Cassava Processing Research Articles

Characterization of xanthan gum–metal complexes biosynthesized using a medium containing produced water and cassava processing residues

The use of residues from petroleum and crop industries is a feasible and sustainable alternative approach for the production of xanthan gum (XG). This study aimed to evaluate the biosynthesis of XG and the resulting final product obtained using Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis 1182 in a medium containing produced water (PW) and cassava processing residues. The combined use of PW and cassava crop residues was beneficial for XG production, achieving a product yield of 6.80 g L−1. The micrographs of recovered XG revealed the presence of elongated fiber-like microstructures rather than large agglomerates. The X-ray diffraction profiles of recovered xanthan comprised well-defined peaks rather than an amorphous halo. The thermogravimetry profiles revealed the presence of approximately 60 % of remaining solids in recovered xanthan, in contrast to 30 % in the commercial sample. All the samples demonstrated a pseudoplastic behavior; however, the consistency indices of the recovered samples were approximately 50-times lower than those of commercial XG. The emulsification indices of the recovered XG were > 50 % and comparable to those of commercial xanthan. In this study, for the first time, we obtained a complex XG–metal structure possessing a high emulsification capacity and low viscosity.

Resource productivity and determinants of technical efficiency among cassava farmers’ in north central, Nigeria

This research analyzed resource productivity and determinants of technical efficiency among cassava farmers in North Central, Nigeria. This research employed a multi-stage sampling technique. Primary data were used based on a well-designed questionnaire. Inferential and descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. The results of resource productivity of inputs show that cassava cuttings and fertilizer have the highest and lowest elasticities, respectively. The mean-TE (Technical Efficiency) score of 74% (0.74) indicates that an average smallholder cassava producer in the sample needs about 26% (0.26) additional inputs to get to the frontier. In the TE components, the coefficients of labour, and fertilizers are significant different from zero at 1% probability level. The coefficients of agrochemicals, land inputs are significantly different from zero at 5% probability level, while the coefficient of cassava cuttings are significant different from zero at 10% probability level. In the TIE (technical inefficiency), component the coefficients of age, credit received, members of cooperatives are significant different from zero at 1% probability level. The policy formulations should be directed towards considering technological substitutions and mechanized agriculture. Excessive labour supply, characteristics of the developing agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, could be pushed into the secondary sector of the Nigerian economy such as the cassava processing industry, therefore generating income, employment and maintaining Nigeria in the first (1st) position in the world ranking in term of cassava output. Also, it is recommended that improved cuttings, agrochemicals, and fertilizers should be made available to cassava farmers at appropriate time to increase productivity. Furthermore, credit should be made available to cassava farmers at a single digit interest rate, devoid of cumbersome administrative procedures. Keywords: Resource productivity, technical efficiency, cassava farmers, stochastic frontier model, Nigeria

From cassava peel (Manihot esculenta) to hydrocarbon-rich bio-oil: Catalytic flash pyrolysis as a new valorization route

The valorization of agroindustrial residues for second-generation biofuels has garnered attention due to the increasing demand for low-carbon fuels aligned with transportation sector decarbonization efforts. In this context, cassava processing residues, particularly cassava peel, remain largely unexplored but offer a cheap, abundant, and renewable feedstock that can be converted into hydrocarbon-rich biofuel. Thus, the originality of this study lies in investigating the selective conversion of cassava peel into renewable aromatic hydrocarbons through flash pyrolysis catalyzed by an environmentally friendly MFI-type zeolite synthesized from rice husk ash and diatomite residue. A micro-pyrolyzer interfaced with chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry detection was used to compare the composition of condensable volatile products from catalytic pyrolysis over HZSM-5 with those from catalyst-free pyrolysis. Cassava peel, characterized by high volatile matter content (84.3 %), low ash content (3.19 %), and reasonable energy content (15 MJ kg −1), yielded a high content of valuable platform chemicals, such as carboxylic acids and furans, when subjected to catalyst-free pyrolysis. The catalytic upgrading pyrolysis vapors over the environmentally friendly HZSM-5 catalyst yielded approximately 56.0 % industrially relevant aromatic hydrocarbons and 39.9 % light organic acids. Other strengths of using HZSM-5 in upgrading pyrolysis vapors were its low selectivity for naphthalenes, precursors for coke formation, and the production of hydrocarbons in the gasoline range. Thus, HZSM-5 was an efficient catalyst for promoting deoxygenation and improving hydrocarbon content, with high selectivity for valuable aromatic hydrocarbons. In conclusion, cassava peel showed favorable prospects for conversion into hydrocarbon-rich bio-oil, serving as a valuable precursor for low-carbon biofuels.

Bioprospecting for sustainable and eco-friendly bioproducts: A case study of multi-enzyme production by soil microbes

Microbial multi-enzyme production is a promising research area involving microbes that can simultaneously synthesize numerous enzymes for the degradation of substrates with environmental sustainability and other industrial applications as the focus. During this study, we isolated, screened, and identified some multi-enzyme-producing microbes from three soil sites in Ibadan: Apete Dumpsite (ADS); Botanical Garden University of Ibadan- (BGUI); and Eleyele Cassava Processing Field- (ECPF). Precisely 500 g of soil were collected per point at different depths (0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm) and further analyzed. The microbial load and type and enzyme assays were determined. The highest average microbial count (6.9 × 108 CFU/g) was recorded in the ECPF soil sample at 0–10 cm depth, while the lowest microbial count of 3.3 × 105 CFU/g at 20–30 cm soil depth in BGUI. Multi-enzyme-producing microbes were identified phenotypically and molecularly. This study revealed an inverse relationship between microbial community composition and soil depth. Bacterial and fungal genera had higher species richness, biodiversity, and evenness than yeast from all sampled points. With significant amylolytic, proteolytic, lipolytic, cellulolytic, and pectinolytic activities, 22 of the 193 isolates were identified as multienzyme producers. The blasted 16S rRNA and ITS rRNA amplicon sequences compared with sequences in the NCBI gene bank identified Bacillus, Roseomonas, Aeromonas, Phanerochaete, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trametes, and Rigidoporus species. Results from this study show that topsoils (0–10 cm), rich with organic matter, are good reservoirs of multienzyme-producing microorganisms- applicable for environmental sustainability and in other important industries for waste management, food processing, and biomaterial production.

Women in Cassava Processing and Marketing in North Central Nigeria: Are they any Happier?

Cassava is one of the most important staple food items available in Nigeria. Nigeria is the largest producer of cassava and it’s considered the most important tropical root crop providing food and income to over 30 million farmers, processors and traders. The objective of this study is to ascertain the happiness status of women combining occupation of processing and marketing cassava with family responsibility in north-central Nigeria. This objective is motivated by novelty of such researches in the research area. The findings revealed that women in processing and marketing of cassava in north central Nigeria are happy. The study concludes that happiness question in the study area is influence by the people’s culture where one will hardly said he/she is unhappy. The study therefore, recommends that community leaders and local government authorities encourage women in cassava processing and marketing to always form cooperative societies. This will not only make them a formidable common front but will improve their contributions/supports to families from their cooperatives pool resources.

TRAINING IN CASSAVA PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY INTO VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL FOODS

Cassava is a local commodity that can be processed into functional food. Functional food is defined as a food or drink that provides nutrients for the body while simultaneously maintaining a healthy body. Although there has been a long tradition of processing cassava into traditional snacks, the decreasing interest of consumers, especially young people, in traditional snacks makes it necessary to innovate products. For instance, the processing of cassava into contemporary products such as nuggets, sponge cake, and tapai drinks. The objective of this community service activity is to educate partners regarding the necessity of consuming functional food, particularly from local commodities such as cassava, and to instruct partners on the processing of cassava, which is abundant in their area, into various functional food products with commercial value. The partners of this activity were members of the West Lombok 'Aisyiyyah Regional Leadership (PDA), a total of 16 women. The service activity is divided into three sessions: functional food counselling, cassava processing practice, and practice using sealers to package products. Prior to and following the activity, participants were administered a test to assess the impact of the service activity on their knowledge and skills in processing functional food and packaging products. The results of the pre- and post-test data processing indicate that there have been significant changes (32.5% improvement) in the participants' knowledge. Furthermore, the results of the observations of the participants' practical activities demonstrate that all participants have been able to process cassava into a variety of contemporary functional food products with a selling value and have become proficient in using cup and hand sealers.

Design, Fabrication and Preliminary Testing of a Small-Scale Cassava Starch Extraction Machine

A cassava starch extraction machine was designed and fabricated to perform a quadruplet action of grating, washing, sieving and separation. The study was necessitated based on concerns that most locally manufactured cassava processing machines are without provision for the extraction of starch. Food processors mainly depend on the manual pressing of cassava to obtain starch and this has significantly increased the cost of the product in the local market. Materials for construction were locally sourced and the machine was powered by a 2 hp electric motor through a v-belt-pulley transmission system and operating at a speed of 547 rpm. Fresh cassava tubers were harvested from Ikot Akpaden, a rural community in Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom, South-South of Nigeria, and used for the experiment. Results from the experiment showed that the quantity of wet starch extracted increased from 0.64 to 1.48 kg as the volume of water mixed with 2 kg of the product increased from 1 to 5 Liters. The rate of water usage and throughput capacity increased from 0.0005 to 0.0025 m3/kg and 35.29 to 46.75 kg/h respectively as volume of water increased. The optimum machine efficiency was 74%. The machine was fabricated at a cost of N 150,200 (equivalent of $100). Minimal time consumption, ease of operation and low production cost were some of the features that made the machine economically viable when compared to other conventional methods of extracting starch from cassava.

Pengolahan Daun Singkong Menjadi Dendeng Sebagai Alternatif Pengganti Daging Sapi

Processing cassava leaves into beef jerky can produce jerky with a crunchier texture and a taste similar to beef jerky. Making cassava jerky through the substitution of tapioca flour is carried out to improve quality so that jerky can be obtained as a source of protein. Apart from protein, cassava leaf jerky also contains dietary fiber so it can be used as a functional food. This service activity was carried out with the aim of optimizing the use of cassava leaves to make delicious, nutritious processed products and as a substitute for beef, which is more expensive than cassava leaves but has almost the same nutritional value. Processing cassava leaves into beef jerky is carried out in several stages of the process by adding other ingredients and spices to produce jerky with a delicious taste. Apart from being used for family consumption, this cassava leaf jerky can also be marketed so that it can increase the family's economy in the local area. This activity was carried out at the posyandu in one of the residents' houses located on Jalan Padat Karya Kalibobo, Nabire Regency. The implementation stage of this activity starts from preparation, implementation and evaluation. This service activity was successful, seen from the enthusiasm of the women during the process of processing cassava leaves into beef jerky.

Analysis of the determinants of savings among cassava processors in Imo State

Analysis of the determinants of savings among cassava processors in Imo State

Characterization and Adsorption Capacity Evaluation of ZnCl2 Impregnated Cassava Peel Carbon for Removal of Fe, Ca, Mg and Zn ions in Wastewater from Cassava processing Industry

The objective of this paper was to prepare, characterize and evaluate the adsorption capacity of cassava peel carbon (CPC) impregnation with ZnCl2 salt for the removal of Fe, Ca, Mg and Zn ions in wastewater derived from cassava processing which has been noted to be problematic in terms of management. CPC and cassava peel activated carbon (CPAC) at 1:3, 2:3, and 1:1 impregnation levels were placed in fixed bed adsorption columns to determine metal ion adsorption capacities of the carbon materials after 120, 240, 360 and 480-minute contact times. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used in assessment of adsorption of the carbon materials, while pseudo-first and second order models were used to validate the adsorption kinetics of Fe, Ca, Mg and Zn. Pore space development was also monitored using scanning electron microscope (SEM) imagery. Results SEM images revealed hexagonal honeycomb surface structure at 2:3 impregnation level and spongy configuration at 1:1 ZnCl2 impregnation level. The correlation coefficient of Langmuir isotherm was observed to be between 0.86 to 1, indicating that the adsorbent is very good in adsorption of the metals, however, Freundlich isotherm is found to be unfavorable in describing CPAC’s capacity in adsorbing zinc ion contaminant. The pH of the carbon materials was observed to have increased while the bulk density reduced with increasing level of impregnation. Conclusively, CPC and CPAC materials are well suited to Langmuir isotherm as well as pseudo-second order model, implying that adsorption occurs well in a monolayer form on the surface material surface.

DETERMINATION OF CASSAVA WASTE PROCESSING ALTERNATIVES AT UMKM UD. SUMBER MUTIARA USING AHP AND SAW METHODS

Cassava is one of the raw materials that are widely cultivated to be used as various processed foods. Cassava raw materials have a strategic role in improving the economy in Sampang District. One of the businesses that process cassava raw materials is UD Sumber Mutiara. The large scale of production is one of the factors for uncontrolled production waste, causing various problems. This waste problem can be overcome by further processing the waste generated in each production. The purpose of this study is to determine the general description of the company, especially the waste generated in each production, determine the best alternative from several alternatives to be applied in processing cassava skin waste, and determine the process of processing cassava waste based on the selected alternative. The method used in analyzing is using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method as an advanced method. The results of this study are based on the calculation of the AHP method obtained the weight value of each criterion, namely the product criteria of 0.291, price criteria of 0.051, process criteria of 0.330, and engineering criteria of 0.328. The results of the calculation of the weight value are used in further calculations using the SAW method to obtain the best alternative rating value. The selected alternative is processed cassava skin chips with an alternative value of 0.836. The aspects that need to be considered in processing cassava waste consist of 4 aspects, namely, product quality, production costs, production time, and energy efficiency.

Effects of variations in speed and cutting blade projection on performance and conformity of slice thickness to the adjustment of the cutting blade projection of motorised cassava slicer

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is classified as a woody perennial and branched shrub that belongs to the family of the starch-producing crops, and its growth height ranges from 1 to 5 m. Cassava is fraught with challenges such as easy deterioration of the tubers just few days after harvest. With this, one of the ways of overcoming the challenges is to slice the tubers, which will allow for easy and faster drying to increase its shelf life. Mechanical slicer has been used to perform this operation as manual slicing tend to be tedious and time consuming. However, there is scarce information regarding the performance of mechanical slicers based on combination of speed and cutting blade projection to work against different cassava varieties. In this study a 7×2×3 factorial arrangement in Randomised Complete Block design with four replications was used to evaluate the slicer. This was employed in order to help to determine the impact of speed and cutting blade projection, and different cassava varieties on mechanical slicer in the bulging cassava processing industries. The study found out that the 370 rpm × 5 mm cutting blade projection interaction had the higher mechanical efficiency, chipping efficiency, and quality performance. The 5 mm cutting blade projection produced slices that their thickness conformed to the adjustment.

Energy Audit and Alternative Energy Source for Sustainable Processing of Cassava Products in Oyo State, Nigeria

Recently, the increase in electrical energy tariff in Nigeria coupled with the epileptic electricity supply has led to the rise in production cost and price of cassava products. In this study, an audit of the electrical energy used in three cassava processing industries (Niji farm, ATMANCorp Nigeria, and Psaltry International Limited) in Oyo state, Nigeria was carried out and biofuels as an alternative energy produced from cassava processing waste to enhance the sustainability of cassava processing are presented. The audit investigates the cost of energy consumption in producing different cassava products, ranging from garri, cassava flour, and cassava starch. The computation and analysis of energy use were carried out using the spreadsheet on Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the observed monthly energy consumed with the cost of the energy for Niji farm, ATMAN Corp Nigeria, and Psaltry International Limited were 45002.16 kW/h (NGN1,330,560), 65581.92 kW/h (NGN1,668,535), and 923774.40 kW/h (NGN27,501,120) respectively. The analysis also observed that bioenergy such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biomass, or biogas produced biochemically from cassava processing by-products can be used as a suitable biofuel to run types of machinery in cassava processing. This study proffers a solution to the high cost of energy used in cassava processing industries thereby reducing the production cost resulting in lower prices of cassava products in the market.

Sustainable Business Development Strategy In Cassava Cracker Production Business

Cassava is a plant originating from Central and South America, as a type of tuber plant that has high carbohydrates. As many people know, food made from cassava will give a feeling of satiety, so in some regions in Indonesia cassava is used as a staple food as a substitute for rice. As a root crop that cannot last long, some people take the initiative to process cassava into dry food that can be stored for several months but still has a good taste as a snack or food accompaniment. Several groups of housewives took the initiative to process cassava into savory and crispy crackers, and can increase family income. As a cassava cracker processor in the countryside, it still uses a chopper for raw materials that are still simple to produce cassava crackers. The purpose of this study is to find out the level of effectiveness of cassava cracker processing so that it has more selling value and export quality, with a strategy that can develop a sustainable business, so that it becomes one of the products that is competitive and exported abroad. In terms of production, cassava cracker orders are quite promising, but are still constrained by several conditions that result in not fulfilling all orders. This makes the researcher intend to help producers to be able to increase the production of cassava crackers that have characteristics and can be competitive until they are exported abroad. The strategies offered will have an impact on improving business results and sustainable and competitive cracker production processes, testing the quality of cassava crackers, packaging and branding, and marketing strategies. The expected output is that researchers can contribute to sustainable business development for producers and can be published in international journals.

Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Processing as Enbal to Support Food Security in Wab Village, Hoat Sorbay Subdistrict, Southeast Maluku Regency

This study aims to explore the process of processing cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) into enbal and its contribution to food security among the community in Wab Village, Hoat Sorbay District, Southeast Maluku Regency. The method used is qualitative, with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation, and questionnaires. The results of the study indicate that the cassava processing process involves several stages, from cleaning, rinsing, grating, pressing, to air-drying. Farmers use simple tools and traditional methods passed down through generations. The processed cassava is stored in open places such as trays and sieves (Sivat) and is immediately processed to prevent spoilage and mold. The quick and efficient production of enbal helps maintain the quality and taste of the final product. The study also found that the abundance of cassava in farmers' fields ensures a stable supply of food reserves, reduces dependence on external food sources, and supports the economic stability of farmers' families. In conclusion, the cassava processing method into enbal applied by farmers in Wab Village not only supports local food security but also strengthens the local economy through optimal and sustainable utilization of local resources.

Geoelectrical and Physicochemical Characterization of Groundwater Contamination around a Cassava Processing Factory in Ogbomoso, Southwestern Nigeria

Geoelectrical and Physicochemical Characterization of Groundwater Contamination around a Cassava Processing Factory in Ogbomoso, Southwestern Nigeria

Evapotranspiration over a processing cassava field: a comparative analysis of micrometeorological methods and remote sensing

Evapotranspiration over a processing cassava field: a comparative analysis of micrometeorological methods and remote sensing

Implementation of Statistical Quality Control Method in Product Quality Monitoring Information System

The business sector faced intensifying competition due to significant advancements in information systems and technology. PT. Florindo Makmur, a leading private company in the cassava processing industry producing tapioca flour, has proven to implement quality standards to uphold product quality and ensure customer satisfaction. The product quality inspection process had to meet standards before packaging; however, reporting remained manual using paper sheets, elevating the risk of data loss and reducing monthly evaluation efficiency due to manual calculations. The aim of this research was to design an efficient information system for monitoring product quality at PT. Florindo Makmur, utilizing the Statistical Quality Control (SQC) method. The quality control monitoring system played a central role in gathering quality control data to support management decisions regarding product quality certainty. Therefore, obtaining monitoring information promptly was crucial to ensure products met quality standards and reduce rejected product quantities. The research approach included observation, interviews, and literature review as data collection strategies, while the system development method used was the waterfall method encompassing system requirement analysis, design, coding, and implementation. This information system enabled PT. Florindo Makmur to efficiently monitor its products by applying SQC concepts such as data analysis and creating control charts to swiftly identify improvements in product defects and take appropriate actions.

Adsorption of cyanide from Cassava wastewater using activated carbons derived from Raphia hookeri kernels: a comparison of in-situ and ex-situ activation

The rise in cyanide concentration in groundwater in many developing countries is linked to the indiscriminate discharge of cyanide-bearing wastewater from cassava processing industries. This research synthesized a super-active activated carbon (AC) from a novel biomass precursor, Raphia hookeri kernel, functionalized with phosphoric acid via in-situ and ex-situ methods. Morphological and functional characterizations were performed, and the influence of some key process variables on cyanide adsorption was also investigated for the two derived ACs to study the impact of the activation method used. The optimal conditions for cyanide adsorption for the in-situ and ex-situ–derived ACs were identified as pH 8, AC dose of 0.15 g, temperature of 40 °C, and initial cyanide concentration of 100 mgL−1 at different equilibrium times of 100 min and 120 min, respectively. The kinetic studies revealed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted the adsorption data better for the two ACs based on the high correlation coefficients (r2), suggesting that the adsorption process is chemisorption. The equilibrium studies showed that the in-situ-derived AC followed the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 93.821 mgg−1 indicating monolayer adsorption for the in-situ-derived AC. The ex-situ-derived AC, however, followed the Sips isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 79.381 mgg−1 indicating a heterogeneous surface for the ex-situ-derived AC. The ACs showed decreasing cyanide adsorption after five cycles but maintained significant adsorption capacity after desorption-adsorption cycles.

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production from cassava processing wastes by Paracoccus sp. through high cell density cultivation: Effects of substrates limitation and kinetic analysis

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is bioplastic that has been recognized as a viable alternative to petroleum-based ones, owing to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, its use has long been hampered by its high selling price, caused mainly by using costly fermentation feedstock. In the present study, cassava pulp (CP) was investigated as an alternative low-cost carbon source for a high cell density cultivation of Paracoccus sp. KKU01 for PHB production. CP was hydrolyzed enzymatically, and the resulting hydrolysate was used as the base medium to optimize the bacterial growth conditions, i.e., medium compositions and dissolved oxygen setpoints, attaining as high as 40.9 ± 0.0 g/L of biomass. The optimum growth conditions were subsequently used in 4 fed-batch fermentation regimes, and Regime 2, where complete medium (CP hydrolysate supplemented with other nutrients) was fed twice followed by twice feedings of concentrated CP hydrolysate (CPH), was found to give highest biomass and PHB production of 114.5 ± 1.3 and 47.8 ± 3.9 g/L, respectively, with 41.8 ± 2.9% PHB content and yield of 0.12 kg/kg-CP. PHB productivity was 0.80 ± 0.06 g/(L·h). Logistic and Luedeking-Piret models were used successfully to describe the profiles of bacterial growth and PHB production, respectively. Curve fitting using the Luedeking-Piret model revealed that PHB synthesis and PHB turnover occurred simultaneously during the process. Overall, the results demonstrated that cassava processing wastes are feasible feedstock for PHB production by Paracoccus sp. KKU01.