Indonesian Cassava Research Articles

Proyeksi Produksi dan Keunggulan Komparatif Perdagangan Ubi Kayu Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the largest cassava importers among the ten cassava-producing countries. While there is a production surplus, Indonesia's cassava imports tend to increase yearly to meet industrial needs. This research has four objectives. First, to analyze (change) the production and trade of the world's largest cassava-producing countries in the future and the implications for Indonesia. Second, to evaluate the enabling environment for cassava production and marketing. Third, to identify the comparative advantages of Indonesia's cassava trade compared to other producing countries. Fourth, evaluate the potential for partnerships to increase Indonesian cassava production and marketing sustainability. This study used FAOSTAT data (1961-2020) projected to 15 years (2021-2035) with a double exponential smoothing method. Comparative advantages are evaluated with the Relative Export Advantage, Relative Import Advantage, Relative Trade Advantage, Net Export, and Grubel-Lloyd indexes. This study found that Indonesia's cassava harvested area will likely decrease while cassava imports will likely increase. Indonesia has a comparative advantage in exporting cassava. However, it is under-optimized due to inefficient cassava trades at the regional level and less successful cassava partnerships (between farmers and industry). This study recommends improving cassava production and trade conditions through improving enabling environments and collaborations between actors in the cassava chain.

THE IMPACT OF PRICE POLICY SUPPORT ON INDONESIAN CASSAVA FARMERS

Cassava is a carbohydrate-producing plant that can replace other crops such as rice and corn which are widely consumed by the community. The price policy of cassava farmers in the last five years has decreased very significantly, so it is necessary to conduct research on the impact of policies issued by the government. Factors in producing cassava also need to be improved, one of which is increasing productivity through fertilizer subsidies so that the output produced is positive from upstream to downstream, especially in the economy of Indonesian cassava farmers. This study aims to see the impact of the price policy of cassava farmers and production supporting factors in the form of fertilizer subsidy policies so that farmers' welfare levels. This study uses data from 2000 to 2019, the simultaneous equation model consists of 20 equations which are estimated using the Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) method.

Embryogenic callus induction of Indonesian Cassava (Menti and Adira 4) on different picloram concentrations

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important staple crop in tropic countries. A reproducible somatic embryogenic callus production will be useful in the biotechnology breeding program for plants including cassava. Menti and Adira-4 are two types of high yield cassava genetic resources in Indonesia. Immature leaf lobes from cassava in vitro were used as explants on MS basal medium with five level concentrations of Picloram: 0 mg L−1, 3 mg L−1, 5 mg L−1, 10 mg L−1, and 12 mg L−1. Initial embryogenic callus were seen on the explants in 2 weeks after treatment. Explants were then subcultured to the same medium every three weeks until three cycles of subculture to proliferate pro-embryos. Result showed that MS basal medium containing picloram 3 – 12 mg L−1 could induce embryogenic callus formation in Menti and Adira 4 immature leaf lobe explants. The highest percentage of explants forming embryogenic callus was on D medium (MS + 3 mg L−1 Picloram). These findings would suggest that at all picloram concentrations tested both varieties of cassava showed a high embryogenic callus production. High frequency on embryogenic callus formation is a key step in cassava regeneration system specifically to support the modern breeding program.

Detection of early harvest cassava clone through plant height development and starch content in dry land of Lampung

Lampung is one the biggest areas for planting cassava in Indonesia, approximately 119 thousand ha with a productivity of 26 tons/ha. Optimum harvest time for cassava high yield could be 10-12 months after planting (MAP). However, most farmers used to harvest cassava around 7 MAP leading to low yield. This condition needs to introduce early age of harvest cassava to achieve the alternative solution. The objective of this study were to evaluate the growth characteristics of early cassava harvest for high yield. Treatment were arranged by a single factor in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Factors were 12 cassava clones as CMR 51-61-1, CMR 51-48-17, CMR 51-48-16, UJ-3, UJ-5, Vamas, Adira, CMR 51-07-03, OMM 0806-57, CMR 51-06-16, MC 6.10.311, and Litbang UK2. In this study, the variables measured included plant height, root fresh weight, starch content, and starch yield. Result indicated that the Vamas clone had relatively low plant height. At 7 MAP, the Vamas clone showed high starch content compared to the UJ-3 clone. Low plant height and starch content could be used to detect early-harvest cassava clones at harvest of 7 MAP.

ANALISIS DAYA SAING EKSPOR KOMODITAS UBI KAYU INDONESIA, THAILAND DAN VIETNAM DI PASAR DUNIA

Indonesia ranks third in cassava (cassava) exporters in global scale, after Thailand and Vietnam, more than 80% of cassava is exported to China. The productivity of cassava in Indonesia tends to increase, but the total volume of exports tends to decrease. This study focuses on describing the condition of the cassava timber export market trend to producing countries and then analyzes it comparatively in the global market and compares it with two other countries, namely Thailand and Vietnam. The data used is the 2014-2018 time series obtained from secondary data. This study was analyzed by RCA (Reveled Comparative Advantage). The results of research on the export volume of Indonesian cassava commodities in 2014-2018 to the main export destination countries, namely China, South Korea and Malaysia fluctuated and tended to decrease. The competitiveness of Indonesia's cassava commodity exports to China, South Korea and Vietnam can be seen from the results of the calculation of the RCA value which shows that Indonesian cassava does not have competitiveness and comparative advantage in China, South Korea and Malaysia. Although the RCA value of Indonesian cassava is low, the production value of Indonesian cassava is high. From the results of RCA calculations, Thailand and Vietnam have high competitiveness in cassava exports to destination countries, namely China, South Korea and Malaysia because they have an excess value of 1 .

A method for rapid and homogenous initiation of post-harvest physiological deterioration in cassava storage roots identifies Indonesian cultivars with improved shelf-life performance

Cassava is the most cultivated and consumed root crop in the world. One of the major constraints to the cassava value chain is the short shelf life of cassava storage roots which is primarily due to the so-called post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD). The identification of natural sources of PPD tolerance represents a key approach to mitigating PPD losses by generating farmer- and industry-preferred cassava cultivars with prolonged shelf life. In the present study, a PPD assessment method was developed to screen for PPD tolerance in the cassava germplasm. The proposed PPD assessment method displayed a reduced rate of microbial infection and allowed a rapid and homogenous development of typical PPD symptoms in the cassava storage roots. We successfully used the PPD assessment method in combination with an image-based PPD scoring method to identify and characterize PPD tolerance in 28 cassava cultivars from the Indonesian cassava germplasm. Our analysis showed a significant and positive correlation between PPD score and dry matter content (r = 0.589–0.664, p-value < 0.001). Analysis of additional root parameters showed a significant and positive correlation between PPD scores at 2 days post-harvest (dph) and root length (r = 0.388, p-value < 0.05). Our analysis identified at least 4 cultivars displaying a significantly delayed onset of PPD symptoms as compared to the other selected cultivars. The availability of cassava cultivars contrasting for tolerance to PPD will be particularly instrumental to understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with delayed PPD in cassava roots.

YEAST PROBIOTICS WITH POTENTIAL TO ASSIMILATE CHOLESTEROL IN VITRO

In the last two decades the use of yeasts as new probiotics has increased significantly. Therefore, our current research was focused on the investigation of yeasts for novel probiotic development in Bali. The main objectives of this research were to isolate and characterize yeasts isolated from ragi tape (dried mix cultures of microorganisms normally used in the fermentation of rice or cassava in Indonesia) and tape ketan (fermented sticky rice) for possible use as yeast-based novel probiotics, with capability to assimilate cholesterol in vitro. In this study, the potential yeast isolates were evaluated for survival at low pH conditions (pH 2, 3, or 4) and in high levels of sodium deoxicholic (NaDC), at concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 mM. In addition, the yeast isolates were also evaluated for their ability to assimilate cholesterol in vitro and to elucidate biotransformation of cholic acid into deoxycholic acid. This study led to 10 isolates that were resistant to pH levels of 2, 3, or 4 and to NaDC at concentration of higher than 0.4 mM. Most of those isolates were also found to assimilate cholesterol in vitro at the rate of between 18% and 76% in 24 hours incubation. In the biotransformation test, none of those isolates transformed cholic acid into deoxycholic acid, indicating that they are safe and have potential to be developed into novel probiotics, either for human or cattle

KARAKTER MORFOLOGI TIGA KLON UBI JALAR DI MALUKU

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is one of the main carbohydrate sources in Mollucas and is a carbohydrate source food crop after rice, corn and cassava in Indonesia. In order to be able to identify the various characteristics of sweet potato clone collected, it is necessary to determine the morphological character of the genetic resource diversity characteristics that are most influential on sweet potato diversity. The aim of the study was to characterize the morphology of some sweet potatoes as potential yields in Mollucas. The results of the study were that the morphological characteristics of the three sweet potato clones in Mollucas had different colors, shapes on the leaves, stems, flowers, seeds and tubers

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF HAP3 GENE IN CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the food crops that has higher resistance to dry land, so it is possible to grow it in dry land. Cassava is used as an alternative food crop to maintain world food security, because the tuber has a high carbohydrate value, is easy to plant and is able to support food diversification. Cassava in Indonesia already has several nationally superior varieties such as Adira 1 and Malang 6. The first stage of cassava breeding is knowing the characteristics of genes in these plants, one of which is HAP3. The purpose of this study was to characterize the HAP3 gene in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) using a molecular approach with genomics and bioinformatics. The methods used were DNA isolation of cassava leaves of Adira 1 and Malang 6 varieties, amplification by PCR, analysis of PCR results, and data sequencing. The results showed that the HAP3 gene in cassava varieties Malang 6 and Adira 1 had 100% homology with cultivar AM560-2 in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. HAP3 cassava varieties Malang 6 and Adira 1 have the closest relationship with Hevea brasiliensis plants with a homology value of 90.91% and Ricinus communis 83.33% based on amino acid sequences. The size of HAP3 on cassava varieties Adira 1 and Malang 6 was 546 bp.

Design and Development of Modified Starch from Indonesian Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for Enteric Film Coating Polymer Applications

The design and development of modified cassava starch from Indonesia for film enteric coating polymer applications were conducted in this study. The cassava starch was physically modified by heating at 70° to produce pregelatinized cassava starch, followed by chemically modified by esterification to produce pregelatinized cassava starch phthalate. Pregelatinized cassava starch phthalate was formulated to produce film coating polymer with variations of concentration. The results of film coating pregelatinized cassava starch phthalate showed a lower solubility at pH 1.2 and higher at alkaline pH where the optimum results are shown in formula 3 containing pregelatinized cassava starch phthalate with a concentration of 6 % and plasticizer 50 % of the total pregelatinized cassava starch phthalate. The solubility of formula 3 in acidic (pH 1.2) and alkaline medium (pH 7.2) were 11.42 %±2.06 % and 38.91 %±2.23 %, respectively. The highest film polymer tensile strength and Young’s modulus was also shown in formula 3 with value of 1.14±0.379 MPa and 3.7×10-2±4.4×10-3. These results suggest that pregelatinized cassava starch phthalate has the potential to be utilized as a controlled release film coating polymer that has good mechanical properties.

Pengaruh variasi campuran bahan bakar pertamax dan bioetanol 99,9% terhadap torsi mesin bensin 4 langkah Tecquipment TD201

Bioethanol is ethanol made from plants such as cassava, sugarcane, sago, which are processed through hydrolysis, fermentation, distillation and dehydration processes. Lampung Province is one of the largest producers of cassava in Indonesia, with the total productivity of 5,451,312 tons in 2017, and 6,683,758 tons in 2018 or there was an increase of 22,61% compared to 2017. From this data, it is possible to produce bioethanol, where every 1 kg of cassava can produce 0,106 liters of bioethanol. This is what underlies this research to investigate the effect of blending bioethanol of 99% with pertamax and bioethanol on the engine torque. Blending bioethanol of 99% can homogeusly mix. The engine used in this study is a Kohler gasoline engine equipped with a VDAS (Versatile Data Accession System) instrument unit in determining the parameters of engine performance. The blending of bioethanol of 99% as big as 14% (E14) gave the highest value of torque at 1 rotation of dynamometer valve opening and engine speed of 2000 rpm.

Effects of harvest period, storage, and genotype on postharvest physiological deterioration responses in cassava

Abstract. Rahmawati RK, Khumaida N, Ardie SW, Sukma D, Sudarso. 2021. Effects of harvest period, storage, and genotype on postharvest physiological deterioration responses in cassava. Biodiversitas 23: 100-109. Postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) is the major constraint in cassava root production. The breeding program to develop PPD tolerant cassava varieties requires a long period to complete. Although it is the first step in breeding for PPD tolerance, evaluating cassava germplasm responses for the PPD remains a major problem because it is a laborious process, and the evaluation often contains a high experimental error. This study aims to develop methods for evaluating PPD response, i.e., evaluating the effects of two harvest periods and storage on PPD responses of nine cassava genotypes. The developed scoring system based on cassava root discoloration could group the evaluated cassava genotypes into either PPD tolerant, medium tolerant, or sensitive. The tolerant varieties showed less than 10% root discoloration areas, while the medium tolerant was between 11-20%, and the sensitive was larger than 20%, respectively. ADR-24 and GJ-11 were identified as PPD tolerant, while ML-19 was sensitive using the developed scoring system. This study showed that PPD is a complex phenomenon associated with genetics and environmental factors. Root dry matter content and maximum root diameter traits may play an important role in PPD development in cassava. We have developed procedures for identifying genotype responses to PPD and showed that cassava roots harvested as early as eight months after planting and stored as late as five days under the control relative humidity were good conditions for studying PPD. Evaluating the percentages of root discoloration was a good measure for PPD response prediction. Moreover, we showed that less than 10%, 20%, and more than 20% of root discoloration might be used to group cassava into PPD tolerant, medium tolerant, and sensitive for Indonesian accessions. Therefore, the methods developed in this study may support the Indonesian cassava breeding program and provide biochemical and molecular analysis materials to elaborate the mechanisms of PPD in cassava roots.

The Effect of Technical Efficiency on The Competitiveness of Cassava Indonesia

Over the past 10 years, cassava imports in the form of semi-finished products have tended to increase. This study aims to analyze the comparative advantages and competitive advantages of fresh cassava at the farming and processed cassava level in the processing industry. The research used secondary data covering 2.595 cassava farmers in all provinces in Indonesia obtained from Agricultural Census 2013 - Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), while data on the cassava processing industry was obtained from the publication of Bank Indonesia. The Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) method was used to measure cassava's comparative and competitive advantages and further analyzed based on the technical efficiency score of the farm allegedly by the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. Results from PAM Analysis showed that Indonesian cassava products both in the farming and processing industry levels were not competitive. The technical efficiency of cassava production becomes the determinant of competitiveness the more efficient the production at the farm level, the competitiveness of cassava the higher. The competitiveness of the cassava processing industry is determined by the government's intervention in the price of cassava. The cassava processing industry pays for raw materials higher than it should. The implications of this study are to improve the competitiveness of Indonesian cassava products need to increase the efficiency of cassava farming production and government policies related to the selling price of fresh cassava to protect farmers and the cassava processing industry. Keywords: competitiveness, policy analysis matrix, technical efficiency, cassava

Kinetic Study of Adsorption Active Carbon Cassava Skin for Removal of Acetic Acid from Aqueous Solution

The amount of liquid wastes containing acetic acid found from food industry such as tofu home industry released is relatively high and pollutes water quality and also environment nearby. Several methods reducing pollutant in liquid wastes are available, one of which is adsorption using carbon as an adsorbent. The production of cassava in Indonesia was about 23.936 tons in year 2013 which produced cassava’s skin wastes about 2.393 tons. Mostly these cassava’s skin wastes containing around 59.31% carbon is disposed as garbage. This research is to develop more on reducing acetic acid containing in liquid waste by carbon active from cassava’s skin with variation of particle sizes, reaction times and acetic acid liquid waste concentrations, and also to study the kinetic reaction of cassava skin active carbon adsorbing acetic acid between Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equations. The result shows the kinetic adsorption follows Freundlich isotherm equation with maximum capacity of Cassava skin active carbon 0.7 mg/g at particle size of adsorbent of 0.3375 mm and reaction time of 105 minutes.

Sustainable Partnerships in Cassava Production and Industrial Sector: A Heckprobit Analysis of Indonesian Farmers

&lt;p&gt;Partnerships are instruments to overcome the inability of individual smallholders to solve the development problems associated with agricultural sectors and commodity chains. While vigorously advocated, a sustainable partnership is rare in the Indonesian cassava production and industrial sector. Knowledge of partnership from the sector is also limited. This study explores the reasons for previous partnerships in the cassava production and industrial sector discontinued and examine what factors determine farmers' willingness to partake in partnerships. The study administered a systematic random sampling to survey for 140 cassava farmers in Central and East Lampung Districts from November 2018 to April 2019. Farmers were interviewed and given a structural questionnaire. The quantitative data were analyzed by heckprobit regression. The results of the study show that the partnership ends because the two parties do not have the same vision for working together. Various variables (barriers to selling to non-industries, low prices, inaccurate weighing scales, high transaction costs, and discounted prices.) indicate the complexity of farmers' considerations for joining the partnership. This research impliesthat it is difficult to create partnerships in the future if farmers and industry have different visions and priorities.&lt;/p&gt;

FACTORS AFFECTING LOCAL CASSAVA PRODUCTION JALAK TOWO IN KARANGANYAR REGENCY

Cassava is one of Indonesia's local food which ranks third largest after paddy and corn. CentralJava Province ranks second in producing cassava in Indonesia. One of the regencies / cities that has thepotential to be developed in cassava farming is Karanganyar Regency. Karanganyar Regency has acassava variety called Jalak Towo. Jalak towo has a softer texture compared to other cassava.Thisstudy aim were determine the factors of production that affect the production of jalak towo cassava inKaranganyar Regency and its optimization analysis. The basic method used in this research wasdescriptive and analytical methods. The research location was Tawangmangu Subdistrict and JatiyosoSubdistrict as sub-districts producing jalak towo cassava in Karanganyar Regency. Sampling in thisstudy using a random sampling method with a total of 60 respondents consisting of 30 people at eachlocation. Data analysis methods used include: cobb-douglas production function analysis, varyingmodel parameter analysis and optimization analysis. The results of this study indicate that the factorsthat influence the production of jalak towo cassava are land area, experience, manure, urea fertilizer,age of the farmer, and location. Production factors that affect cassava production from the analysis ofvarying model parameters in Kec. Tawangmangu is the area ofland, manure, urea fertilizer, age of the farmer, and labor, while in Kec. Jatiyoso is land area and age. The results of the optimization analysisshowed that the combination of the use of production factors in Tawangmangu and Jatiyoso Subistrictsware not optimal.

Measurement Instruments for Superior Product Development: A Case Study of Deli Serdang Cassava in Indonesia

Measurement Instruments for Superior Product Development: A Case Study of Deli Serdang Cassava in Indonesia

Growth and yield performance of four generations of high amylose transgenic Adira 4 cassava

Attempt to improve cassava starch quality have been conducted by producing the first high amylose transgenic Adira 4 Indonesian cassava. This atudy aimed to evaluate agronomic performances of transgenic plants, assessment of four generations in specific containment screenhouse and limited field trial were conducted with improved method. The survival and growth rate of cuttings was enhanced by applying growth regulator such as Atonik and improving planting procedures. The growth and yield performances were measured by comparing related variables across four generations of selected lines. Dipping in 1 mL.L-1 Atonik solution with shading in the early planting were only required when the plant growth was poor and not favourable soil and weather. The result showed that survival of third and fourth generations of Lines A55-5 and A55-15 could reach 100 % when it was treated with Atonik. According to 14 lines assessed, Line A55-5 was one of the promising ones due to its growth, multiplication performance and almost double amylose content compared to wild type. Meanwhile, Line A55-12 showed the highest yield. The finding will benefit functional food industries when appropriate gene construct and approaches were applied for better growth and yield results.

Enhancement Of Yield, Starch, And Amylose Content Of Two Indonesian Cassava Genotypes By Producing Gamma Irradiated-Induced Mutants

As an important carbohydrate-source food crop and raw materials of starch-based industries, accelerated cassava breeding has been extensively pursued through various procedures, among others, is mutant induction using gamma irradiation combined with molecular marker. Iding, a local genotype cassava has been compared with a national variety Adira 4 for its yield attributes following gamma irradiation at various dose levels ( 2, 20, 30, and 50 krad). The mutation rate was conducted based on morphological characteristics and identification using RAPD by employing random primer OPB-10. Evaluation was conducted on mutant lines producing high potential yield, high starch and amylose contents. The fourth generation of irradiated Adira 4 (2 and 30 krad) and Iding (2 krad) exhibited higher yield and amylose content as compared to their representative controls. The yield of 30 krad irradiated Adira 4 indicated by mean tuber weight per individual could reach more than twice of that of control and almost 1.5 times of that irradiated with 2 krad. The levels of amylose content of all irradiated ones, regardless of genotypes and gamma irradiation doses (2 and 30 krad) were higher than that of control. In most parameters, irradiated Adira 4 was superior to irradiated Iding.

Morphological, physiological and molecular responses of Indonesian cassava to drought stress

In Indonesia, investigations of drought-tolerant cassava by characterizing the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses have not been carried out. This research was aimed to characterize the morphological, physiological, and molecular features of 10 Indonesian cassava varieties (Adira 1, Malang 1, Cimanggu, Kaspro, Ketan, Litbang UK-2, Malang 4, Malang 6, UJ-3, and UJ-5) under drought stress. 30 days after planting, drought stress was applied by stopping irrigation of plants for 15 days. The plant height, root system, and wilting were measured as morphological responses of cassava. For physiological responses, the percentage of opening stomata, chlorophyll, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content were also investigated. Gene expression of MeGBF3 and MeMSD was evaluated to analyze the response of candidate drought-tolerant genotypes. The studied parameters revealed that drought stress inhibits the growth of cassava. Some genotypes could not survive because the excessive content of H2O2 would be toxic to plant cells and disturb the plant growth. The up-regulated gene expressions of MeGBF3 and MeMSD has correlations with morphological and physiological responses of cassava to drought stress. Adira 1 and Kaspro are thought as drought-tolerant genotypes due to the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses.