Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Oil Research Articles

Optimization and ranking of the input parameter settings of sustainable grinding using cashew nut shell liquid as cutting fluid

The current work advocates the use of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid/Oil (CNSL), an oil extract of the leftover cashew nut shells, as a novel environment-friendly cutting fluid in sustainable machining operations. The tribological characteristics of CNSL obtained on a pin-on-disc tribometer are found to be better compared to the traditionally used cutting fluid. Experiments are conducted on the surface grinder with EN8 material, considering input parameters, such as cutting fluid type, grinder speed and grade, work speed, and depth of cut, with Surface Roughness (Ra) and Grinding Temperature (Temp) being the responses. Input parameter optimization is performed using Taguchi’s statistical models. A total of 36 investigative and six validation experiments are conducted, and a prediction model is proposed. When Ra and Temp are optimized simultaneously, the prediction value of Ra is 0.071 μm, and the corresponding value of Temp is 31.6 °C for which the experimental values are 0.072 μm and 32 °C respectively. This work also applies the TODIM (TOmada de Decisao Interativa Multicriterio, in the Portuguese language), a multi-attribute decision-making method for ranking the input parameter settings. The study reveals that the performance of CNSL is better than that of a traditional cutting fluid, and the TODIM method can be successfully applied to rank the input parameter settings.

Nano Additives in Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Biodiesel and Environment Emissions of Diesel Engine

The developing countries are using non-edible oils for the production of biofuels, additives, or alternate fuels. The research article focused on the behavior study and analysis of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) biodiesel obtained by processing the cashew nut shell liquid. The work is carried out to derive the thermal-cracked (TC) -CNSL oil from Cardonal in the temperature range l50℃ to 400℃. The chemical functional groups are studied using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) techniques. The TC-CNSL blended fuel performance is compared with diesel and neat biodiesel (B-100). The physicochemical properties of diesel, CNSL, and TC-CNSL biodiesel are estimated based on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The 50 parts per million (ppm) Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles are added with TC-CNSL-B25, TC-CNSL-B50, TC-CNSL-75, and TC-CNSL-BJOO and processed in a single stroke diesel engine working at constant speed 1500-rpm. The blended fuel is analyzed based on environmental emission parameters in the diesel engines. The carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of B-100 are reduced by 40.5%, 60.9%, and 30.7% respectively in comparison to diesel, at full load. The nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are increased by 13.26 % in B-100 in comparison to diesel, at full load. The smoke density is also observed decreasing in B-100 in comparison to diesel.

Development of anacardic acid incorporated biopolymeric film for active packaging applications

Biodegradable films with functional characteristics are finding several applications in the active packaging of foods and fresh-cut horticultural produce in particular, as effective alternatives to single-use plastics. In this study, anacardic acid (AA) was extracted from cashew nut shell liquid oil (CNSL) and characterized using GC–MS and HPLC. Further, the extract showed anti-microbial activity against foodborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella boydii, apart from potent anti-oxidant behavior. With the hypothesis to exploit its food preservation capabilities, packaging films of AA-chitosan blends were prepared; these showed remarkable anti-browning effects on fresh-cut apple slices, superior to chitosan alone. The physical properties of these films were evaluated and the developed film showed around 60 % biodegradability in 30 days. This study highlights a unique application scope for underutilized CNSL.

Investigation on the lubricating behavior of cashew nut shell liquid oil as a renewable and reliable petrochemical product

Abstract In order to compact the ecological and harmful concerns of lubricants, it is necessary to focus on the environment-friendly oils as lubricants and manufacturing. Aforementioned studies reveal the significance of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid oil as renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic to the environment, hence the current study sought to explore the lubrication property of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid oil (CNSL) in comparison with base lubricant oil (SAE 20 W-40). In order to improve the lubrication in internal combustion engines, the study is conducted with various blends and the properties are evaluated as per ASTM standards. We believe ours is the first report to study the lubricating behavior of cashew nut shell liquid oil before and after pyrolysis process. Our study focuses on testing the CNSL oil according to the ASTM test standard and proposing the optimized blend for improving lubrication in IC engine by 8%.

THE EFFECT OF NICKEL CONTENT IMPREGNATED ON ZEOLITE TOWARD CATALYTIC ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY FOR HYDROTREATING OF CASHEW NUT SHELL LIQUID OIL

This research aims to investigate the effect of various amount of Ni metal which is impregnated on Mordenitetoward the catalytic activity of the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Oil (CNSLO) hydrotreating process. The Ni/Mordenitecatalysts were prepared by wet impregnation method using Ni(NO3)2ꞏ6H2O with the Ni content varied under 1, 3, 5wt.% and mordenite which were dissolved in methanol and carried out drying, calcination, and reduction.Hydrotreating is carried out in a semi-batch stainless steel reactor which is flowed with H2 gas. The catalyst wascharacterized and analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared, X-Ray Diffractometer, Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Gas Sorption Analyzer, and AtomicAbsorption Spectrophotometer. The total acid amount test was carried out using ammonia vapor adsorption with thegravimetric method. The liquid product of hydrotreating was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy.Increasing the amount of metal impregnated on mordenite will increase the total acid site, activity, and selectivity ofthe gasoline fraction.

THE EFFECT OF NICKEL CONTENT IMPREGNATED ON ZEOLITE TOWARD CATALYTIC ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY FOR HYDROTREATING OF CASHEW NUT SHELL LIQUID OIL

This research aims to investigate the effect of various amount of Ni metal which is impregnated on Mordenitetoward the catalytic activity of the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Oil (CNSLO) hydrotreating process. The Ni/Mordenitecatalysts were prepared by wet impregnation method using Ni(NO3)2ꞏ6H2O with the Ni content varied under 1, 3, 5wt.% and mordenite which were dissolved in methanol and carried out drying, calcination, and reduction.Hydrotreating is carried out in a semi-batch stainless steel reactor which is flowed with H2 gas. The catalyst wascharacterized and analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared, X-Ray Diffractometer, Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Gas Sorption Analyzer, and AtomicAbsorption Spectrophotometer. The total acid amount test was carried out using ammonia vapor adsorption with thegravimetric method. The liquid product of hydrotreating was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy.Increasing the amount of metal impregnated on mordenite will increase the total acid site, activity, and selectivity ofthe gasoline fraction.

Plastic Bronchitis in a Patient With Silicosis

In order to compact the ecological and harmful concerns of lubricants, it is necessary to focus on the environment-friendly oils as lubricants and manufacturing. Aforementioned studies reveal the significance of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid oil as renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic to the environment, hence the current study sought to explore the lubrication property of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid oil (CNSL) in comparison with base lubricant oil (SAE 20 W-40). In order to improve the lubrication in internal combustion engines, the study is conducted with various blends and the properties are evaluated as per ASTM standards. We believe ours is the first report to study the lubricating behavior of cashew nut shell liquid oil before and after pyrolysis process. Our study focuses on testing the CNSL oil according to the ASTM test standard and proposing the optimized blend for improving lubrication in IC engine by 8%.

Study of CNSL Processing Plants Located in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu, India

Basic chemicals and their related products like petrochemicals, fertilisers, paints, varnishes, glass, perfumes, toiletries, pharmaceuticals, etc. form a very significant part of the Indian economy and account for about 3% of India’s GDP. Among the most diversified industrial sectors, it covers an array of more than 70,000 commercial products. The chemicals sector accounts for about 14% in overall index of industrial production, 11% of total exports and about 7.2% of total imports. The total Foreign Direct Investment in Chemicals (excluding fertilizers) was US$ 7252 million from April 2011 to March 2012. For inclusive growth and sustainable development most of the Chemical manufacturers should adopt the Cluster Development Approach. The objective is to Study the Occupational Hazards in Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) Oil Processing Industries in Panruti Block of Cuddalore District. The methodology adopted is collection of primary processing data during November 2012 from 14 CNSL Processing Industries in Panruti Block of Cuddalore District. Majority of Industries has not processed the CNSL oil as per standards and there is much scope for occupational hazards. In two processes the CNSL oil is let out in the tank constructed equal to ground height where there is possibility of workers getting trapped inside the high temperature CNSL oil. The electric motor is also placed in the ground so that there is possibility of current passing in the ground which leads to occupational hazards for the workers. To conclude, Cashew Shell Oil Processing Industries in Panruti Block of Cuddalore District needs is re-engineering in design and operation starting from Cashew Shell storage, extraction of shell oil from expeller, processing and packaging of CNSL in barrels for better safety from occupational hazards and Cyclones. Moreover for sustainable development, they should adopt cluster development approach, so that infrastructure interrelationships, technology interrelationships, procurement interrelationships, production interrelationships and marketing interrelationships will take place among CNSL manufacturers to decrease cost, increase quality, productivity and efficiency to compete in the world market.

Performance Evaluation and Exhaust Emission of a Diesel Engine Fueled with CNSL Biodiesel

In this article, performance tests were carried out on a diesel engine with neat diesel fuel and biodiesel mixture. Biodiesel (cashew nut shell liquid) was made by pyrolysis process. Fuel blends were tested in a single cylinder, direct injection, water cooled diesel engine. The effects of Blend 10, Blend 20, Blend 30, and number-2 diesel on the engine power, torque, specific energy consumption, and exhaust gases temperature were ascertained by performance tests. The influence of blends on carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon emission, and smoke opacity were investigated. The experimental results showed that the use of biodiesel improved the performance parameters and decreased the CO emission to 37% as compared to diesel fuel. Specific energy consumption decreases (35–45% approximately) and CO2 increasing by 36% are an indication of better combustion. Also, 20% by volume contents of cashew nut shell liquid oil in the blends can partially be substituted for the diesel fuel without any modifications in diesel engines.