Cashew Industry Research Articles

Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder

Abstract Cashew apple is a source of by-products in the cashew industry. Powder products provide convenience to the process of use, transport, and preservation of nutrients. In this study, the production of soluble powder from cashew apples was developed through the investigation of hydrolysis process (time, temperature, and enzyme tannase) and convective drying conditions (temperature and maltodextrin content). The following indicators are evaluated, such as the total polyphenol content (TPC), total tannin content, total ascorbic acid, solubility, turbidity, and color. The results have shown that TPC increased by 1.67 times, and more than 50% of tannins was removed after the hydrolysis process. At the same time, the efficiency of the process over 30% under all processing conditions was evaluated. These results are the foundation for the development of cashew apple powder and related products, thereby improving the economy of the cashew industry in Vietnam and the world.

Linking landscape habitats with prevalence of fusarium wilt disease of cashew crop in Tanzania

Epidemic of Cashew Fusarium wilt disease (CFWD) has been a continuous focal challenge in the cashew farming, in Tanzania. Limited to edaphic conditions as a major factor in its epidemic, the current study aimed to assess the habitat-disease relationship. Purposive surveys involving assessment of disease prevalence and habitat compositions were conducted across four landscapes of southeastern zone from 2019 to 2023. Findings revealed a widespread of CFWD across diversified landscapes possessing varying habitat characteristics, mainly cultivated land with mature cashew, brownish sand loamy soils, grassland or shrub vegetation, seasonal river streamlines and natural water wells. The highest disease incidence and severity were noted at Nachingwea/Masasi plain (99.28:88.34%) followed by Liwale inland plain (98.64:89.3%), Coastal zone (72.72:59.83%) and Tunduru dissected plain (62.13:54.54%). The habitat characteristics were strongly similar within the landscape (0.86-Jaccard index) except between villages of the coastal zone (0.71-Jaccard index). Across landscapes, Nachingwea/Masasi plains and the Coastal zone were strongly similar to Tunduru dissected plain (0.63—1.0-Jaccard index), but strongly dissimilar with the Liwale inland plain (0.67—0.70- Jaccard distance). Furthermore, the presence of greater than 0.5 suitability indices across landscapes were revealed, with Liwale inland plain having strongest suitability index of 0.743 followed by Coastal zone (0.681), Tunduru dissected plain (0.617) and Nachingwea/Masasi plain. Significantly, the habitats had an increase of 0.1 suitability index, and positively correlated with disease prevalence by triggering disease incidence of 13.9% and severity of 31.4%. The study for the first time revealed the presence of an association between disease prevalence and landscape habitat characteristics of southeastern, Tanzania; paving the way to inclusive thinking of habitat as one of the drivers in the prevalence of fusarium wilt disease of cashews. Further research on the genetic coevolution of Fusarium oxysporum across landscapes to strengthen disease risk management in the cashew industry is recommended.

Effect of Pretreatment Methods on Juice Extraction Yield and Nutritional Composition of Cashew Apple (Anacardium Occidentale L.) Harvested from Binh Phuoc (Vietnam)

Nowadays, cashew trees are mainly cultivated to collect cashew nuts, leading to the large amounts of cashew apples (known as the by-product of the cashew industry) being eliminated due to astringent taste caused by tannin. This is the reason why although cashew apples contain many nutritious compounds as vitamin C, polyphenols, sugars, antioxidants are still underutilized in manufacturing beverages. Hence, aiming to evaluate the potential of cashew in terms of effect of pretreatment methods on extraction yield and nutritional values of extracted cashew apple juice, the organic cashew apples collected in Binh Phuoc, Vietnam were examined. The impact of 11 pretreatment methods including blanching cashew apple in different media and incubating in pectinase on extraction yield, tannin and other nutritional values were evaluated. Using enzyme Pectinex Ultra SP-L 0.01% in 2 hours gave extraction yield of 83.89±0.4% which was highest compared to other examined pretreatment methods in the study. Enzymatic pretreatment resulted in 36.5% reduction in tannin content and other nutritious values changed slightly. The obtained results emphasis the potential of cashew apples as a raw material for nutritional beverage production in hope of reducing the quantity of discarded cashew apples. Consequently, this study developed methods in order to add economic value to cashew apple and decrease the negative impacts of the cashew industry to the environment.

Triangulating the moderate impact of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence in social media marketing: A study of business performance in Sri Lanka's cashew industry

Triangulating the moderate impact of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence in social media marketing: A study of business performance in Sri Lanka's cashew industry

Isolation of Cardanol Fractions from Cashew Nutshell Liquid (CNSL): A Sustainable Approach

Exploring sustainable approaches to replace petroleum-based chemicals is an ongoing challenge in reducing the carbon footprint. Due to the complexity and percentage variation in nature-generated molecules, which further varies based on geographical origin and the purification protocol adopted, a better isolation strategy for individual components is required. Agrowaste from the cashew industry generates phenolic lipid (cardanol)-rich cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) and has recently shown extensive commercial utility. Cardanol naturally exists as a mixture of three structurally different components with C15-alkylene chains: monoene, diene, and triene. The separation of these three fractions has been a bottleneck and is crucial for certain structural designs and reproducibility. Herein, we describe the gram-scale purification of cardanol into each component using flash column chromatography within the sustainability framework. The solvent used for elution is recovered and reused after each stage (up to 82%), making it a cost-effective and sustainable purification strategy. This simple purification technique replaces the alternative high-temperature vacuum distillation, which requires substantial energy consumption and poses vacuum fluctuation and maintenance challenges. Three components (monoene 42%, diene 22%, and triene 36%) were isolated with good purity and were fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, GC-MS, HPLC, and FTIR spectroscopy. The present work demonstrates that greener and simpler strategies pave the way for the isolation of constituents from nature-sourced biochemicals and unleash the potential of CNSL-derived fractions for high-end applications.

Effect of temperature, pressure, sugar, and citric acid content on quality of cashew apple juice produced by vacuum concentration

Cashew apples are a source of by-products in the cashew industry. In the present work, a juice product made from cashew apples was produced through vacuum concentration (VC). During VC, a temperature range of 60 to 90°C, and a pressure range of 500 to 650 mmHg were investigated. Total ascorbic acid (TAA), total tannin content (TTC), and total polyphenol content (TPC) after VC were also evaluated. The variation in VC time was observed when the temperature was investigated. The sensory value of the products after mixing citric acid and sugar was evaluated. The results showed that the nutritional parameters were affected by temperature and pressure. TAA and TPC reached their maximum value at 80°C. The TTC was strongly hydrolysed with increasing VC temperature. Furthermore, negative correlation between vacuum pressure and nutrition was observed. Cashew apple juice after VC diluted with water (1:5), and mixed with sugar (20 g/L) and citric acid (0.2 g/L) was preferred by consumers. TAA, TPC, and TTC were monitored for 42-day storage under two temperature conditions of 35 and 45°C. The shelf life of the product reached 117 d. These results set the platform for the development of beverage products from cashew apple by-products, thereby improving the economy of the cashew industry in Vietnam and the world.

Physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of raw and steamed cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale L.)

ABSTRACT Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) plays an important role in global agriculture, particularly in commercializing the cashew kernel. Nevertheless, kernel extraction poses a challenge due to the nut variable shape and size. Characterizing the properties of the cashew nut becomes a pivotal input for the advancement of processes and machinery. This work presents a comprehensive characterization of raw and steamed cashew nuts from Puerto Carreño, Colombia, with focus on morphological, physical, and mechanical properties. Cashew nut samples from different farms in the region were collected. Morphological properties, including size and shape, were analyzed by measuring length, width, and thickness for 100 nuts from each supplier, both in their raw state and after steaming. Geometric diameter and sphericity were calculated, and qualitative shape characterization was performed. Physical properties, such as mass, bulk density, true density, and moisture content, were also measured. Angle of repose and coefficient of friction were determined to assess flow and frictional behavior. Additionally, compressive mechanical properties were evaluated through uniaxial compression testing along three orientations. The findings indicated significant differences in morphological and mechanical properties between raw and steamed cashew nuts. Conversely, the results demonstrated that cashew nuts from Vichada region exhibit a noteworthy degree of dispersion and larger dimensions than those from Asia and Africa, comparable to those from Brazil. The findings guide machinery design in the cashew industry and offer insights into the physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of cashew nuts in Puerto Carreño, contributing to understanding and enabling quality assessment, processing optimization, and product development.

Factors Affecting Cashew Transportation Methods in Reducing Costs and Product Losses

This study examines the factors affecting cashew transportation methods to reduce costs and product losses in Vietnam's cashew industry. Using panel data from 2005-2020 and gravity model regression analysis, the research investigates the impact of production scale, consumption demand, geographical distance, transportation infrastructure, costs, time, and storage conditions on cashew transportation efficiency. The results show that transportation costs, time, and distance have strong negative effects, while storage conditions, infrastructure, and production scale positively influence transportation efficiency. Consumption demand from the EU market also plays a significant role in improving transportation methods. The study suggests that businesses should optimize costs, reduce delivery time, invest in modern storage and packaging systems, and leverage production scale and infrastructure to enhance competitiveness. Government support through infrastructure development, favorable policies, and market information access is crucial for the sustainable growth of Vietnam's cashew industry. The findings contribute to understanding factors affecting cashew transportation and provide practical recommendations for industry stakeholders.

Liberalisation and cashew industry: evidence from India (1965 to 2018)

Liberalisation and cashew industry: evidence from India (1965 to 2018)

Liberalisation and cashew industry: evidence from India (1965 to 2018)

Liberalisation and cashew industry: evidence from India (1965 to 2018)

Antibacterial Activity from The Cashew Nut Shell Extracts

Cashew nut shells were considered as a waste material of the cashew industries; therefore, we used this material as a source of antibacterial drugs and as a source of chemical constituent. Anacardium accidentale Linn (Anacardiacea family) popularly known as “Cashew”, is grown in the sandy loam soil, and has a spreading root system. Nutshell from cashew nut represents one of the major cheapest sources of non-isoprenoid phenolic lipid. This study investigated of antibacterial activities of cashew nut shell extract (CNSE). Samples were maceration by hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water solvent were then evaporated at 50 oC to give n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extract. The yield were obtained was 125.54 gr (28.91 %), 11.19 gr (2.58 %), 43.15 gr (9.94 %), 2.46 gr (0.08 %), and 46.50 gr (10.71 %), for hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water solvent espectively. The extract was examined for bacterias, namely Bacillus subtillis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, using the agar disc diffusion methods in using concentration of Cashew nut shell of 0.125%. 0.25%, 0.5 % and 1% respectively. The ethyl acetate extract and n-hexane extract of CNSE showed an antibacterial effect on B. subtillis with an inhibition zone of 10.333 mm and 9.67 mm. An n-hexane extract showed inhibition zone (11.667 mm) for S. aureus, 11.33 mm for P. aeruginosa. Methanol extract exhibited inhibition zone higher for S. aureus, followed by E. coli, P. aeruginosa and B. subtillis. Water extract did not affect the growth of E. coli. Four the ethyl acetate, methanol, hexane, and dichloromethane extract showed better antibacterial effects compared to water extract. Chemical constituents of hexane extract of cashew nut shell were investigated by GC-MS.

Valorization of cashew industry wastewater as a carbon and nutrient source for the microbial growth and production of the polyhydroxyalkanoates: A potential biopolymer by Bacillus species

Valorization of cashew industry wastewater as a carbon and nutrient source for the microbial growth and production of the polyhydroxyalkanoates: A potential biopolymer by <i>Bacillus species</i>

A Study on the Impact of Psychological and Emotional Factors on Women Labours in Cashew Industry in Dakshina Kannada District

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) holds a vital position in the global market, as it is a prominent commodity within the agricultural sector. Notably, in India, the cultivation of cashew has historically been a significant contributor to the small-scale agricultural labour-intensive industry. Moreover, this sector has played a pivotal role in providing employment opportunities for a substantial number of women workers. In recent years, emergent challenges have arisen, aggravated by the pandemic and subsequent lockdown. This study delves into the experiences of female labours in the cashew industry, revealing work-related stress as a significant issue impacting productivity due to psychological and emotional factors. The research design adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing in-depth structured questionnaire interviews with women labourers. The analysis will be employed to analyze the collected data, encompassing demography, ergonomic assessment of the working environment. The potential findings will illuminate the pivotal role of social support in alleviating the impact of work-related stress. The study delves into the effectiveness of coping mechanisms adopted by women labours to navigate their well-being challenges. Additionally, the research investigates how these impacts may differ based on socio-economic background and educational attainment. The expected outcomes of the study are poised to provide valuable insights. These insights will inform recommendations for crafting workplace policies and targeted programs. The study also emphasizes the importance of heightened awareness and extending social support networks. Addressing gender disparities within the industry, ameliorating working conditions, and advocating for further research are key components of the proposed improvement strategies. In summary, this study possesses the capacity to guide interventions and tactics with the goal of bolstering the well-being of women labours of cashew industry in Dakshina Kannada district. Such endeavours are poised to foster workplace equality and inclusiveness.

Optimizing Conditions for The Production Process of Cashew Apple Juice (Anacardium Occidentale L.) From Binh Phuoc (Viet Nam) Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Cashew apple is one of the promising food material sources because this fruit contains high nutrtional values. This study aims for developing cashew apple juice into a new beverage and contributing to increase economic value for the byproduct of cashew industry. In this study, by using Reponse surface methodology (RSM), four different factors (juice concentration, %acid, %aroma, Brix) in mixing cashew apple juice product were examined to determine their optimum value in order to obtain the highest acceptance of the final product. The results of performed experiments showed that the combination of juice concentration 36%, acid 0.32%, aroma 0.017% and 13.7oBx gave the highest acceptance (6.925/9).

Challenges encountered by cashew nut processing industry

Tamandu has emerged as one of India's premier cashew nut producers and processors. The thriving export potential and robust local demand have fueled the rapid expansion of the cashew industry in this region. With approximately 675 cashew nut processing units scattered across Tamil Nadu, these establishments have primarily embraced labor-intensive operations, offering valuable employment opportunities to rural communities. However, it's worth noting that only 576 processing units have managed to contribute data for this study. The collected data predominantly revolves around challenges related to various facets of cashew nut processing, including activity-based challenges, issues concerning workers' families, social problems, worker hygiene challenges, hurdles encountered within the processing units, as well as difficulties tied to workers' wages and benefits. Furthermore, the investigation into occupational health, ergonomic considerations, and the development of ergonomically designed work equipment in small and medium-scale cashew nut processing units in Tamil Nadu has remained largely unexplored. As a result, this research seeks to shed light on the risk of musculoskeletal issues prevalent in these cashew processing units, aiming to address an important aspect of workers' well-being in this vital industry.

Advances in Nanomaterials Based on Cashew Nut Shell Liquid.

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), obtained as a byproduct of the cashew industry, represents an important natural source of phenolic compounds, with important environmental benefits due to the large availability and low cost of the unique renewable starting material, that can be used as an alternative to synthetic substances in many industrial applications. The peculiarity of the functional groups of CNSL components, such as phenolic hydroxyl, the aromatic ring, acid functionality, and unsaturation(s) in the C15 alkyl side chain, permitted the design of interesting nanostructures. Cardanol (CA), anacardic acid (AA), and cardol (CD), opportunely isolated from CNSL, served as building blocks for generating an amazing class of nanomaterials with chemical, physical, and morphological properties that can be tuned in view of their applications, particularly focused on their bioactive properties.

Dampak Adanya Industri Mente (CV. Mente Bali Sejahtera) terhadap Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Petani Jambu Mente di Desa Ban, Kecamatan Kubu, Kabupaten Karangasem

Impact of Cashew Industry (CV. Mente Bali Sejahtera) on Socio Economic Conditions of Cashew Farmers in Ban Village, Kubu District, Karangasem Regency&#x0D; The existence of cashew industry (CV. Mente Bali Sejahtera) in Ban Village has slowly raised the social economic status of the community, especially farmers and alleviated poverty in Ban Village. Ban village is a dry area with clean water being very difficult to obtain. Such natural conditions make the people here work as cashew farmers. The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of the cashew industry (CV. Mente Bali Sejahtera) on the socio-economic conditions of cashew farmers in Ban Village. The analytical method used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative using a before after approach, research instruments in the form of interview guidelines and questionnaires. The results showed that the impact of the cashew industry (CV. Mente Bali Sejahtera) on the economic conditions of farmers in Ban Village was an increase in income from before. Increased income has an impact on the ability of farmers to improve housing conditions so that they become more feasible and comfortable, and are able to create business opportunities so that they can provide other financial benefits. The impact of industry on social conditions shows that social interaction remains well established but there is a decrease in the intensity of meeting within the family because more interactions are carried out at night after work. The fulfillment of consumption and ownership of living facilities in the household has increased and the knowledge and skills of farmers are increasing. Suggestions that can be given are for farmers to pay more attention to their agriculture so that they can produce superior quality cashew nuts and the industry to pay attention to the comfort of the community to avoid conflicts.

Mapping smallholder cashew plantations to inform sustainable tree crop expansion in Benin

Cashews are grown by over 3 million smallholder farmers in >40 countries worldwide as a principal source of income. Expanding the area of cashew plantations and increasing productivity are critical to improving the livelihood of many smallholder communities. As the third largest cashew producer in Africa, Benin has nearly 200,000 smallholder cashew growers contributing 15% of the country's national export earnings. Expansion of the cashew industry is thus an essential economic driver and a governmental priority in Benin. However, a lack of information on where and how cashew trees grow across the country hinders decision-making that could support increased cashew production and poverty alleviation. By leveraging 2.4-m Planet Basemaps and 0.5-m aerial imagery, two newly developed deep learning algorithms, and large-scale ground truth datasets, we successfully produced the first-of-its-kind national map of cashew in Benin and characterized the expansion of cashew plantations between 2015 and 2021. In particular, we developed a SpatioTemporal Classification with Attention (STCA) model to map the distribution of cashew plantations with 2.4-m multi-temporal Planet Basemaps from 2019 to 2021, which can fully capture texture information from discriminative time steps during a growing season. The U-Net model was employed to map the distribution of cashew plantation with 0.5-m mono-temporal aerial imagery in 2015, which can achieve accurate and fast predictions even with limited training data. We further developed a Clustering Augmented Self-supervised Temporal Classification (CASTC) model to distinguish high-density versus low-density cashew plantations by automatic feature extraction and optimized clustering. Results show that the STCA model has an overall accuracy over 85% based on 1400 ground truth point samples from each year. The CASTC model achieved an overall accuracy of 76% based on 348 ground truth samples of planting density. We found that the cashew area in Benin has almost doubled to 519 ± 20 kha from 2015 to 2021 with 60% of new plantation development coming from cropland or fallow land, while encroachment of cashew plantations into protected areas has increased by 55%. Only about half of cashew plantations were high-density in 2021, suggesting high potential for intensification. Our study illustrates the power of combining high-resolution remote sensing imagery and state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms to better understand tree crops in the heterogeneous smallholder landscape, which can help efficiently allocate limited training and nursery resources for sustainable agricultural development.

Valorizing Constituents of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid toward the Sustainable Development of New Drugs against Chagas Disease.

Six new ether phospholipid analogues encompassing constituents from cashew nut shell liquid as the lipid portion were synthesized in an effort to valorize byproducts of the cashew industry toward the generation of potent compounds against Chagas disease. Anacardic acids, cardanols, and cardols were used as the lipid portions and choline as the polar headgroup. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiparasitic activity against different developmental stages of Trypanosoma cruzi. Compounds 16 and 17 were found to be the most potent against T. cruzi epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and intracellular amastigotes exhibiting selectivity indices against the latter 32-fold and 7-fold higher than current drug benznidazole, respectively. Hence, four out of six analogues can be considered as hit-compounds toward the sustainable development of new treatments for Chagas disease, based on inexpensive agro-waste material.

Synthesis, Molecular Docking Analysis and In vitro Evaluation of 1,4- Dihydroxyanthraquinone Derivatives As Anti-Trypanosomal Agents

Abstract: Hydroxy-substituted anthraquinones are among the most important derivatives in organic synthesis. The attractive biological properties of these compounds are relevant to many therapeutic areas that are of use in clinical applications. In this study synthesized several amino-substituted anthraquinones were synthesized from 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone using a modified Marschalk reaction. Moreover, 1,4,5-trihydroxyanthraquinone was synthesized from anacardic acid, an agro-waste from the cashew industry. The in-vitro screening of the compounds against Trypanosoma brucei parasites revealed noteworthy activity with reasonable selectivity against human cell lines. A molecular docking study was performed to analyze the synthesized compounds' modes of interaction to the trypanothione reductase's active site. Visual inspections examined the docked poses, and test compounds displayed a good binding affinity with the receptor protein. This in vitro/ molecular docking evaluation suggests that substituted 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone derivative can be promising starting structures in the search for active drugs against trypanosomiasis.