Cassava Root Meal Research Articles

FEEDING PROCESSED Vitamin A CASSAVA ROOT MEALS TO BROILER CHICKENS: PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS, BLOOD INDICES AND ANTIOXIDATIVE STATUS

The emerging effects of climate change and the increasing cost of grains have been a serious issue to animal nutritionist in the tropics. This study evaluates the performance of broiler finisher chickens fed different processed cassava UMUCASS 36 (vitamin A) root meals (PCRM) as substitute for maize in the diets of 108 Arbor Acre (starter) finisher chickens for 21days. Six diets were formulated and the test diet was supplemented to the birds as partial and whole. The birds were fed T1 as the control, T2 had 25% each of oven-dried and sun-dried cassava root meal, T3 had 25% maize and 25% oven-dried cassava root meal, T4 had 25% maize and 25% sun-dried cassava root meal, while T5 had only 50% oven-dried cassava root meal, and T6 also had only 50% sun-dried cassava root meal respectively. Data were collected on the performance characteristics, blood indices and serum antioxidant of the birds. Performance characteristics of the birds revealed that T4 recorded significant (p<0.05) values of 2722.32 g, 1559.62 g and 1.61 final weight, weight gain and FCR respectively in comparison to the other treatments. The test diets did not show any adverse effect on the haematology and serum biochemistry of the birds. However, on the serum antioxidant status, T5 and T6 showed better values on the Aspartate aminotransferase and Alanine aminotransferase of the birds. The result on Superoxide dismutase and Malondialdehyde of the birds revealed that T4 and T6 recorded higher and lower values respectively. It was concluded that broiler finisher chickens could be fed up to 50% processed cassava root meal, inclusion using both techniques without detrimental effects.

Effects of cassava root meal on the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, organ and intestinal indices, and slaughter performance of yellow-feathered broiler chickens.

With the global population growth and shortage of food, the competition between humans and animal for food will become increasingly fierce. Therefore, the development of unconventional energy feed cassava feed is of great significance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cassava root meal (CRM) on the growth performance, apparent digestibility, and organ and intestinal indices of broiler chickens. A total of 140 one-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatment groups [control diet (CT), 15% CRM (CRM15), 30% CRM (CRM30), and 45% CRM (CRM45)] with five replicates of seven birds per replicate. The results showed that the body weight of broiler chickens fed diets containing CRM were significantly lower than that in the CT group at 21 and 42days of age, the average daily gain and average daily feed intake in the CRM group were significantly lower than those in the CT group from 1 to 21days of age. However, from days 22 to 42, there were no significant differences between CRM15 and CT birds regarding average daily gain and average daily feed intake. but there was no difference in feed conversion rate between the CRM15 and CT groups. At 42days of age, there were no significant differences between CRM15 and CT birds in in body measurements, the slaughter performance and the percentage of semi-eviscerated yield. The addition of CRM reduced the proportion of breast and thigh muscles during the feeding period, although we detected no significant difference between CRM15 and CT regarding the apparent digestibility of nutrients. Collectively, our findings indicate that 15% cassava was the optimal proportion for supplementing diets for broiler chicken production.

Evidence of the Impact of Activated Charcoal on the Availability of Hydrogen Cyanide in Cassava Root Meal Diets of Growing Pigs

Evidence of the Impact of Activated Charcoal on the Availability of Hydrogen Cyanide in Cassava Root Meal Diets of Growing Pigs

Activated Charcoal Affects the Bioavailability of Cyanide in Weaned Pigs: Growth Performance, Nutrient Retention and Cyanide Degradability in Various Segments of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract

Sixty-four weaned pigs (Large White-Landrace, age = 8 weeks) were assigned to eight groups with eight pigs per group, and each pig was a replicate. A set of four diets formulated, contained cassava root meal (CRM) at 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% replacing maize such that they were without activated charcoal while the next set of four diets had activated charcoal (AC) at 40g/kg diet as a supplement. Thus, making eight diets. The experiment was a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design. The result indicated that the interaction effect differs significantly (p< 0.05) for Live Weight (LW), Daily Weight Gain (DWG), Daily Feed Intake (DFI), Feed-Gain ratio (F:G) and Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) intake. Diets with activated charcoal supplementation (ACS) differed significantly (p<0.05) for LW such that the control group had a higher value (29.06kg) which is similar to that of groups 2 (28.25kg) and 3(28.63kg). Diets with ACS (0% and 50% CRM) for DWG recorded the highest value (0.35kg/day) (p<0.05). The least F:G was observed in diet with 50% CRM with ACS. Cyanide intake increased with increasing CRM with or without AC supplementation. Apparent digestibility of CP, EE, CF, NFE and HCN were significantly affected (p<0.05) (i.e by both varying levels of CRM and activated charcoal supplementation) except for nitrogen-free-extract at 25% CRM level where charcoal supplementation had no effect. Digestibility of HCN improved significantly (<0.05) across the CRM levels. The interaction effects of CRM and ACS differ (p<0.05) for cyanide degradability in the stomach, caecum and large intestine. It can be concluded that weaned pigs fed 50% CRM with ACS had higher DWG and F:G. Diets without ACS had significantly better nutrient digestibility at 0% level (control) except for CP and ash at 50% CRM. ACS significantly (p<0.05) influenced HCN degradability but more in the stomach and caecum at 25% CRM level. For improved weight and feed conversion, 50% CRM replacement for maize with ACS is recommended.

ZOOTECHNICAL RESPONSE, PROFITABILITY INDICES, BLOOD PARAMETERS, ORGAN WEIGHT, CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS AND ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF PIGS FED PROCESSED CASSAVA ROOT MEAL

Forty (40) weaned pigs (Large white x Landrace, 10 week old, 14.9±0.18 kg body weight) were used to assess the effect of processed cassava root meal on the zootechnical response, profitability, blood parameters, organ weight, carcass characteristics and organoleptic properties of the pigs. The pigs were randomly allotted into four treatments with ten pigs serving as replicates in a completely randomized design. The experiment lasted for forty-nine (49) days. The feed had 0.00%, 32.50%, 48.80% and 65.00% processed cassava root meal in the diets tagged D1, D2, D3 and D4 respectively. The final weight, total weight gain, average daily weight gain, total feed intake, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were significantly different (P<0.05). There were significant differences (P <0.05) in the profitability indices except the feed cost per kg weight gain. All the hematological parameters were significantly affected (P<0.05) except for the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and platelet. All the serum biochemical parameters were significantly (P<0.05) affected except aspartate aminotransferase, urea, total protein, glucose and triglyceride. The weight of the empty stomach, pancreas and heart were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) across the treatments while others were significantly influenced (P<0.05). All the carcass parameters were significantly influenced by processed cassava root meal (P<0.05) except the bled weight, trotter, picnic shoulder and spare rib. The color and juiciness of the meat were also significantly influenced by processed cassava root meal (P<0.05). In conclusion, up to 48.8% is considered favorable in the diet of weaned pigs.

Multi-processed cassava root meal: A suitable replacement for maize in Japanese quail diet

The aptness of multi-processed cassava root meal in place of maize was examined using four hundred (400) day-old Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks. The quails were randomized to five sets of four replicates each, of 20 quails per replicate. The experiment lasted for 5 weeks. Fresh cassava roots (Manihot esculenta) were rid of extraneous materials, ground to pasty form, and left in the sac for seven days to let out the water content and ferment. The cassava tuber cakes obtained were further sundried to reduce the moisture level. The resulting meal was used to formulate the experimental diet at 0.00%, 25.00%, 50.00%, 75.00%, and 100.00% replacement levels for maize in the diets C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 respectively. The final weight, weight gain, feed intake, and all hematological parameters were significantly different (p < 0.05). However, Alanine aminotransferase, total protein, triglyceride, and cholesterol were not significantly different (p > 0.05) among the serum biochemistry parameters. Similarly, meat sensory properties were not significantly influenced (p > 0.05) but yolk color, smell, taste, and overall acceptability differ significantly (p < 0.05) for egg sensory properties. The liver, empty gizzard, abdominal fat, and testicle weights were significantly different (p < 0.05). The results obtained suggest that maize can totally (100%) be replaced with multi-processed cassava root meal in the diets of Japanese quails because the feed conversion ratio was not affected, the birds were not anemic, serum metabolites were not adversely influenced and meat sensory properties were not affected. In addition, egg organoleptic showed that yolk color, smell, and taste were improved.

Productive performance and hematological indices of broiler chicks fed biodegraded cassava root

To evaluate the performance and hematological indices of broiler chickens fed biodegraded cassava root meal an experiment was conducted in the Poultry Unit of the Livestock Teaching and Research Farm, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Benue State. A total of one hundred and fifty five week-old (Ross 308) finishing broilers was used for the experiment. The birds were assigned randomly into three treatments and each treatment was replicated five times with ten birds per replicate. Cassava root was peeled and chopped into small pieces of about 90-100g and mixed with rumen filtrate (fluid). This was then biodegraded for 24 hours and 48 hours. The biodegraded cassava root meal (BCRM) was used to formulate broiler’s diets at a 10% inclusion level to supplement for maize. The diets formulated were T1, T2 and T3 at 0%, 10% (24 hours biodegraded) and 10% (48 hours biodegraded) inclusion, respectively. The birds in each replicate were housed in separate cages in a completely randomized design (CRD). All routine management practices, including recommended vaccinations were strictly observed, feed and water were served ad libitum throughout the period of the study which lasted for 28 days. Performance indices such as body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were measured. Hematological parameters were also taken; pack cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HB), white blood cell (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and white blood cell (WBC) differential. Results revealed that there was no significant (P&gt;0.05) differences in all the performance indices measured except in feed intake. Feed intake increased with prolonged period of biodegradation across treatments. There was significant (P&lt;0.05) differences in the lymphocytes, heterophils and eosinophils across treatments. The study concluded that the dietary supplementation of 10% biodegradable cassava root meal at 24 and 48 hours did not adversely affect the performance/ health status of broiler chicken, however, for profit maximization, 48 hour biodegradation of cassava is recommended.

CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS, ORGAN PROPORTION, HAEMATOLOGY, SERUM CHEMISTRY AND DIGESTIBILITY OF BROILER CHICKENS FED UMUCASS 36 CASSAVA ROOT MEAL

A week old 150 Arbor Acre strain of broilers fed UMUCASS 36 cassava root meal were used to evaluate the carcass characteristics, organ proportion, blood and serum chemistry and digestibility of the birds. The cassava was harvested, washed, peeled, chipped, oven dried and milled. The processed cassava root meal was used to formulate five diets, at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels designated D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 respectively to replace maize. The birds were assigned in a Completely Randomized Design to five treatments with three replicates of ten birds per replicate. The carcass characteristics of broilers fed diet D2 was more superior and significantly (P&gt;0.05) different from other broilers on the other diets. The superiority reflected in the bled weight, plucked weight, dressed weight and dressing percentage with the following values: 2136.67g, 2056.67g, 1723.33g and 77.71% respectively. The same trend was seen the values of the cut parts. Broilers on diet D5 had the highest percentage weight in heart (0.81%), liver (3.81%), gizzard (3.31%) and kidney (1.29%) while broilers on diet D2 had the least percentage of heart weight (0.38%), liver (1.33%), gizzard (1.11%) and kidney (0.57%). The experimental diets had no deleterious effects on the haematology and the blood serum of the broilers. Broilers placed on diet D2 had the best digestibility coefficients in all the digestibility parameters when compared with broiler chickens fed other diets. From the ongoing, it can be concluded that broilers on diet D2 performed best therefore, diet D2 is recommended.

Utilisation of cassava as energy and protein feed resource in broiler chicken and laying hen diets.

A detailed understanding of the nutrient contents of cassava products is crucial to fully maximise their utilisation in animal feed. This study aimed to review published data on the nutritional quality of cassava products and their use as a source of energy and protein in broiler chicken and laying hen diets. Cassava is a tuber crop that grows abundantly in tropical countries, and its products are classified as energy or protein feed resources based on their protein and energy levels. Cassava starch residue (CSR), cassava root meal (CRM), cassava peel meal (CPM), ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM), fermented cassava peel meal (FCPM), cassava pulp, and cassava root sievate meal (CRSM) were classified as an energy source in chicken feed, whereas cassava leaf meal (CLM) is classified as a protein source. Nutritional analysis indicates that cassava leaves are high in protein, fibre, minerals, vitamins (B1, B2, and C), and carotenoids, while CRM is rich in energy but low in crude protein (CP). Additionally, cassava contains cyanogenic glycosides, especially linamarin, and lotaustralin, which release toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) upon tissue disruption. The utilisation of cassava as an energy or protein feed resource in the chicken diet is limited by its high fibre, presence of HCN, nutrient imbalance, and dusty nature of its dried meals. Efforts have been made to enhance the nutrient quality of cassava and increase their utilisation in chicken feed using different processing techniques with some success. Available information on the nutrient contents of differently processed cassava and its effect on chicken performance is vast and dispersed, making it hard to use such information in the decision-making process. Therefore, this review aimed to aggregate published articles on the nutrient contents of cassava products and their impacts on the health and productive indices of broiler chickens and laying hens into a single document for ease of comparison and decision-making.

Effect Of Supplemented Biodegraded Cassava Root Meal On The Organoleptic Properties Of Broiler Chickens

Effect Of Supplemented Biodegraded Cassava Root Meal On The Organoleptic Properties Of Broiler Chickens

The effect of isoamylase application in cassava root meal on broiler growth performance, feed retention time, and metabolite profile

The objectives of this study were to evaluate isoamylase application on the cassava root meal (CRM) and identify its effect on broiler growth performance, feed retention time, and metabolite profile. The experiment used 270 sexed broilers strain Lohman with an initial body weight of 45.88 ± 0.41 g were allotted into 3 treatments and 6 replications with 15 birds in each pen for 35 days. Dietary treatments were T0: Basal Ration + 0% CRM, T1: Basal Ration + 50% CRM, T2: Basal Ration + 50% CRM + 0.05% isoamylase. The results showed that the inclusion 50% of CRM both with and or without isoamylase was increased (P&lt;0.01) feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and gave the same effect (P&gt;0.05) on body weight, body weight gain, carcass weight, and carcass percentage during the overall period compared to fed T0. The treatment had no significant difference in coefisien total starch digestibility, metabolizable energy, and blood glucose levels. In conclusion, the inclusion of 50% cassava root meal with and or without isoamylase to subtitute corn in ration does not affect the broiler growth performance however FCR was higher than the control.

Partial replacement of maize with cassava root–moringa leaf and vegetable oil concentrates in broiler finisher diets

Context Roots and leaves have potential as feed ingredients for poultry, but antinutritional factors (ANFs), high fibre and low energy may limit their efficient utilisation. There is need to improve processing methods and diet formulation for maximum utilisation of these readily available resources and reduce feed cost. Aim To investigate the replacement of maize with cassava root, moringa leaf meal and vegetable oil blend in finisher broiler diets. Methods In total, 160 male broiler chickens aged 30 days were weighed and allotted randomly to 20 deep litter pens containing eight birds of similar individual weight (1500 g ± 16.11). Four broiler finisher iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated for the experiment. Diet 1 was based on maize and in Diets 2, 3 and 4, 15%, 30% and 45% of maize was replaced respectively, by a concentrate of cassava root meal, moringa leaf meal and vegetable oil combination (CMOC). Each diet was given to five pens in a completely randomised design for a period of 12 days. Key results There were no significant differences in the growth parameters of birds among treatments. Except for drumsticks of birds on the 30% CMOC diet, there were no significant effects of diet on carcass components or digestive organ weights (P &gt; 0.05). Gizzard pH was higher in the control birds than in the test groups. Feed cost per kilogram of carcass weight was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower with the dietary inclusion of CMOC. Conclusion Replacing up to 30% of the maize with CMOC is beneficial and replacement up to 45% is not detrimental. However, the economic benefits of maize replacement with CMOC need to be re-evaluated with ingredient costings less affected by the present COVID-19 pandemic. Implications Maximum utilisation of cassava root and moringa leaf meal in the diet will reduce cost and improve income of small- to medium-holder broiler producers.

Effect of different additives on growth performance and reproductive traits of growing pullets fed diets from two varieties of cassava root meal

Cassava is higher in supply of carbohydrates than maize and can potentially replace maize as a veritable energy source in poultry diets. A five-week experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of two varieties of cassava root meal (CRM) with various additives on growth performance and reproductive traits of pullets. Two hundred and forty 16-weeks old point of lay birdswere allotted to eight dietary treatments in a 2x4 factorial arrangement of white (TME 419) and yellow (ITA/IBD/1368) CRM supplemented with no additive, amino acids (methionine and lysine), enzyme and amino acids+enzyme (A.A+Enz). Growth measurements were recorded from 17 weeks till the start of lay at 21 weeks old and data on reproductive traits were also recorded in each treatment. Variety effect showed improved (p&lt;0.05) live weight gain at a reduced cost in growing pullets fed with diets containing white cassava than yellow. Supplementing white cassava root meal (WCRM) and yellow cassava root meal (YCRM) with additives did not promote growth of the pullets. Pullets fed with diet containing WCRM supplemented with A.A laid the first egg at an earlier age with lower (p&lt;0.05) body weight.In conclusion, feeding white cassava root meal with no additive to growing pullets improved live weight at a reduced cost, although supplementing white cassava root meal with amino acids resulted in the birds coming to lay earlier.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Le manioc est plus riche en glucides que le maïs et peut potentiellement remplacer le maïs en tant que véritable source d'énergie dans l'alimentation des volailles. Une expérience de cinq semaines a été menée pour étudier l'effet de la supplémentation alimentaire de deux variétés de farine de racine de manioc (CRM) avec divers additifs sur les performances de croissance et les caractéristiques de reproduction des poulettes. Deux cent quarante oiseaux de point de ponte âgés de 16 semaines ont été répartis en huit traitements diététiques dans un arrangement factoriel 2x4 de CRM blanc (TME 419) et jaune (ITA/IBD/1368) supplémenté sans additif, d'acides aminés (méthionine et lysine ), enzyme et acides aminés+enzyme (A.A+Enz). Les mesures de croissance ont été enregistrées à partir de 17 semaines jusqu'au début de la ponte à 21 semaines et des données sur les traits de reproduction ont également été enregistrées dans chaque traitement. L'effet de variété a montré une amélioration (p&lt;0,05) du gain de poids vif à un coût réduit chez les poulettes en croissance nourries avec des régimes contenant du manioc blanc plutôt que du jaune. La supplémentation de farine de racine de manioc blanche (WCRM) et de farine de racine de manioc jaune (YCRM) avec des additifs n'a pas favorisé la croissance des poulettes. Les poulettes nourries avec un régime contenant du WCRM supplémenté en AAont pondu le premier œuf à un âge plus précoce avec un poids corporel inférieur (p&lt;0,05). l'ajout d'acides aminés à la farine de racine de manioc blanc a permis aux oiseaux de pondre plus tôt

Egg quality of laying hens fed with cassava (Manihot esculenta), moringa (Moringa oleifera) and bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata) in semi-intensive rearing system

This study aimed to evaluate the introduction of cassava flour, moringa leaf meal and bocaiuva pulp in laying hens’ diets on egg quality. Nine hundred eggs from Dekalb® White laying hens between 34 and 54 weeks of age rearing in semi-intensive system were used in the experiment. The laying hens were submitted to the following diets: 1 - diet control: maize and soybean meal base diet; 2 - diet with inclusion of 18% of cassava root meal+4% moringa leaf meal+4% of bocaiuva pulp; 3 - diet with the inclusion of 24% of cassava root meal+6% of moringa leaf meal+6% of bocaiuva pulp; 4 - diet with the inclusion of 30% of cassava root meal+8% of moringa leaf meal+8% bocaiuva pulp. The inclusion of higher levels of alternative ingredients intensified yolk color; it improved the percentage of albumen, yolk index, specific gravity and reduced yolk percentage. The association of 30% de cassava root meal+8% de moringa leaf meal+8% de bocaiuva pulp does not decrease the egg quality; it gives the yolk an orange yellow tone and it can be used in diets of laying hens with 34 and 54 weeks of age in semi-intensive systems.

Performance, carcass, and organoleptic scores of broiler chickens fed diets containing wet or sun-dried fermented mixture of grated cassava roots and palm kernel cake as replacements for maize.

The cost and effectiveness of drying processes have often limited the incorporation of solid-state fermented agro-industrial by-products into poultry feeding programs. In this study, the efficacy of replacing maize with wet or sun-dried solid-state fermented mixture of grated cassava root meal and palm kernel cake (FCP) was evaluated. One hundred and twenty (120), three weeks old broiler chicks were allotted to four treatment groups of 30 birds each in a completely randomized design. Each group was further replicated thrice with 10 chicks per replicate. Four broiler finisher rations were formulated such that Diet 1 contained maize as the major energy source while Diets 2, 3, and 4 contained wet FCP, sun-dried FCP, and a 1:1 mixture of Cassava root meal and Palm kernel cake (CSM-PKC) respectively as replacement of maize. Data was collected on the performance, carcass, and sensory attributes of broilers. The results show that chicks on dietary wet FCP had significantly (p<0.05) lower bodyweights, weight gains, and feed intake but similar (p>0.05) feed conversion ratio compared to those on the control (T1) diets and other treatment groups. The cost of feed per kilogram weight gain was significantly lower among chicks fed wet FCP (N244.00) compared with other treatment groups. It is therefore concluded that feeding broilers with solid-state fermented mixture of grated cassava and palm kernel cake without further processing such as sun drying would be effective in replacing maize in broilers diets.

Effect of white and yellow cassava root meal diets supplemented with different additives on performance of layers and the quality of eggs laid.

A 30-week experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of 2 varieties of cassava root meal (CRM) with various additives on performance characteristics of laying birds and the quality of eggs laid. Two hundred and forty 21-week-old (Isa Brown®″ strain) laying birds were allotted to 8 dietary treatments in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of white (TME 419) and yellow (ITA/IBD/1368) CRM supplemented with no additive, amino acids (methionine and lysine), enzyme, and amino acids + enzyme (AA + Enz). The experiment was partitioned in 3 phases: 0-10 weeks, 11-20 weeks, and 21-30 weeks in lay. Variety effect showed improved (p < 0.05) egg production in layers fed with yellow cassava than those fed the white variety. Supplementing yellow cassava root meal (YCRM) and white cassava root meal (WCRM) with AA + Enz from 0 to 10weeks in lay and 11 to 30weeks in lay, respectively, resulted in superior egg production performance at a reduced cost. Feeding the layers with diets containing the two varieties of cassava, with or without additives at the three phases of lay, did not compromise the quality of eggs produced and YCRM did not improve the egg yolk colour. It was concluded that egg production was improved by diets containing YCRM at the 3 phases of lay, and WCRM supplemented with AA + Enz improved egg production only from 11 weeks in lay. The 2 varieties of cassava root meal and the various additives used did not affect the quality of the eggs laid by the layers.

Enhancement values of cassava by-product diets on production and haemato-biochemical indices of sheep and goats: a review.

The competition for maize and soybean between humans and livestock for food has led to an increase in the cost of livestock feeds. Therefore, this has necessitated the search for alternative non-competitive feedstuffs in order to partially replace maize and soybean in small ruminant diets. The use of cassava products as a partial replacement for maize and soybean in small ruminant diet has been investigated. Cassava is a tropical crop, and its fodder is rich in crude protein (CP), minerals and vitamins with about 85% of the CP fraction exist as true protein. Cassava by-products are also high in nutrients and could contribute significantly to the nutritional needs of sheep and goats. Specifically, cassava leaves are high in CP (25.10%) with an amino acid composition similar to soybean. Evidence also exist that ruminal degradability of cassava fodder is similar to that of maize and soybean with comparable outflow rates (75%). However, the use of cassava fodder in livestock production is limited by the presence of cyanogenic glucosides (linamarin and lotaustralin) that releases hydrogen cyanide (HCN) known to cause pathophysiological changes in the liver of sheep and goats. Importantly, several processing techniques are well known to reduce or eliminate the concentrates of cyanogenic glucosides in cassava with great success. Blood chemistry and production indices of sheep and goats fed differently processed cassava by-product-based diets have been evaluated by different authors. This review revealed that cassava root sievate meal, cassava root meal and cassava peel meal are low in CP (2.29, 3.40 and 7.05%, respectively), while cassava leaf meal is high in CP (32.43%). Feed conversion efficiency of sheep and good fed cassava leaves were 9.49 and 11.24, respectively, indicating that goats utilize cassava leaves better than sheep. It is concluded that cassava by-products are low in quality protein and should be supplemented with other rich protein sources before their use in ruminant diets.

Utilization of hatchery waste meal in cassava products based broiler finisher diets

The trial reported herein investigated the use of hatchery waste meal as a replacement for fish meal in a cassava products-based broiler finisher diet. One hundred and twenty five (125) four-week old broilers were randomly allotted to five iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous experimental diets such that each dietary treatment was replicated five times with five birds /replicate. All the diets contained whole cassava root meal (WCRM) as source of energy with soybean meal (SBM) and cassava leaf meal (CLM) (plant protein sources) supplying 50% and 25% of the total dietary protein respectively. The experimental treatment consists of fishmeal (FM) and hatchery waste meal (HWM) as animal protein sources supplying the remaining 25% of the total dietary protein. Additionally, In Dier 1 (FM and HWM supplied 100.0 and 0% of dietary animal protein respectively), diet 2 (FM and HWM supplied 75.00 and 25.00% of dietary animal protein respectively), diet 3 (FM and HWM supplied 50.00 and 50.00% of dietary animal protein respectively), diet 4 (FM and HWM supplied 25.00% and 75.00% of dietary animal protein respectively) while in diet 5 (FM and HWM supplied 0 and 100.00% of dietary animal protein respectively).. The diets were fed over a five-week period. Average daily feed intake was not significantly affected by dietary treatments, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were however significantly affected (P&lt; 0.05) by dietary treatment. Protein retention was significantly influenced (P&lt;0.05) by dietary treatments. Blood biochemical indices showed that hatchery waste meal was well utilized by finishing broilers. All hatchery waste meal based diets compared very favorably with the control with Diet 3 appearing as the best with respect to performance indices and protein retention. In conclusion, the results of this experiment indicated that hatchery waste meal holds promise as a replacement for fishmeal in cassava root-cassava leaf-based diers. &#x0D;

Mineral and fibre intake of West African dwarf sheep fed boiled cocoa seed testa and sorghum malt dust in cassava root meal based diets

The study was carried out to investigate the mineral and fibre intake of Sheep fed Cocoa Seed Testa (CST) and Sorghum Malt Dust (SMD) in cassava root meal based diets. The feeding trial was conducted on the feed intake response of West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep in a completely randomized experimental design using boiled CST and SMD based-diets. A total of twenty-eight sheep were randomly allocated to 11 – 13 months of age of CST at 10, 20 and 30% levels, SMD at 10, 20 and 30% levels and a control. The experiment lasted 90 days. Data generated were computed and subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. In the trial, the Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF), Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF), Acid Detergent Lignin (4DL), Cellulose and Hemicellulose intake increase as the level of CST increased in the diet except for animals in treatment 3 (30% inclusion of CST). Also, NDF, ADF, ADL, Cellulose and Hemicellulose increased as the level of inclusion of SMD increased in the diet except treatment 6 (30% inclusion of SMD). The NDF intake from forage decreased as the level of SMD in the diets. The mineral intake Phosphorus, Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc and Sulphur also followed the same pattern. The mineral intake increased as the level of inclusion of ČST and SMD increased in the diet except in treatment 3 (30% inclusion of CST) and treatment 6 (30% inclusion of SMD) where the value obtained dropped. It was concluded that minerals available in the diets containing boiled Cocoa Seed Testa and Sorghum Malt Dust were significantly (p&lt;0.05) better in their utilization by sheep that consumed boiled Sorghum Malt Dust based diets.

EFFECT OF PROCESSING AND ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION OF CASSAVA ROOT MEAL ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKS

The effects of processing by mashing, cold-pelleting, bent- pelleting and extrusion, and enzyme applicatentation of diets containing 0200 and 400g cassava root meal (CRM)/kg on the performance of broiler chicks were studied. During the first week, DM intake was higher (P&lt;0.05) for the chicks on Diet 1 and the absence of CRM while feeding mash as against pellets reduced feed intake from 7- 28d (P&lt;0.05), weight gain (P&lt;0.001) and feed to gain ratio (P&lt;0.001). Heat -pelleted and extruded diets did not result in significantly, higher intakes (P&gt;0.05) and weight gains compared with the cold-pellet diets. Supplementation with Enzyme premix improved feed to pain ratio (P&lt;0.05) during the resistant starch at first week but had no effect over the 3 week period of the study. Ideal viscosity tests showed In Europe, dietary CRM inclusion had a significant effect (P&lt;0.001) on the intestinal viscosity.