Cases Of Pneumonia In Children Research Articles

Penerapan Terapi Inhalasi Nebulizer pada Pasein dengan Bersihan Jalan Napas Tidak Efektif Akibat Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Community acquired Pneumonia is a type of Pneumonia that is acquired in the community. The incidence of Pneumonia in Indonesia in 2013 ranged from 23%-27% and mortality was 1.19%. From 2015-2018 confirmed cases of Pneumonia in children under 5 years were recorded at 505,331 patients with 425 patients dying. The prevalence of Pneumonia in Bali Province in 2018 there were 20,560 cases found based on a history of diagnosis by health workers and / or symptoms that had been felt by respondents / patients. Analyze the effect of the application of Nebulizer inhalation therapy in patients with ineffective airway clearance problems due to Community acquired Pneumonia (CAP). Using case study design with the implementation of nursing care from assessment, diagnosis, intervention, implementation, and evaluation. This study was conducted at RSUP Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G NGOERAH, Denpasar Bali, in July 2023. The results of the analysis showed changes in the patient's respiratory status after administration of Nebulizer inhalation therapy. The result is clear white mucus discharge and not viscous; respiratory rate decreased, ronchi sounds decreased, and SPO2 status: 98%, patients appeared calmer. Nebulizer inhalation therapy is effective in overcoming airway clearance problems is not effective in Pneumonia patients, especially CAP.

Evaluation of the Epidemiological, Clinical and Radiological Features of Pneumonia Cases Caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Childhood

The current study aimed to investigate the clinical, laboratory and radiological findings of the pneumonia cases in children that were confirmed as M.pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and to reveal the factors that can be decisive in the diagnosis. Seventy-seven children were included in this study. The median age of the patients was 31 months (1 month-17 years 4 months). The 63.6% of the patients were younger than five years of age, 53.2% were girls and 46.8% were boys. During the eight-year research period, the frequency of M.pneumoniae in the patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of pneumonia was found to be 3.1%. The rate of M.pneumoniae as the underlying factor of pneumonia was found to be statistically significantly lower in patients aged 0-60 months compared to the patients aged 61-216 months. In patients with M.pneumoniae accompanied by viruses, the age group was more likely to between 0-60 months. The most common symptoms were cough (96.1%) and fever (74%). Physical examinations revealed that 70.1% of the patients had rales, 63.6% had tachypnea, 45.5% had oropharyngeal hyperaemia, 35.1% had subcostal-intercostal retraction, 31.2% had long expiration period, 26% had rhonchus, 24.7% had decrease in breath sounds, 15.6% had cervical lymphadenopathy, 13% had tachycardia, 3.9% had otitis media, 3.9% had tonsil hypertrophy and 2.6% had a maculopapular rash. The rate of hypoxemia was found to be 42.2%. When the physical examination findings of patients with only M.pneumoniae detected in multiplex PCR analysis and those with accompanying viruses in M.pneumoniae were compared, tachypnea, oropharyngeal hyperemia and decreased breath sounds were found to be statistically significantly higher in patients with M.pneumoniae only. Retraction was detected more frequently in patients with accompanying viruses. When the laboratory results of the patients were evaluated according to age, leukocytosis was detected in only 18.2% of the patients, while the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were found to be high in 75% and 85.7% of the patients, respectively. In the multiplex PCR analysis, the CRP values of the patients with only M.pneumoniae were found to be higher than the patients with accompanying viruses. M.pneumoniae was accompanied by viruses at the rate of 40.3%. The most common accompanying viruses were rhinovirus, adenovirus, bocavirus and metapneumovirus. The 55.8% of the patients had lobar-segmental consolidation, 46.8% had parahilar-peribronchial thickening, 18.2% had atelectasis, 11.7% had pleural effusion, 9.1% had increase in reticulonodular density, 6.5% had lymphadenopathy whereas no abnormality was observed in 5.2% of them. No diffuse interstitial involvement was recorded. The CRP value of the patients who had lobar segmental consolidation which was detected through chest X-rays were statistically higher than those without consolidation. In multiplex PCR analysis, the rate of parahilar-peribronchial thickening detected in chest X-ray findings was found to be higher in patients with M.pneumoniae accompanied by viruses compared to those with only M.pneumoniae. The rate of the patients who were given empirical antibiotics against atypical agents was 45.5%. The rate of empirically administered antibiotic treatment for atypical agents after being hospitalization was higher in patients diagnosed with only M.pneumoniae compared to patients with M.pneumoniae and viruses. One patient (1.3%) died. As there are no typical clinical, laboratory or radiological findings specific to M.pneumoniae pneumonia, all of the findings should be assessed as a whole to establish a diagnosis. Besides, for the detection of M.pneumoniae, diagnostic tests which are cost effective, with rapid results and are capable of distinguishing colonisation from active infection should be developed.

Can child pneumonia in low-resource settings be treated without antibiotics? A systematic review & meta-analysis.

WHO guidelines recommend the use of antibiotics for all cases of pneumonia in children, despite the majority being caused by viruses. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine which children aged 2-59 months with WHO-defined fast breathing pneumonia, if any, can be safely treated without antibiotics. We systematically searched medical databases for articles published in the last 20 years. We included both observational and interventional studies that compared antibiotics to no antibiotics in children aged 2-59 months diagnosed with fast breathing pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We screened articles according to specified inclusion and exclusion criteria, and assessed for risk of bias using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) framework. Overall, we included 13 studies in this review. We performed a meta-analysis of four included studies comparing amoxicillin to placebo. Most children with fast breathing pneumonia will have a good outcome, regardless of whether or not they are treated with antibiotics. Meta-analysis of four RCTs comparing amoxicillin to placebo for children with pneumonia showed higher risk of treatment failure in the placebo group (odds ratio OR 1.40, 95% confidence interval CI = 1.00-1.96). We did not identify any child pneumonia subgroups in whom antibiotics can be safely omitted. Limited data suggest that infants with clinically-diagnosed bronchiolitis are a particular low-mortality group who may be safely treated without antibiotics in some contexts. Children with WHO-defined fast breathing pneumonia in LMICs should continue to be treated with antibiotics. Future studies should seek to identify which children stand to benefit most from antibiotic therapy, and identify those in whom antibiotics may not be required, and in which circumstances.

Pemodelan Faktor – Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kasus Pneumonia pada Balita di Provinsi Jawa Barat dengan Metode Geographically Weighted Generalized Poisson Regression

Acute infection of lung tissue that can be caused by various microorganisms, namely fungi, viruses, and bacteria is called pneumonia. Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children worldwide. West Java is in the top three of the number of deaths due to pneumonia in children under five in Indonesia and ranks 1st in the number of pneumonia sufferers in children under five. In solving this case, it is necessary to model with spatial effects because it is necessary to pay attention to geographical conditions in West Java, namely the GWGPR method. The highest number of pneumonia cases, as many as 10818 cases, was in Cirebon Regency while the lowest number of cases was in Banjar City as many as 573 cases. The best modeling results from the minimum AICc criteria of 483.98 are using the GWGPR method with exposure that forms two groups of districts/cities based on variables that have a significant effect on cases of pneumonia in children under five in all districts/cities, namely the percentage of vitamin A administration and the percentage of clean-living behavior and healthy.

Surveillance of Pneumonia Disease Prevalence in Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

ndonesia health profile shows that pneumonia causes 15% of under-five children’s deaths, which is around 922,000 children in 2015. From 2015-2018, confirmed cases of pneumonia in children under 5 years old increased by about 500,000 per year, reaching 505,331 patients with 425 patients dying. Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation of the lobes in one or both lungs. In people with pneumonia, a collection of small air space at the end of the respiratory tract in the lungs (alveoli) will become inflamed and filled with fluid or pus. This study uses various data from the Indonesian government. Pneumonia case data was obtained from the Kendari City Health Office from 2017-2020. The conclusion is that pneumonia cases in toddlers were male with an age range of 4-5 years. The prevalence of pneumonia in the last two years has decreased. The largest distribution area is in the Nambo and Puuwatu sub-districts in 2019.
 Keywords: Pneumonia, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Pneumonia in Toddlers: Association of Characteristics and Nutritional Status

Pneumonia is one of the health problems that contribute to the mortality of toddlers. Pneumonia cases in children are determined by health history. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between age, gender, birth weight, history of breastfeeding, nutritional status, and immunization status with the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers at the Kudus Aisyiyah Hospital. The design of this study was analytic observational with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 102 patients have participated as research respondents, and sampling was done using the accidental technique. The instrument used in this study is an observation sheet prepared for toddler patients with pneumonia. Data analysis was carried out using chi-square and fisher's exact method. The results showed that 48 patients (47.1%) had pneumonia. There was a significant relationship between the age of children under five (p=0.003) and birth weight (p=0.0001) with the incidence of pneumonia. There was no relationship between gender (p=0.399), exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.495), and nutritional status (p=0.141), with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five. The age variable is associated with the pneumonia incidence in toddlers at Kudus 'Aisyiyah Hospital. Mothers are expected to pay more attention to the health of their toddlers due to their vulnerability to a variety of diseases, particularly infectious diseases. Support and counseling programs from health workers were also expected to help mothers' understanding to improve their child's health quality.

Pengaruh musim terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada balita di Kabupaten Pelalawan

Pneumonia is a type of lower respiratory tract infection and the main cause of under-five mortality, especially in developing countries, with a mortality rate of 3 million each year. Pneumonia cases in children under five in Pelalawan Regency are quite high, namely 72.8% in 2018. Pneumonia is also influenced by climatic condi-tions and seasons. Parasites and disease vectors are very sensitive to climatic factors, especially temperature, humidity, and rainfall. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of season on the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Pelalawan District. This type of research is analytic observational with a cross sectional approach. The study population was all patients with pneumonia under five who were recorded in the registration of 12 Puskesmas in Pelalawan Regency in 2018-2019. The research sample uses total sam-pling. Data analysis uses the Vector Autorgressive (VAR) method on time series data with time level being monthly data. The results showed that the trend of the number of pneumonia cases fluctuated approximately every 2 months, this was caused by the influence of the season, namely the rainy season and dry season. Mostly in the rainy season the number of pneumonia cases tends to experience an increasing trend. Based on statisti-cal tests, it is known that seasonal variables (rainfall, rainy days, humidity and temperature) have no signifi-cant effect on the incidence of pneumonia in children under five, but the R Square value in the modeling above is quite good, namely 0.655, meaning that 65.5% of the diversity of pneumonia cases can be explained. by these variables while the rest is explained by other variables outside the model. For this reason, it is hoped that the Puskesmas will campaign for the '5 M' program, especially in the rainy season (opening ventilation, entry of light, entry of air, maintaining house cleanliness and increasing body immunity). It is suggested to the Pelalawan District Health Office to monitor climate factors on an ongoing basis in the context of the pro-gram to eradicate pneumonia in children under five.

Convolutional Neural Networks with Transfer Learning for Pneumonia Detection

Pneumonia is a type of acute respiratory infection caused by microbes, and viruses that affect the lungs. Pneumonia is the leading cause of infant mortality in the world, accounting for 81% of deaths in children under five years of age. There are approximately 1.2 million cases of pneumonia in children under five years of age and 180 000 died in 2016. Early detection of pneumonia can help reduce mortality rates. Therefore, this paper presents four convolutional neural network (CNN) models to detect pneumonia from chest X-ray images. CNNs were trained to classify X-ray images into two types: normal and pneumonia, using several convolutional layers. The four models used in this work are pre-trained: VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, and InceptionV3. The measures that were used for the evaluation of the results are Accuracy, recall, and F1-Score. The models were trained and validated with the dataset. The results showed that the Inceptionv3 model achieved the best performance with 72.9% accuracy, recall 93.7%, and F1-Score 82%. This indicates that CNN models are suitable for detecting pneumonia with high accuracy.

1147. Sentinel Surveillance of Bacterial Pneumonia in Children Under 5 years Treated in HOMI - Fundación Hospital pediatrico la Misericordia in Bogotá, Colombia 2016-2020

BackgroundPneumonia is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death in children under 5y. The main causes of bacterial pneumonia (BP) are Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) and Haemophilus influenzae (Hi). Colombia implemented the Hib vaccine in 1997 with a 3 + 0 scheme and the PCV10 vaccine in 2012, using a 2 + 1 scheme. Sentinel surveillance of BP is carried out at HOMI - Fundación Hospital Pediátrico La Misericordia, which is part of the invasive bacterial vaccine preventable disease surveillance network. MethodsA daily active search for cases that met the definitions established in the protocol of the Pan American Health Organization was carried out. All hospitalized patients under 5 years of age with a diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia (ICD10 J10 to J22) were classified as suspected cases, while all suspected cases in which chest X-ray showed a radiological pattern compatible with bacterial pneumonia were considered a probable case. Blood cultures were taken from probable cases; if results were positive (Spn, Hi), the samples were sent to the district and national reference laboratories for confirmation and serotyping. The data obtained in the period January 2016 to December 2020 were analyzed.Results5272 suspected cases of bacterial pneumonia were found, of which 60% were < 2 y. The highest incidence occurred from March to June (Figure 1). Blood cultures were performed in 2223 (92%) of the 2432 (46.1%) probable cases, confirming 127 (5.2%) cases. Spn, Hi, and other bacteria were found in 55, 27, and 28 cases, respectively (Table 1). Serotyping was performed in 85.4% of the Spn isolates and 77.7% of Hi isolates. The most frequent Spn serotypes were Spn19A in 19 cases (40.4%), Spn3 in 12 cases (25.5%), and Spn14 in 4 cases (8.5%). The presence of Spn19A has increased over time (Figure 2). The most frequent Hi was non-typeable in 13 patients (61.9%), followed by serotype b 6 (28.5%) and serotype a 2 (9.5%). The rate of hospitalization for BP was 9/1000 children < 5 years, and 43 patients died. Case fatality rate was 1.7% among probable cases.Graph 1. Trend of suspected bacterial pneumonia cases in children under 5 years old. HOMI. 2016-2020 Table 1. Bacterial pneumonia isolates. HOMI. 2016 - 2020 Graph 2. Bacterial pneumonia serotypes. HOMI. January 2016 - December 2020 ConclusionBP mainly occurs in 2-year-old children. Spn 19A is the most common bacteria. Although the most frequent Hi is non-typeable, cases of Hib are still observed. Sentinel surveillance allows measuring the impact of public health interventions on this disease.Disclosures German Camacho Moreno, n/a, Pfizer and MSD (Research Grant or Support, Speaker’s Bureau, Other Financial or Material Support, Has received support from Pfizer for participation in congresses)

Divergences on expected pneumonia cases during the COVID-19 epidemic in Catalonia: a time-series analysis of primary care electronic health records covering about 6 million people

BackgroundPneumonia is one of the complications of COVID-19. Primary care electronic health records (EHR) have shown the utility as a surveillance system. We therefore analyse the trends of pneumonia during two waves of COVID-19 pandemic in order to use it as a clinical surveillance system and an early indicator of severity.MethodsTime series analysis of pneumonia cases, from January 2014 to December 2020. We collected pneumonia diagnoses from primary care EHR, a software system covering > 6 million people in Catalonia (Spain). We compared the trend of pneumonia in the season 2019–2020 with that in the previous years. We estimated the expected pneumonia cases with data from 2014 to 2018 using a time series regression adjusted by seasonality and influenza epidemics.ResultsBetween 4 March and 5 May 2020, 11,704 excess pneumonia cases (95% CI: 9909 to 13,498) were identified. Previously, we identified an excess from January to March 2020 in the population older than 15 years of 20%. We observed another excess pneumonia period from 22 october to 15 november of 1377 excess cases (95% CI: 665 to 2089). In contrast, we observed two great periods with reductions of pneumonia cases in children, accounting for 131 days and 3534 less pneumonia cases (95% CI, 1005 to 6064) from March to July; and 54 days and 1960 less pneumonia cases (95% CI 917 to 3002) from October to December.ConclusionsDiagnoses of pneumonia from the EHR could be used as an early and low cost surveillance system to monitor the spread of COVID-19.

BEHAVIOR RELATIONSHIP, KNOWLEDGE AND FATHER'S ROLE (FATHERING) IN CHILDREN'S CARE TO PNEUMONIA EVENTS IN CHILDREN IN PEGADINGAN VILLAGE, KEC. KRAMATWATU REGENCY. ATTACK

Background Parenting is a process of interaction between parents and children. The role of a father in the family is usually more of the backbone of the family and the breadwinner of the family, while the mother plays an active role in caring for her children. In fact, the role of parents, especially here father, is very much needed for the development of a child. Coparenting refers to the way for parents to work together as a couple, negotiate in raising children and support each other. The role of father (fathering) is as important as the role of mother and has an influence in the development of early childhood. Pneumonia is still a public health problem in Indonesia, especially for toddlers. According to the source of the Directorate General of P2P of the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2017, it was found that the number of pneumonia cases in toddlers was 57.84% or 503,738 toddlers from the target of finding 870,893 cases of pneumonia in children under five, while in Banten Province, the number of pneumonia cases in toddlers was 57.84% or 503,738. Toddlers from the target of finding cases of pneumonia in children under five were 870,893 people. Research in 2017 of 95 toddlers who experienced pneumonia as much as 48%. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between father's behavior, knowledge and the role of father (fathering) in childcare for the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers in Pegadingan Village, Kec. Kramatwatu&#x0D; Research Methods This type of research is an observational analytic study, with the research design used is a cross sectional approach. The sample of this study consisted of 84 fathers who have children under five. Data processing was done by means of editing, scoring, coding and tabulating using univariate and bivariate data analysis.&#x0D; Results More than half of 52.4% of children under five had pneumonia, 57.1% of fathers had less knowledge about pneumonia, 58.3% of fathers had sick behavior, 71.4% of fathers had less roles. There is a significant relationship between the behavior and role of the father with the incidence of pneumonia and there is no significant relationship between knowledge and the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Pegadingan Village, Kec. Kramatwatu Kab. Attack of the Year 2020&#x0D; Suggestion Health workers further increase the promotion of the importance of routine monthly check-ups for toddlers by involving the participation of a father

Prediction of risk factors of bronchial mucus plugs in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

BackgroundRecently, many cases of pneumonia in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection have been shown to have varying degrees of intrabronchial mucus plug formation. The clinical, laboratory, radiological characteristics, and treatment of patients with Mycoplasma infection are analyzed in this study. The risk factors for M. pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) mucus plug formation in children are explored, and a risk factor scoring system is established.MethodsMPP patients treated with bronchoscopy were retrospectively enrolled in the study from February 2015 to December 2019. The children were divided into a mucus plug group and a control group according to the presence or absence of mucus plug formation. The clinical, laboratory, radiological characteristics, and treatment of the two groups of children were compared. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify the risk factors for MPP mucus plug formation. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the regression model and establish the MPP mucous plug risk factor scoring system.ResultsA univariate analysis showed that the children in the mucous group were older and had a longer fever duration, longer hospital stay, higher fever peak, more cases of wheezing symptoms and allergies, and azithromycin or corticosteroids were administered later. In addition, neutrophil, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), D-dimer (DD), sputum MP-DNA copy number, and total immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were higher, while prealbumin (PA) levels were lower. The ROC curve analysis showed that children with MPP had PA ≤144.5 mg/L, had used corticosteroids during the course of the illness of ≥4.5 days, CRP ≥12.27 mg/L, an LDH ≥ 462.65 U/L, and there was a possibility of intra-airway mucus formation. The independent risk factors were scored according to their odds ratio (OR) value. Among the 255 children with MPP, the high-risk group had 44 (83.02%) mucus plugs out of 53; the middle-risk group had 35 (34.3%) mucus plugs out of 102; and the low-risk group had 11 (11%) mucus plugs out of 100.ConclusionsPA levels, timing of corticosteroid use (use in the first few days), CRP levels, and LDH levels were independent risk factors for MPP mucus plug formation. This provides a basis for the early identification of MPP in children combined with mucus plug formation.

PEMODELAN KASUS PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DI PROVINSI BALI MENGGUNAKAN METODE REGRESI NONPARAMETRIK B-SPLINE

Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung disease caused by bacterium Streptococcus pneumonia, Chlamydophila pneumonia bacteria, influenza virus, and fungi. Bali Provincial Health Service data in 2018 shows that one of the diseases that causes many deaths in children under five is pneumonia. This study aims to model the number of pneumonia cases in children under five in Bali Province in 2018 with six research variables, namely percentage of low birth weight, percentage of coverage of infants who receive vitamin A, percentage of infants who receive exclusive breastfeeding, percentage of under-five health services, percentage of villages that implement community-based total sanitation, and percentage of neonatal complications management. In the B-Spline function there are connecting points called knots. The best estimation of the B-Spline regression model is obtained from selecting the optimum knot point with the criteria for the value of generalized cross validation (GCV) and the selected mean square error (MSE) having the minimum value. The B-Spline regression model that is formed is the quadratic B-Spline model (order 3) with five knots resulting in an value of 87.79%.

Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in newborns, infants and children

Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been emerging in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.1 It has spread to other areas of China and further to more than 40 countries and regions around the world.2 In Singapore, Japan, Korea, Italy, and Thailand, there have been community-based infections. A few cases of pneumonia in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported. Pediatric cases are mainly family cluster cases, and most of them have epidemiological links to adult patients.

Serum zinc levels in children with severe community acquired pneumonia

Background : Pneumonia is one of the leading cause of death globally, among children younger than five years. South Asia has the highest incidence of pneumonia (0.36 episodes/child/year) in the world and bulk is in India. Of all cases of pneumonia in children in India, 65% were reported to be moderately severe or severely malnourished. In these children deficiency of micronutrients, particularly zinc has been shown to be associated with higher incidence and severity of pneumonia. Identification of modifiable risk factors of severe acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) like correction of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and micronutrient deficiency may help in reducing the burden of disease with regard to both morbidity as well as mortality. Objective : Serum zinc level in children 2-60 months, hospitalized with WHO defined severe pneumonia, with the same age matched controls and its correlation with malnutrition. Methods : This was a hospital based prospective, observational cross-sectional study.150 children in the age group of 2-60 months were enrolled, out of which 75 cases had pneumonia. 43 cases were of the age group 2-12 and 32 were from 12-60 months age group. Children were divided in four groups: Group A had children with pneumonia who had grade I or grade II malnutrition; Group B had children with pneumonia who had no malnutrition, Group C had children with malnutrition who did not have pneumonia while group D had children with neither pneumonia nor malnutrition. Serum zinc levels were measured, analyzed and interpreted with regard to age, sex and nutritional status. Results : It was found that children with severe pneumonia and grade I/II malnutrition had low serum zinc levels (59.52+1.55 μg /dl), while serum zinc levels were within normal range ( >65 μg/ dl) in all other children. Thus, while serum zinc levels in children with grade I and grade II malnutrition with pneumonia were low, levels were normal in children with pneumonia who did not have malnutrition. Similarly, serum zinc levels were in normal range in well -nourished asymptomatic children as well as those with grade I and grade II malnutrition without any respiratory disease. Conclusion : Children with grade I or grade II malnutrition with lower serum zinc levels are either more prone to develop severe pneumonia or serum zinc levels decline due to poor intake in a sick malnourished child. Larger studies may help to decide whether reduced serum zinc is an independent factor or not for children with mild lower respiratory tract infection and whether zinc supplementation during treatment has any beneficial effects.

Relationship between House Sanitation and Number of Bacterial in Bed Room with Pneumonia Case of Children Under Five Years Old in Kenjeran Sub District Surabaya

The number of pneumonia cases in children under five years found in Surabaya city in 2016 was 3,925 cases (40.89%). The number of pneumonia cases in children under five years in Kenjeran sub district was highers with 232 cases. This study was purposed to analyze the relationship between house sanitation and airborne bacterial number with pneumonia cases in children under five years old in the Kenjeran sub district, Surabaya. This study was designed as a case control study using 12 cases and 12 controls as the samplers. This research was conducted in Kenjeran sub district and took place from May to November 2017. Statistical test was using by chi square and multivariate logistic regression. The results of the study was that the cases of p neumonia in children under five years old were birth weight (p=0,01), nutritional status (p=0,01), sanitation house (p=0,03) and airborne bacterial number (p=0,01). Multivariate logistic regression test results showed that significant variables were nutritional status and airborne bacterial number. Nutritional status have the significance 0.04 (p &lt;α) with OR=15,00. Airborne bacterial number have the significance 0.04 (p &lt;α) with OR=15,00. The conclusion of this study is nutritional status and airborne bacterial number are associated with pneumonia under five years old. It is highly suggested to improve the quality of home health and child care.

Clinical study and analysis of 700 cases of pneumonia in children

Clinical study and analysis of 700 cases of pneumonia in children

Clinical Study and Analysis of 700 Cases of Pneumonia in Children

Introduction: Pneumonia is a common acute disease of the respiratory tract in childhood. In this paper, 700 cases of pneumonia in Changan Hospital of Xi’an city [1-3] were summarized. All seasons are easy to occur, especially in winter and spring. It is easy to recurrent attacks affect the growth and development of children, if the treatment is not complete. The clinical data of the children are reported as follows: Background: From January 2016 to December 2016, 700 cases of children pneumonia in Changan hospital in Xi’an were investigated in 1 pairs of 1 [4]. Among the 700 children, 437 were boys and 263 were women; 252 cases aged 2 were occupied 23%. Accessory Examination: In 700 cases of chest radiography，23 cases of lobar pneumonia accounted for 3.28% of the total. 87 cases of double pulmonary bronchitis were 12.42%, 488 cases of bronchitis were 69.71%, 11 cases of interstitial pneumonia were 15.71%,and 4 cases of lobule in chest.198 cases of WBC ≥ 10 were 28.28%, 76 cases of neutrophils ≥ 70 were 10.86%,402cases of lymphoid ≥ 40 were 57.43%, 267 cases of mononuclear ≥ 10 were 38.14%.196 cases of syncytial virus positive were took up 28%,4 cases of adenovirus positive were made up 0.57%, 3 cases of influenza virus positive were occupied 0.43% [5-7]. Complication: 2 cases of combined respiratory failure accounted for 0.28%,13 cases of combined enteritis were 1.85%,8 cases of combined myocardial injury were 1.14%, 1 case of combined heart failure were 0.14%,1 case of combined Anemia were 0.14%,2 cases of combined laryngitis were 0.28%. Treatment: 368 cases of the second generation cephalosporin’s +antivirus were 52.57%,183 cases of the third generation cephalosporin’s + antivirus were 26.14%,129 cases of Cephalosporin +Archie were 18.43%, 20 cases of Penicillin + antiviral were 2.85%,23 cases of >14 days of treatment were 3.28%,72 cases of 7-10 days of treatment were 10.28%,545 cases of 5-7 days of treatment were 77.86%, 60 cases of <5 days of treatment were 8.57%. Result: Treatment, Infantile pneumonia is the main anti infection and treat the complications. At the time of anti-infection, a wide range of antimicrobial spectrum, less drug resistant bacteria, and low toxicity of liver and kidney are used, combined use of two kinds of broad-spectrum antibiotics, Such as cephalosporin’s, macrolides,and antiviral drugs, and give oxygen therapy, nutritional support, Correcting the acid-base balance and electrolyte disturbance in some children, actively dealing with the complications and avoiding heart failure.

Clinical analysis of 30 cases of neonatal group B streptococcus sepsis

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of neonatal group B streptococcus (GBS) sepsis. Methods According to the onset time and clinical features of the patients, 30 cases of neonatal GBS sepsis in Department of Neonatology, Zhuhai People′s Hospital and ICU of Newborn of Maternity and Child Care Health Hospital of Guangxi from January 2013 to February 2015 were divided into the early-onset group (onset day of the patients ≤7 days) and late-onset group (onset day of the patients >7 days). The clinical manifestations, the examination results of laboratory, imaging examination, treatment and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed. Results Among the newborns diagnosed as neonatal GBS sepsis, there were 19 cases of early-onset sepsis and 11 cases of late-onset sepsis, including 17 males and 13 females, consisting of 24 term infants and 6 premature infants.The early-onset newborns were mainly diagnosed with respiratory symptoms like anhelation, groaning (73.7%, 14/19 cases), late-onset GBS sepsis with high fever (81.8%, 9/11 cases), high frequency of early-onset intraute-rine infection pneumonia (89.5%, 17/19 cases) and late-onset intracranial infection (63.6%, 7/11 cases). The differences between the 2 groups were statistically significant(all P<0.05). Laboratory tests of GBS sepsis showed that the early value of procalcitonin (PCT) increased, while the number of white blood cells, platelet decreased and C-reactive protein (CRP) increased relatively late.Chest X-ray examination showed 16 cases of pneumonia in children, 1 case of pulmonary hemorrhage, 1 case of bilateral pneumothorax. Head CT, B ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging discover 1 case of ventricular perivascular hemorrhage, 2 cases of intraventricular hemorrhage with ventricular dilatation and 1 case of subdural effusion.Drug sensitivity test showed that 30 cases of children were sensitive to Penicillin, Vancomycin among which 17 cases (56.66%) were cured, 4 cases (23.33%) were improved, 9 cases died, 6 cases died of abandoning treatment, and the total mortality was 30.00% (9/30 cases). The 6-month follow-up of 9 cases of purulent meningitis newborns showed that there were 2 cases of mild mental retardation and motor dysfunction, 1 case of mild ventricular dilatation with no progressive increase, and 6 cases with no significant sequelae. Conclusion The clinical manifestations of neonatal GBS sepsis are typical.Dynamically monitoring the changes of PCT, CRP, white blood cells and platelet helps to early identify GBS sepsis infection and use sensitive antibiotics to cure the newborns. Key words: Group B streptococcal; Infant, neonatal; Sepsis

Diagnosis and treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and accounts for up to 40% of cases of pneumonia in children over age 5. This article seeks to provide a general overview of the current recommended management of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children.