The motor rotates clockwise and anti-clockwise continuously (auto reverse) according to the direction of positive and negative potential which is controlled by the relay and Time Delay. The success rate of peeling the outer skin of melinjo seeds using the proposed tool is divided into three types based on differences in seed skin color. The percentage of success for red, orange, and yellowish green melinjo was 68.67%, 51.52% and 25.61% respectively. Thus, in this study, it can be concluded that the most efficient success rate is for red melinjo

Peran Personal Digital Archiving Dalam Preservasi Arsip Orkes Keroncong Surya Mataram Yogyakarta

The current state of the physical release of the Orkes Keroncong Surya Mataram tape, with limited quantity and inadequate archival practices, require an urgent digitization and management initiative. The objective of this activity is to ensure that the succeeding generations inherit a comprehensive understanding of keroncong music from the Orkes Keroncong Surya Mataram. This research seeks to comprehend the process of digitizing and managing the audio digital archive of the Orkes Keroncong Surya Mataram, employing the principles of personal digital archiving for preservation. A qualitative research with utilizing a case study approach was employed to identify the process of digitizing physical assets such as tape tapes, Orkes Keroncong Surya Mataram tapes, and managing digital archives as preservation efforts. This involved selecting a social situation, employing data collection techniques, and undertaking data analysis processes. The findings of this study reveal that there are 44 songs across four tape cassettes in optimal condition for digitization. The digitization process is executed through three stages: preparation, implementation, and archiving. Once digitized, the 44 songs are managed based on the principles of personal digital archiving. In conclusion, personal digital archiving plays a crucial role in preserving and managing information pertaining to the intra-aesthetic value of keroncong music, serving as a valuable source of knowledge and future research data. Based on the research findings, digital archivists personally extend recommendations to individuals, groups, and the general public, emphasizing the importance of proper and wise archival care. The use of technology and the internet facilitates easier implementation and access to the results of personal digital archiving efforts.

Examining the Consequences of Gender-Based Violence on Economic Inclusivity of Women in Sokoto State

The study investigated the consequences of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) on economic inclusivity of women as reported by selected survivors in Sokoto State of Nigeria. The study explored the experiences of 40 purposively selected women aged, 15 to 45 years from the lists of 1000 survivors (GBV Victims) under the Sokoto State Ministry of Women Affairs who have been victims of Gender Abused/Violence. Qualitative data on GBV experiences and associated factors were collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Descriptive analysis was used for the demographic characteristics of the participants. The transcription of the recorded audio cassettes, together with the recorded field notes, provided data for the thematic analysis. The discussions revealed that the principal consequences of GBV on economic development of women in Sokoto State include loss of jobs, reduced productivity, reduced workforce participation, denied economic inclusiveness, lower educational attainment, extreme economic dependency, total lack of trust, psychological trauma, depression, low self-esteem, and mental illness, which hampers them from relating meaningfully with people around them. The findings also confirmed that the majority of the victims don’t report the abuse case to the appropriate authority because they felt if reported, the perpetrators may likely hunt them back and dealt with them decisively. The finding confirmed that communities responses and their lack of sincerity for not taking action against gender-based violence (GBV) abusers have perpetuates a culture of violence, inequality, and impunity thereby escalation of violence, continued victimization of victims, as well as diminishing community cohesion. In order to reduce this ugly act, the paper proffers the following recommendations; Government should raise awareness and education; strengthen legal and judicial systems; provide comprehensive support services; foster community engagement; empower women and girls to mention but a few

MANAJEMEN METADATA ARSIP AUDIO DENGAN APLIKASI SEDERHANA PERKANTORAN PADA MUSEUM MUSIK INDONESIA

Metadata provides the necessary context to understand and organize systems, data, and content management. Thus the metadata in the archive has a fairly important role, with the existence of archive metadata it will facilitate the management of archives, both static archives or dynamic archives. At the Indonesian Music Museum in Malang City, there are various collections of audio archives from all over Indonesia which are static archives that need to be preserved for their authenticity and physicality as they are part of Indonesia's cultural heritage. The archive collection is divided into various forms, namely in the form of tape cassettes, CDs, and LPs. This study aims to describe the needs of metadata management within the scope of electronic records management. Metadata management is compiled by recording a collection of audio archives on tape cassettes for the pop song category at the Indonesian Music Museum. The metadata management development approach uses a simple office application with Microsoft Access media, so that the audio archive metadata in the Indonesian Music Museum can be digitally compiled. Of course, this can facilitate audio archive retrieval activities and their maintenance.

Implementation of a Marker Type Augmented Reality-based Free Music Trial Listening Application at Physical Music Stores

The way we listen to music has undergone major changes—from cassette tapes and records to com- pact disks (CDs) and digital music that includes subscription-based online streaming and download- able sound sources. However, despite the popularity of digital music, CDs continue to be used as a means of listening to music due to the following reasons: the sense of safety felt upon holding the actual product and the collection factor for people interested in building personal collections. However, since the COVID-19 pandemic occurred in 2019, amid growing anxiety and turmoil about contact with “people” and “things,” users have become sensitive to the use of auditioning machines at CD shops. Therefore, we have developed a music trial listening application that uses augmented reality (AR) technology to enable people who visit CD shops to listen to the music of artists they are interested in without any physical contact with the auditioning machines. Users can feel the com- mitment of the artist by actually holding the CD jacket in their hands via AR; they can also view various types of information about the artist by recognizing the image on the CD jacket by using our AR technology-based developed application. Our proposed application consists of the “Listening Mode,” which provides the music trial listening function, and “AR Mode,” which provides the artist information presentation function. Further, we conducted an evaluation experiment with 30 sub- jects to evaluate the operability, readability, functionality, relevance, effectiveness, applicability, and safety of our developed application compared to the CD auditioning machine. The experiment results showed highly positive user evaluations regarding most of the abovementioned tested attributes. The user evaluations also showed that there is room for improvement regarding the operability of the AR objects generated via the application. In future studies, we aim to focus on the improvement of the application’s operability and enrichment of its contents, for example, we plan to add the “background playback function” and “administrator content registration function” to the existing functions of the applications.

More Than Just a Box: Music Storage Medium and the Mediatization of Chinese Rock Culture

As rock music became popular among Chinese youth, many “hardcore” rock fans strongly resisted the popularization of rock culture, criticized the publicity stunt of rock musicians, and insisted on using cassette tapes or CDs rather than live-streaming services in music consumption. This article employs mediatization theory to explain the different and contested perceptions of Chinese rock among fans. Through examining the development of music storage medium and rock fans’ experience of using them during the past three decades, this study illustrates how music storage medium has played a significant role in the long-term transformation of Chinese rock culture, shows how the patterns of cultural transformation are shaped by the logic of media, and argues that the transformation from perceiving rock as a hardcore underground culture to a popular genre just like other music is a process of mediatization.

Design of Robotic System for Rice Farmers Against Birds' Invasion in Nigeria Using Arduino Nano Technology

Rice is one of the most important staple foods for most Nigerians, Africans and indeed for about 50% of the world. An estimated 70% of Nigerian populace feed essentially on rice, with about 30% of their cereal-based diets also derived from rice. The constraints faced by the rice farmers in Nigeria are: inaccessible road, high cost of transportation, inadequate credit, birds' invasion, inadequate extension support and inaccessibility to cheap farm inputs. Prominent among these is that of birds' invasion especially the quela bird. This has been one of the major constraints in Africa especially Nigeria, leading to 48–100% yield reduction and sometimes complete crop failure, thereby threatening food security. To tackle this challenge, women and children are sent to the fields to guard against birds. But this also has serious consequences because it adds to the women’s workload and keeps children away from school. Some farmers through the help of state and federal government use air plane to spray chemicals. However, this is costly and may not available at all time. Some farmers have adopted the use of other methods like cassette tape, the scarecrows method, the castanets method, and the use of nets. With all these methods, yet farmers complain of birds’ invasion. This is attributed to the fact that all these methods have not been able to mimic human being in totality. So, very rapidly, the birds adapt to the method and it becomes less efficient. This work proposes the use of use Arduino Nano Technology for the design of robotic system for rice farmers against birds' invasion in Nigeria. Demonstration was carried out in Igbemo Ekikti Farm, Ekiti State, Nigeria. The performance evaluation was based on production and Cost/Benefit Analysis. The results show a better performance over the use of human and cassette tape. Keywords: Birds’ invasion, Robotic System, Cost, Profit, Arduino Nano Journal Reference Format: Akingbesote, A.O. (2023): Design Of Robotic System For Rice Farmers Against Birds' Invasion In Nigeria Using Arduino Nano Technology. Journal of Behavioural Informatics, Digital Humanities and Development Research. Vol. 9. No. 2, Pp 55-68 Available online at https://www.isteams.net/behavioralinformaticsjournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/BHI/V9N2P5

DIGITALISASI ARSIP DALAM MENDUKUNG PELAKSANAAN E-GOVERNMENT

E-Government is a government-issued policy to increase access to open information for digital-based communities. Higher education through the Higher Education Archives Institute seeks to implement an e-government system by joining the National Archival Information Network (JIKN) and the National Archival Information System (SIKN). On the other hand, to implement this, Higher Education Archives Institutions need to digitize their previously conventional archives. Old media has become digital, the results of which can be accessed by the public. Digitizing archives is one of the tasks of the Higher Education Archives Institution to provide information on the track record of higher education, starting from its founding to its development. This study aims to analyze the management of digitization of archives carried out by the Archives Office of the University of North Sumatra in supporting the implementation of e-Government and the utilization of an information network system that is used as an archive access portal. The research method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach which aims to obtain an overview of archive digitization management activities at the Archives Office of the University of North Sumatra. The results showed that digitizing the archives of the University of North Sumatra was carried out by transferring vital historical archives contained in photographs, cassette tapes, and VHS tapes, Betamax (old media). Then the University of North Sumatra Archives became a member of JIKN and SIKN to support the implementation of e-Government. This study recommends that archival research researchers start to create a grand design for digitizing archives with high value as a source of knowledge. Then, this research will be helpful for policymakers and all stakeholders to manage the digitization of university archives.

High-frequency Noise Removal of Vintage Songs in Audio Cassettes using Signal Processing Techniques


 From 1960 to the early 2000s, the audio cassette was one of the three most used storage devices for prerecorded music, alongside gramophone records (LPs) and compact discs (CDs). A compact cassette consists of two miniature spools, between which a magnetic tape is passed and wound. The tape head in tape recorders and cassette players is used to store and play audio tracks in these magnetic tapes by converting the electric signal to a magnetic fluctuation and vice versa. The sound quality of an audio track recorded on a compact cassette is decent. However, as these cassettes are stored in the Earth’s magnetic field for longer periods, the effect from it influences magnetic particles to change their orientation and distort the recorded audio signal. As a result, high-frequency noise is generated in the audio signal, resulting in a great disturbance when listening to songs and other audio recordings on vintage cassettes.
 168Therefore, the removal of such noises while minimizing the impact on the original audio signal will make sure the listener gets to enjoy the original quality of the vintage audio recordings. Fourier transform of a given distorted audio file (in “wav” format) was obtained to identify the high-frequency noise using Wolfram Mathematica 12.3. Then a variable “m” was introduced to the program to identify magnitudes of high-frequency components and remove their effect on the original audio recording. A trial-and-error approach was taken to identify the adequate “m" value for each channel of a given audio signal. Vintage songs were used to evaluate the accuracy of the developed method in this study. It was identified that the suitable “m” value changes for each channel in each song. Therefore, it is impossible to state a constant value for the variable “m”. However, the accuracy of the output also depends on the hearing frequency of the person, and the audio equipment being used. As an application, this technique can be used to conserve vintage songs that were originally stored in compact cassettes and spools, because it allows the user to control the number of high-frequency components removed from the distorted audio signal.
 Keywords: Signal Processing Techniques, Fourier Transforms, Mathematica, Noise Removing,Audio Cassettes

Availability, accessibility and use of library information resources for control of criminality of inmates in correctional centres in South-West, Nigeria

The act of relapsing to crime after release has become a recurrent decimal to inmate and it poses a security threat to the society. Persistence on incarceration of offenders without meaningful engagement is like remaking criminality rather than reformation. Extant literature suggests educational opportunities to reduce criminal involvement of inmates. This research investigated the availability, accessibility and use of library information resources for control of criminality among inmate in custodial centres in Southwestern Nigeria. Descriptive Survey Design was used and the population was 455 inmates who affirmed that tapes, radio sets, television sets, sound recording gadgets, video and audio cassette were available for use by inmates in their custodial centre (mean = 3.20), books were adequately available for use by inmates in their custodial centre (mean = 3.06) and pamphlets were parts of reading materials available for use by inmates in their custodial centre (mean = 2.62). The mean score range of 2.50 to 3.24 indicated a high level of availability while 3.25 to 4.00 indicated a very high level of accessibility of library information resources in the custodial centres in Southwestern Nigeria. It was concluded that with the availability and accessibility of library information resources to the inmates, the maximum use of the resources is capable of controlling criminality tendencies among inmates in custodial centres in Southwestern Nigeria.

‘There’s a lot of freedom you can have with that kind of thing’: vinyl and cassette split releases in the digital age

Releasing music on cassettes and 7-inch singles has been a part of DIYmusic scenes for a long time. As music production, distribution and consumption have been subjected to a substantial digital shift within the past two decades, one might expect cassette tapes or vinyl records to be a thing of the past, yet they persevere as indicated by thousands of new DIY releases every year. This article investigates the cultural and economic significance of split releases in contemporary DIY music scenes. In contrast to music streaming or digital downloads distributed online, it argues that the technological limitations and material idiosyncrasies of cassette tapes and vinyl records used for split releases allow for creative collaboration and intentional dissociation that contextualise people throughout various cultural and geographical domains. As a result, split releases are specifically used to contrast the overwhelming possibilities that digital music production and distribution pose.

Difficulties and Strategies in Producing English Writing Text: What do EFL Students’ Perceive?

This study aimed to discover the EFL students' viewpoints on the difficulties they encountered when writing in English, as well as their strategies for overcoming these hurdles. This study was conducted on EFL students in a senior high school in Medan. This research involved the involvement of twenty-nine eleventh-graders. The researchers utilized a questionnaire and an interview to collect data following their research themes. The questionnaire aims to identify the barriers students face when writing in English. The questionnaire was sent using a Google form with closed-ended questions based on Bryne's (1988) categories and a five-point Likert scale (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree). Subsequently, an interview was conducted with a subset of participants (n = 5) specifically chosen to elicit further information about their strategies for overcoming writing difficulties. The interview was recorded using a cell phone by the researchers. Before data processing, the audio cassette was transcribed word-for-word. Thus, data collected with three instruments were analyzed using three approaches: frequency count for questionnaire data and content analysis for interview data. According to the findings, students encountered linguistic (grammar, vocabulary, language use, sentence construction) and psychological issues when composing English texts (lack of teacher instruction and feedback). There are no cognitive appearance issues. The students use mind mapping, translating materials from Indonesian to English, maintaining practice, and peer evaluation to overcome their writing difficulties. This research was expected to contribute to minimizing the difficulties experienced by students in writing English through the strategy revealed in this study

Kaseteista suoratoistoon

From Compact Cassettes to Music Streaming Services: The Sociocultural Change of Background Music Industry
 The history of electronically mediated background music in Finland can be divided into era of scarcity, era of availability and era of plenty. The centralised and regulated supply of background music of the 1970s was followed by re-regulation of media and establishment of commercial radio stations increasing music consumption and listening to it while engaged to other activities. Analogue and tape-based solutions were first replaced with physical digital platforms and programming and finally with music streaming applications and music contents of the international media houses.
 The transformation of music platforms, music delivery channels and modes of listening are closely related to histories of technology, ­the social use of music and agencies of background music entrepreneurs. The article clarifies the transforming relationship of the environment, listening and music from the 1970s to the present day with the help ­of recent and archived interviews of representatives of background music companies.
 Keywords: background music; music cultures; anthropology of sound