Cases Of Ocular Trauma Research Articles

Characteristics and surgical outcomes of giant retinal tear associated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Giant retinal tear-associated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (GRT–RRD) presents a significant surgical challenge. Trauma stands out as one of the risk factors. This retrospective case series aims to assess the outcomes of GRT–RRD patients treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), distinguishing between non-trauma and blunt ocular trauma cases. The medical records and relevant retinal imaging of 60 GRT–RRD patients undergoing PPV and followed with a mean (SD) of 21.2 (13.4) months were reviewed (47 were non-trauma-related and 13 were trauma-related). Both the non-trauma and trauma groups exhibited comparable distribution of proliferative vitreoretinopathy grade (P = 0.067). Following the primary operation, there was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients achieving single surgery anatomical success between the non-trauma group (27/47 patients, 57.5%) and the trauma-related group (9/13 patients, 69.2%) (P = 0.534). At the final follow-up, 17 patients remained tamponade with silicone oil. Among the remaining 43 patients, 33/34 patients (97.1%) in the non-trauma group and 9/9 patients (100%) in the non-trauma group (P = 0.661) achieved comparable final surgical anatomical success. Additionally the final vision was comparable between the two trauma categories (Snellen equivalent of 20/125 for the non-trauma group and 20/200 for the trauma group, P = 0.331). In multivariable regression, no significant factors related to primary reattachment rate or final vision were identified. Non-penetrating ocular trauma did not emerge as a significant risk factor for recurrent detachment post-surgery. This study supports that PPV outcomes in GRT–RRD patients are unaffected by the ocular trauma association and reports the effectiveness of PPV in managing these patients.

OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OCULAR TRAUMA AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING EYE CARE SERVICES AT JINJA REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Background Ocular trauma refers to any injury to the eyeball, its adnexa, orbit, and periorbital structures due to direct contact with fixed or mobile, blunt or sharp objects. The study aims to assess the factors associated with ocular trauma among patients attending eye care services at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital. Methodology A cross-sectional descriptive study design that collected quantitative data from 100 respondents using a non-probability consecutive sampling process from September 2022 to March 2023. Results 70% of the respondents were male while 30% were females. 55% of the respondents were 21-40 years, 32% were 0-20 years, 10% were 41-60 years and 3% were >60 years. Ocular injuries were caused by a foreign body (40%) followed by work-related activities with 20%, accidents with 18%, assault-related actions with 20%, and the least were chemical injuries with 5%. (65%) didn’t have eye protective equipment while 35% had. 40% of the respondents knew about awareness programs on ocular trauma while 60% had not received these programs. (43%) obtained trauma from the workplace, 25% from bars, 17% from homes, and 15% from schools. 55% had used nontherapeutic drugs like alcohol. 50% were using water from protected streams, 30% were using water from taps, 15% were using water from wells and the least were those using water from rivers (05%). Conclusion The most affected age group was 21-40. Males were more affected than females. Literates were most affected, and most cases of ocular trauma were obtained from the workplace. Ocular trauma was associated with the use of non-therapeutic drugs like alcohol. Recommendations Health education on ocular injuries should be adopted by the relevant authorities to increase awareness of the dangers, causes, predisposing factors, and burden of ocular trauma in the community.

Clinical Profile of Ocular Trauma at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Ocular trauma is preventable and one of the leading causes of ocular morbidity and blindness. Approximately 6 million people are blind from eye injuries, 2.3 million with bilateral visual impairment and 19 million with unilateral visual loss worldwide. In developing countries like ours the incidence of eye injuries is very high. This study has been conducted in the view of public health importance to provide information on magnitude, clinical and epidemiological profile of ocular injuries. Methods: A hospital based, cross sectional observational study, conducted during September 2014 - March 2016 in tertiary care center in Jharkhand, all cases of ocular trauma were included in the study. Demographic profile (age, sex, locality, occupation), nature and cause of injury was recorded. Detailed ophthalmological examination including visual acuity, slit lamp examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy, B-scan, intraocular pressure measurement, gonioscopy, computed tomography brain with orbit, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, X-Ray were done in relevant cases. Results: Total of 948 patients of ocular trauma were included. Most patients belong to the age group 21-40 years (60.87%), with mean age of 29.79 + 16.47 years. Males were affected more (73.52%) than females (26.47%). Closed globe injuries were more (75%) than open globe injuries (25%). Anterior segment was involved in (94.30%) and posterior segment in (8.86%). Work-related ocular injuries formed the commonest mode of injury (41.8%) followed by road traffic accident (30.37%). Conclusion: Ocular trauma is one of the most common causes of unilateral blindness. Targeting groups most at risk with health education, providing effective eye protection and strict implementation of traffic rules may decrease the occurrence of ocular injuries.

Less-lethal weapons: ocular trauma in Chile as psychosocial trauma. Challenges from a human rights and comprehensive perspective.

In October 2019 in Chile, massive protests broke out in the so-called social uprising. The repressive response of the armed forces and Carabineros (Police) resulted in serious and mas-sive violations of human rights, with between 400 and 500 victims of ocular trauma caused mainly by shots from anti-riot shotguns, constituting the largest number of cases in the world linked to a single event. It is proposed to evaluate the different dimensions of the impact of ocular trauma due to state violence, using the concept of psychosocial trauma and a support model that integrates the medical-psychological and social dimensions. Human rights violations of the period are described, focusing on cases of ocular trauma, and state and civil society responses. The requests of a survivors' organisations regarding truth, justice and reparation is presented. A clinical case of ocular trauma treated in our centre is analyzed. Survivors of ocular trauma manifest post-traumatic reactions regardless of the severity of their ocular injuries. The impact on the mental health of survi-vors of ocular trauma due to state violence is a phenomenon where the psychic and psychosocial im-pact of trauma due to socio-political violence intersects with the short- and long-term mental health effects. The impact of sociopolitical trauma must be understood considering both the in-dividual and social subject, considering their cultural, socioeconomic and political reality. Recovery from traumatic psychological injury must be addressed in its medical, sensory rehabilitation, psycho-logical and psychosocial dimensions, including processes of social recognition, search for justice and comprehensive reparation of damage. In contexts of impunity, a model is proposed that integrates rehabilitation with psycho-legal support, promotion of agency and organisation, within the frame-work of commitment to the movement and principles of human rights.

Ocular burns: epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects at the Cocody University Hospital, Côte d'Ivoire

This study describes the socio-demographic characteristics, clinical, therapeutic, and evolutionary aspects of ocular burns to contribute to the improvement of their management. A retrospective study was conducted in the Ophthalmology Department of the Cocody University Hospital (CHU) in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, from January 1, 2020, to January 31, 2021. It focused on 49 patient records with ocular trauma, including 12 bilateral cases, totaling 61 eyes. For each patient, socio-demographic data, the nature of the traumatic agent, burn etiologies, ocular burn stage, initial and final uncorrected visual acuity of the affected eye, and treatment were collected. The proportion of ocular burns was 11% out of 436 cases of ocular trauma that consulted in the department. The average age of patients was 27.9 years ± 14.2, ranging from 3 to 60 years, with a male predominance (70%). Students were the most frequent socio-professional category (39%). Work-related accidents were the predominant circumstances, in a third of cases. Chemical agents were the main traumatic agents, in 54% of cases. The average consultation time was 3.5 days ± 7.9, ranging from 1 to 60 days. Stage 1 of the Roper-Hall classification was the most observed stage (51% of cases). Initial visual acuity of the affected eye was less than 1/20 in 28% of cases. Treatment was mainly medical, and a third of treated eyes had a final acuity less than 1/20. Visual prognosis is influenced by burn stages, etiologies, and consultation time, varying according to social and geographical origins.

Patterns of concomitant traumatic brain injury and ocular trauma in US service members

BackgroundConcomitant traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ocular trauma (OT) are caused by the same physical mechanisms, which may complicate therapeutic intervention if screening and evaluation of each condition are not...

Incidence and Outcomes of Eye Trauma Associated With Recreative Use of Nonpowder Toy Guns: A 12-Year Retrospective Study

Nonpowder toy guns (NPTGs) are responsible for many ocular traumas. This study aims to detail the outcomes of these injuries depending on the causative NPTG. Retrospective, observational case series. Cases of NPTG-associated ocular trauma managed in a Parisian eye emergency department between August 1, 2010, and January 1, 2023, were reviewed. The date of trauma, causative NPTG, patient demographics, initial and follow-up eye examinations, any surgical procedure, and visual outcomes for each ocular trauma were analyzed. Over 12 years, NPTGs were responsible for 324 eye injuries and 980 visits. Patients were mostly male (77.5%), and mean age at trauma was 16.2 years. Foam bullets or foam dart blasters accounted for 54.9% of traumas and were mainly responsible for corneal injuries and hyphema (30.9% and 27%, respectively). BB guns and airsoft guns were frequently responsible for anterior segment lesions, as well as intravitreal hemorrhages (14.7%) and commotio retinae (21.1%). Paintball guns accounted for the largest proportion of posterior segment lesions (eg, intraretinal or subretinal hemorrhages leading to macular atrophy/contusion maculopathy), and one-third of casualties had undergone ocular surgery. Among all traumas, final visual acuity was lower than 20/200 in 6.5% of cases. Phthisis occurred in 8 cases: Two were related to foam bullets or foam dart blaster injuries (1 contusion and 1 rupture), 2 other cases followed a rupture due to BB guns/airsoft guns, 1 case occurred after a rupture related to a paintball gunshot, and 3 others were due to other types of compressed air guns (1 rupture, 1 intraocular foreign body, and 1 total retinal detachment). NPTG-related ocular trauma outcomes differ according to the causative toy. Paintball guns and BB guns/airsoft gun-related traumas were more likely to be associated with severe lesions, but an increasing number of ocular injuries related to the use of foam bullets or foam dart blasters are reported in younger and younger children. Public health policies should promote the use of protective eyewear.

Characteristics of pediatric ocular trauma in a tertiary hospital in Israel 2011-2020 - How can public prevention policy be improved?

To describe and analyze characteristics and trends of pediatric ocular trauma during 2011-2020. Retrospective descriptive study. Data were collected on all pediatric ocular trauma cases that presented to a Rambam Health Care Campus during 2011-2020. Data included age, gender, visual acuity, diagnosis, injury mechanism and surgical repair. Median BCVA at presentation was 0.96 (logMAR). Males and non-adolescent males specifically were the most prominent groups (70.6% and 44.7%, respectively). The ratio of ocular trauma cases to total pediatric emergency department (ED) visits was stable during 2011-2020 (p = 0.714) regardless of gender (p = 0.832 and p = 0.545 for boys and girls, respectively). The leading causes were partial thickness eyelid laceration, periorbital hematoma, and extraocular muscle contusion, all of which were stable over the study period (p = 0.678, p = 0.203 and p = 0.398, respectively). Falls and children play were the most common mechanisms (25.8% and 18.4%, respectively), but differed between age groups. Most patients did not require consecutive operation and were treated conservatively (p < 0.01). Pediatric ocular injuries to pediatric ED visits ratio remained stable during 2011-2020, regardless of gender. Non-adolescent males accounted for nearly half of all cases, with different mechanisms for each age group. Consecutive surgery was rarely necessary.

Ultrasound Diagnosed Traumatic Bilateral Cataractous Ectopia Lentis: A Case Report and Review

Introduction: Ectopia lentis is defined simply as lens displacement which may either be partial or complete. It most commonly results from orbital trauma in over fifty percent (50%) of cases, and majority are unilateral. However, traumatic bilateral ectopia lentis is rare. Hereditary connective tissue diseases may also cause ectopia lentis (usually bilateral). The role of imaging is very crucial in early identification of ocular pathologies following trauma. Ocular sonography, being the cheaper, safer and very readily available modality in most low and middle income countries, becomes handy in the initial imaging work-up of patients with ocular trauma. Objectives: To report a rare case of traumatic bilateral cataractous ectopia lentis in an elderly female patient. To review pertinent literature about this condition. To justify the role of various imaging modalities, and particularly highlight the usefulness of ultrasound for evaluating cases of ocular trauma especially in emergency situations. Case Report: The case of a 75-year old female who had blunt trauma to her eyes, and never sought immediate specialized medical care, but instead chose to patronise a traditional healing home. Her visual impairment gradually deteriorated, necessitating a late presentation for imaging at our private radiodiagnostic facility in Agbor, Nigeria. Imaging using ocular sonography, revealed bilateral displaced cataractous lenses with associated vitreous haemorrhage, necessitating an immediate, but a late referral for specialized care. Conclusion: Emergency ocular sonogram is of utmost importance in cases of acute ocular trauma, as it can help identify ocular pathologies promptly.

Ocular Trauma Trends during COVID-19 Pandemic.

The article aims to study the demographics and clinical characteristics of ocular trauma patients presenting to the Eye Casualty Clinic between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 era in Ampang Hospital, Malaysia. In this cross-sectional study, data of patients presented with ocular trauma injury to the Ampang Hospital during the COVID-19 era from 18 March 2020 to 17 September 2020 were retrieved and compared with the similar period of the previous non-COVID-19 era year. Among the total number of 453 patients, 76.82% (n = 348) were predominantly males. The commonest age group was between 21 years old-40 years old (49.45%, n = 224), and the commonest location of ocular trauma injury occurred at the workplace (38.19%, n = 173); welding was the commonest work-related injury (13.83% in 2019; 12.50% in 2020). Injury-to-treatment time was significantly longer during the COVID-19 era, where patients who sought treatment within a day of injury were 27.27% (n = 69) in 2019 and 18.50% (n = 37) in 2020 (P = 0.030). During the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with vision worse than 6/60 on presentation were higher at 8% compared with 3.56% before the COVID-19 pandemic (OR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.01, 5.48; P = 0.047). Similarly, patients with a vision worse than 6/60 post-treatment during the COVID-19 period were significantly higher at 7.00% compared with 1.58% before the COVID-19 pandemic (OR = 4.72; 95% CI: 1.53, 14.62; P = 0.007). The majority of ocular trauma cases in this study population were male adults between 21 years old and 40 years old, and welding was the commonest work-related injury. COVID-19 era has a higher percentage of patients presented with severe visual impairment, longer injury-to-treatment time and poorer post-treatment visual outcomes.

Epidemiological and Etiological Aspects of Ocular Trauma at the Fana Reference Health Center

Ocular trauma plays an important role in ophthalmological emergencies and poses a real public health problem due to its frequency, severity and impact on visual function [2]. These can include bruises, wounds, foreign bodies and burns [1]. The aim was to study the clinical and epidemiological aspects of ocular trauma at the Fana referral health centre. Materials and methods: This was a prospective study of 157 cases of ocular trauma out of 2539 patients seen in consultation at the FANA CSRéf from 1er November 2021 to 30 April 2022. Inclusion criteria: All cases of ocular trauma seen and followed up at the centre. Secondary ophthalmology centre (CSO) in Fana during the study period and having given their consent. Non-inclusion criteria: All patients who consulted for reasons other than ocular trauma and cases of ocular trauma who did not give their consent. Results: The study involved 157 cases of ocular trauma out of a total of 2,539 consultants, representing a frequency of 6.18%, with males the most affected at 68.2%. It occurred mainly in young, active people aged between 15 and 44 (54.77%); farmers were the most affected (38.2%). Contusions were the most frequent type of trauma, accounting for 49%; wounds of the globe accounted for 13.4% of cases; the aetiological agents were very diverse, but the preponderance of attacks of plant origin was noted, with a frequency of 39.5%. The delay in treatment was long; in our study, 40.8% of patients were consulted more than a week after the trauma. Discussion: Farmers and stockbreeders were the most exposed to accidents in a rural context, with long delays in treatment leading to complications and irreversible after-effects.

Ocular Trauma in the Ophthalmogic Department of Sikasso Hospital: About 256 Cases

Ocular trauma is a set of lesions that affect the eyeball and its appendages. The lesions caused are multiple and varied, the functional prognosis of which depends on the time taken for treatment. The aim was to evaluate the management of ocular trauma at Sikasso hospital. This was a retrospective study from June 1, 2017 to May 31, 2018. 256 cases of ocular trauma out of 3294 consultations, i.e. a frequency of 7.7%. The 16-45 age group accounted for 52.3% of cases and 68% were male. Pupils/students accounted for 28.5% of cases. The causative agent was vegetal and metallic with respectively 35.5% and 14.5%. Traumatic lesions were contusion in 58.2% of cases, followed by laceration in 15.2% and lamellar laceration in 11.3%.49.2% of our patients. Management was surgical in 18.8% of cases. Complications were: cataract (38.5%), post traumatic uveitis (14.1%) and bursting of the globe (2.3%). The sequelae accounted for 27.7% with 47.8% corneal damage followed by monocular blindness 29.6% responsible for a poor functional result of the traumatized eye. The absence of light perception (PPL) was 9.8%. Eye injuries are frequent, their reduction requires awareness and communication for behavior change.

Characteristics of pediatric ocular trauma in a pediatric emergency department in Japan

IntroductionPediatric ocular trauma is a common complaint in pediatric emergency departments (ED) and is a major cause of acquired monocular blindness. However, data on its epidemiology and management in the ED are lacking. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics and management of pediatric ocular trauma patients who visited a Japanese pediatric emergency department (ED). MethodsThe present, retrospective, observational study was conducted in a pediatric ED in Japan between March 2010 and March 2021. Children younger than 16 years who visited our pediatric ED and received the diagnosis of ocular trauma were included. ED visits for follow-up examinations for the same complaint were excluded. The patients' sex, age, arrival time, mechanism of injury, signs and symptoms, examinations, diagnosis, history of urgent ophthalmological consultation, outcomes, and ophthalmological complications were extracted from electronic medical records. ResultsIn total, 469 patients were included; of these, 318 (68%) were male, and the median age was 7.3 years. The incident leading to trauma occurred most frequently at home (26%) and most often involved being struck in the eye (34%). In 20% of the cases, the eye was struck by some body part. Tests performed in the ED included visual acuity testing (44%), fluorescein staining (27%), and computed tomography (19%). Thirty-seven (8%) patients underwent a procedure in the ED. Most patients had a closed globe injury (CGI), with only two (0.4%) having an open globe injury (OGI). Eighty-five (18%) patients required an urgent ophthalmological referral, and 12 (3%) required emergency surgery. Ophthalmological complications occurred in only seven patients (2%). ConclusionMost cases of pediatric ocular trauma seen in the pediatric ED were CGI, with only a few cases leading to emergency surgery or ophthalmological complications. Pediatric ocular trauma can be safely managed by pediatric emergency physicians.

Ocular Trauma in Children at Women and children Hospital (Hospital Wanita Dan Kanak-Kanak), Sabah, Malaysia

Ocular trauma is a significant health problem in paediatric age group. This study is to evaluate the demographics, etiology, management and visual outcome of paediatric ocular trauma in Sabah. This is a retrospective review of all ocular trauma occurring in the paediatric age group from age 12 years old and below from January to December 2014 at Hospital Wanita Dan Kanak-Kanak, Sabah. Medical records were reviewed and the data was examined based on Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT) system. Incomplete case notes were excluded from the study. A total of 37 cases were accumulated during the study period. All the paediatric ocular trauma cases were admitted and accounted for 13.4% of the total paediatric eye ward admission. However, 4 cases were excluded from the study as the medical records were incomplete. There were 26(78.8%) males while 7(21.2%) female children with a ratio male: female of 3.7: 1. There were 31(93.9%) unilateral ocular injury cases while only 2(6.1%) bilateral injury caused by chemical injury. The most common type of ocular trauma was closed globe injury totaling 24 (72.7%) cases. Trauma caused by blunt object contributed to the highest mode of injury 15 (45.5%) of cases. Open globe injuries which had poor visual outcome accounted for 9 (27.3%) cases. Most of patients required surgical treatment 21(63.6%) while 12(36.4%) cases treated non-surgically. In conclusion, ocular trauma was more common in male and pre-school age group. The main aetiology was blunt injury. Most of the cases treated surgically. Poorer visual outcome was observed in open globe injury.

A Profile of Ocular Trauma Cases Visiting the Ophthalmology Department in a Tertiary Care Eye Centre

Ocular trauma is a significant preventable cause of permanent visual morbidity and has a substantial socioeconomic impact. Hence, it is essential to understand the various causes, presentations, treatment and surgical approaches with regards to the treatment of these cases as well as prevention with safety devices. This paper aims to assess pattern of presentation and risk factors of ocular injuries attending the department of ophthalmology a tertiary care center. This was a retrospective analysis of ocular trauma cases that visited our center between 2018 to 2021 and the various diagnostic techniques and appropriate surgical methods taken with respect to each case, highlighting the visual outcome. A follow-up was maintained in all cases for three years at regular 3-4 months interval. It was found that 50% of injuries were open-globe injuries, 16.7% closed globe injuries and 25% orbital wall fractures. Majority of subjects were in the age group 21-30 years (41.7%) of which 83.3% males. The most common cause of ocular injury was road traffic accidents (66.7%) of which 37.5% were associated with two-wheeler vehicles. 41.6% presented with visual acuity less than 6/60. 83.3% required surgical treatment. 58.2% of eyes regained visual acuity greater than or equal to 6/24 of which 25% regained visual acuity of 6/9. In conclusion, ocular trauma was more common in males following road-traffic accidents particularly with two-wheeler, the majority presenting immediately following the trauma and most required surgical correction.

Penetrating Facial Trauma Resulting in Loss of Sense

Introduction. Clinical forensic medicine interacts between the law, the judiciary and the police involving living and dead people with the issuance of a visum et repertum. A wound is damage to a part of the body in the form of a break in the integrity of the tissue that can occur due to mechanical violence. The eye organ is particularly vulnerable to injury, which can be fatal and lead to blindness. Trauma is the leading cause of unilateral blindness. Approximately 3 million cases of ocular and orbital trauma occur in the United States each year. An estimated 20,000 to 68,000 of these cases are visually impairing and approximately 40,000 have significant vision loss. Objective. To review forensic and medicolegal cases of sharp facial trauma to sensory loss. Case Illustration. Reported a case of stabbing a woman who was riding a motorcycle with the intention of the perpetrator to seize the victim's motorcycle. Discussion. the results of the examination, the victim is a woman, 54 years old, the patient's general condition is good, cooperative compos mentis consciousness, and examination of vital signs within normal limits. On examination, there were stab wounds on the face covering the forehead, nose and right cheek to the right eyeball due to sharp trauma. It was confirmed that the condition of the victim's left eye was categorized as blind, the eye could not see anymore because the eyeball had been cut and bleeding occurred so that the removal of the eyeball organ had to be done to avoid complications from the injury, but in this case the victim refused to take this action. Conclusion. Based on this injury, the victim suffered a loss of vision. This case constitutes serious injury pursuant to Article 90 of the Penal Code and the suspect is charged under Article 355 of the Penal Code.&#x0D; Key Point: Forensic and Medicolegal, Loss of Sense, Penetrating Facial Trauma

COVID-19 pandemic impact on ocular trauma in a tertiary hospital.

To analyze the impact of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the presentation and characteristics of patients hospitalized for ocular trauma in a tertiary hospital in China between 2019 and 2020. A retrospective case study was designed to collect information on all cases of ocular trauma in a tertiary hospital from 2019 to 2020 and compare differences in inpatients' data (age, sex, admission vision acuity, type of diagnosis, hospital stays, mechanism of injury and location of injury). The total number of patients admitted to the Ophthalmology Department was 883 (mean 73.58±11.25 patients per month) in 2019 and 714 (59.50±17.92 patients per month) in 2020. The injury number of in work was also the most within the four types of location in this two year (42.36% in 2019, 43.84% in 2020). The mean hospital stays were 12.66d in 2019 and 10.81d in 2020. The highest incidence of ocular trauma was the middle-aged (41-65y) groups in 2019 and 2020. The most common cause of ocular trauma was sharp object in 2019 (47.34%) and 2020 (47.58%). The mechanical ocular trauma reaches 98.98% in 2019 and 99.72% in 2020. The number of patients with ocular trauma decreased in 2020, but middle-aged (41-65y) are still high incident groups. Mechanical ocular trauma remains the leading cause of hospitalization for ocular trauma patients and the proportion of patients injured at home increases. It is necessary to arouse social attention and the public's awareness of eye trauma protection should be strengthened during the pandemic.

Study of epidemiology, clinical profile, visual outcome and prognostic factors of blunt ocular trauma in a teaching hospital

To describe the epidemiology, patterns of ocular trauma, clinical presentation, visual outcome and prognostic factors of blunt ocular trauma.A teaching hospital based prospective observational study was conducted over a period of 4 years from March 2012 to Feb 2016. 226 patients of all age group fulfilling the various inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. All patients underwent detailed protocol based workup including a comprehensive ocular examination along with relevant radiological tests. Data regarding demographic profile, etiology, circumstances of the injury, traumatic agents, mode and mechanism of injury, extent and severity of injury, clinical features, management and visual outcome was analyzed and prognostic factors including ocular trauma score were evaluated.Out of 402 total cases of ocular trauma, 226 caused by blunt objects were included in this study. 181 (80.1%) were male rest 45(19.9%) were female. The mean age was 42.6 ± 18.8 years. Blunt trauma was more prevalent in age group 16-25yrs (24.3%) followed by 26-35 years (23.9%). Majority (68.6%) of victims belonged to rural background. Most of the patients sustained trauma at road /street (30.5%) and home (27.9%). The most common cause of blunt trauma was road traffic accident (26.5%) followed by sports related injury (22.6%) and physical assault (21.7%). The most frequent traumatic agent was wooden object (26.0%) followed by stone / brick (25.2%) and metallic object (23.1%). Only 32.3% of patients had isolated ocular injuries, rest had associated polytrauma. 93.3% victims had unilateral ocular injury. Left eye (52.3%) was predominantly involved. Majority of injured eyes had more than 3 ocular structure involvement. Out of 241 injured eye 14.0% eyes had only globe injury while 61.4% eyes had simultaneous globe and adnexal injuries. 55.6% eyes had closed globe injury while 19.9% eyes had globe rupture. 20.7% eyes had purely posterior segment injury, while 23.2% eyes had both anterior and posterior segment injury. Most common clinical finding was corneal abrasion (45.6% eyes) followed by hyphema (44.0% eyes), traumatic mydriasis (35.7%), vitreous hemorrhage (33.2%) retinal detachment (20.3%), lens dislocation (22.8%) and traumatic cataract (17.4%). At the time of initial presentation 33.2% eyes had visual impairment and 35.7% eyes had blindness. 14.5% eyes with closed globe injury and 5.0% eyes with open globe injury had zone III injury. Ocular trauma score was in Category I in 14.9% injured eyes and in category II in 7.1% eyes. After 6 months 14.5% of the right eye and 24.2% of the left eye showed blinding outcome.Blunt trauma is the commonest mode of ocular injury. Young adult males are more vulnerable. Intraocular hemorrhage, zone III injury, posterior segment involvement and low ocular trauma score are poor prognostic factors.

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY TO EVALUATE THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL LOSS IN EYES DUE TO ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

Purpose To evaluate the structural and functional loss in eye due to road trafc accidents (RTA), and secondarily to study the pattern of ocular injuries and demographic prole of ocular injuries due to RTA. This is a prospective,Methods observational, hospital based study, conducted on 50 patients with ocular injuries following RTA. A detailed demographic data and details of the injury was obtained. Information regarding time, location, type and mechanism of eye injury and use of protective eye wear was recorded.Complete ophthalmic examination was done and B scan, CT orbit and other investigations were done wherever required. Of these 50 patients were followed up at 1stweek, 3rd week, 2 months and 6 months. Maximum cases were seen in age group 21- 30 years (33%), moreResult in males (82%) and two wheelers and adnexal injury was more common. At the end of 6 months, there were 14% (n=07) cases with residual functional loss. These were associated with severe impairment in visual acuity (nger count, perception of light, loss of light perception). Conclusion Evaluation of ocular trauma cases quantitatively would help in measuring precisely the improvement and deterioration in each case and helps to know the progress of the case and effect of treatment. So far in assessment of damage, only eye ball is considered whereas in this method damage to ocular adnexa is also calculated. In future, more studies should be conducted to check the utility of this concept.

The epidemiology of ocular trauma in the Northern Cape, South Africa

Background: Ocular trauma represents a significant public health burden and has considerable global epidemiological variation. The epidemiology of ocular trauma in the Northern Cape province of South Africa has not been previously described.Aim: This study aimed to quantify the burden and describe the distribution and determinants of ocular trauma in the Northern Cape province.Setting: The Northern Cape province is the largest, but least populous, of the nine South African provinces. Published data on the health of the Northern Cape population are scarce. Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe Hospital (RMSH) is the only public ophthalmic referral centre in the province.Methods: Hospital record review of all adult cases of acute ocular trauma seen at RMSH over a period of one year (August 2018 – July 2019).Results: Young men comprised the majority of the 240 included cases. Ocular injuries were most likely to occur in the home (n = 115, 47.9%) and on the weekend (n = 159, 66.3%). More than half (n = 135, 56.3%) of all trauma was non-accidental in nature and significantly associated with alcohol use. Accidental trauma (n = 105, 43.8%), predominantly as a result of occupational injuries sustained at work (n = 47, 44.8%) and in the home (n = 45, 42.9%), was deemed largely preventable. Differences in the timing, location and severity of non-accidental and accidental ocular injuries were observed.Conclusion: Ocular trauma in South Africa follows distinct epidemiological trends and is largely because of interpersonal violence, which places strain on limited state healthcare resources.