Case Of Myelitis Research Articles

A multi-centre retrospective study of long-term outcomes of spinal re-irradiation with SABR.

Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) is a highly conformal technique utilising a high dose per fraction commonly employed in the re-treatment of spinal metastases. This study sought to determine the safety and efficacy of re-irradiation with SABR to previously treated spinal metastases. This was a retrospective analysis of patients at three Australian centres who have undergone spinal SABR after previous spinal radiotherapy to the same or immediately adjacent vertebral level. Efficacy was determined in terms of rates of local control, while safety was characterised by rates of serious complications. Thirty-three spinal segments were evaluated from 32 patients. Median follow-up for all patients was 2.6 years, and median overall survival was 4.3 years. Eleven of 33 (33.3%) treated spinal segments had local progression, with a local control rate at 12 months of 71.4% (95% C.I. 55.2%-92.4%). Four patients (16.7%) went on to develop cauda equina or spinal cord compression. Thirteen out of 32 patients (40.6%) experienced acute toxicity, of which 12 were grade 2 or less. Five out of 30 spinal (16.7%) segments with follow-up imaging had a radiation-induced vertebral compression fracture. There was one case of radiation myelitis which occurred in a patient who had mediastinal radiotherapy with a treatment field which overlapped their prior spinal radiation. The patients in this study experienced long median survival, durable tumour control and high rates of freedom from long-term sequelae of treatment. These results support the use of SABR in patients who progress in the spine despite previous radiotherapy.

Assessment of potential adverse events following the 2022–2023 seasonal influenza vaccines among U.S. adults aged 65 years and older

BackgroundWhile safety of influenza vaccines is well-established, some studies have suggested potential associations between influenza vaccines and certain adverse events (AEs). This study examined the safety of the 2022–2023 influenza vaccines among U.S. adults ≥ 65 years. MethodsA self-controlled case series compared incidence rates of anaphylaxis, encephalitis/encephalomyelitis, Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), and transverse myelitis following 2022–2023 seasonal influenza vaccinations (i.e., any, high-dose or adjuvanted) in risk and control intervals among Medicare beneficiaries ≥ 65 years. We used conditional Poisson regression to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for event-dependent observation time and seasonality. Analyses also accounted for uncertainty from outcome misclassification where feasible. For AEs with any statistically significant associations, we stratified results by concomitant vaccination status. ResultsAmong 12.7 million vaccine recipients, we observed 76 anaphylaxis, 276 encephalitis/encephalomyelitis, 134 GBS and 75 transverse myelitis cases. Only rates of anaphylaxis were elevated in risk compared to control intervals. With all adjustments, an elevated, but non-statistically significant, anaphylaxis rate was observed following any (IRR: 2.40, 95% CI: 0.96–6.03), high-dose (IRR: 2.31, 95% CI: 0.67–7.91), and adjuvanted (IRR: 3.28, 95% CI: 0.71–15.08) influenza vaccination; anaphylaxis IRRs were 2.54 (95% CI: 0.49–13.05) and 1.64 (95% CI: 0.38–7.05) for persons with and without concomitant vaccination, respectively. ConclusionsRates of encephalitis/encephalomyelitis, GBS, or transverse myelitis were not elevated following 2022–2023 seasonal influenza vaccinations among U.S. adults ≥ 65 years. There was an increased rate of anaphylaxis following influenza vaccination that may have been influenced by concomitant vaccination.

Unveiling the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges: A Singular Case of Syphilitic Myelitis in an HIV-positive Patient (P9-13.004)

Unveiling the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges: A Singular Case of Syphilitic Myelitis in an HIV-positive Patient (P9-13.004)

A rare case of sarcoid myelitis complicating Löfgren's syndrome.

Neurosarcoidosis is a rare and serious condition. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent morbidity and mortality. When neurological symptoms are not present at the time of diagnosis, CNS involvement can be undetected. We present a case of neurosarcoidosis complicating Löfgren's syndrome and discus the challenges in diagnostics and treatment, that can be encountered.

Electroacupuncture for acute transverse myelitis following viral infection: A case report

BackgroundElectroacupuncture (EA) has a positive effect on neurological repair and functional recovery following spinal cord disease. However, evidence of its effectiveness in acute transverse myelitis (ATM) cases is limited. Patient presentationA 48-year-old woman experienced headache and fever for 5 days, followed by a sudden onset of back pain, lower limb paralysis, and urinary and bowel dysfunction. The patient received intravenous medications. However, she did not experience improvement in clinical symptoms. She subsequently underwent acupuncture treatment. She regained walking ability and experienced improved bladder function and bowel control after 36 sessions of EA treatment. MethodsCARE guidelines informed the case study report. The MRC and ICIQ-UI-SF scores were used to verify changes in lower-extremity muscle strength and urination after EA treatment. Qualitative information was collected using feedback tables. ConclusionPharmacological treatment for ATM lacks clear advantages because of its complex pathophysiological mechanisms. Hence, EA could be recommended as a promising treatment modality for ATM.

Duration of Enterovirus D68 RNA Shedding in the Upper Respiratory Tract and Transmission among Household Contacts, Colorado, USA.

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) causes cyclical outbreaks of respiratory disease and acute flaccid myelitis. EV-D68 is primarily transmitted through the respiratory route, but the duration of shedding in the respiratory tract is unknown. We prospectively enrolled 9 hospitalized children with EV-D68 respiratory infection and 16 household contacts to determine EV-D68 RNA shedding dynamics in the upper respiratory tract through serial midturbinate specimen collections and daily symptom diaries. Five (31.3%) household contacts, including 3 adults, were EV-D68-positive. The median duration of EV-D68 RNA shedding in the upper respiratory tract was 12 (range 7-15) days from symptom onset. The most common symptoms were nasal congestion (100%), cough (92.9%), difficulty breathing (78.6%), and wheezing (57.1%). The median illness duration was 20 (range 11-24) days. Understanding the duration of RNA shedding can inform the expected rate and timing of EV-D68 detection in associated acute flaccid myelitis cases and help guide public health measures.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute flaccid myelitis cases in children registered in the Russian Federation in 2015–2019

Acute flaccid myelitis is a syndrome characterized as the development of acute flaccid paralysis of one or more limbs due to lesions of the anterior horns of the spinal cord, which occurs against the background of a viral infection. More than 300 acute flaccid paralysis cases are registered in the Russian Federation annually, most of them are of a non-infectious etiology. In some cases, patients develop a complex of symptoms similar to poliomyelitis, but without isolation of polioviruses from stool samples. Clinical characteristics of such cases include acute onset, fever, persistent peripheral asymmetric paresis/paralysis of predominantly proximal parts of the limbs, and absence of pathological reflexes, pelvic disturbances, or pyramidal symptoms. In literature, such complex of symptoms is referred as acute flaccid myelitis. We provide an analysis of 18 cases of acute flaccid myelitis detected in the Russian Federation in the period from 2015 to 2019. A clear seasonality of the disease from July to November was noted. Studies of faecal samples, cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples did not reveal the pathogen. In all patients, regardless of therapy, there was a positive trend, but complete recovery was not achieved: paresis of varying severity persisted, mainly in the proximal extremities Therefore, acute flaccid myelitis cases as acute flaccid paralysis cases of unknown etiology require an additional observation and an expanded algorithm of laboratory investigation aimed to finding a possible pathogen.

Skersinis mielitas po COVID-19: klinikinis atvejis

Currently, a significant number of post-COVID-19 disease neurological disorders still occur, and precise analysis of them could expand the knowledge of the neurological community for future pandemics. It is important to evaluate and recognize potential neurological manifestations and complications of COVID-19, as some of them can progress rapidly and require urgent treatment.We present a clinical case of transverse myelitis after a COVID-19 in a 35-year-old man who was treated at the Neurology Department of the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics.

A Rare Case of Transverse Myelitis During Pregnancy, In A 23-Year-Old Female in A Resource-Limited Setup

Background: Transverse myelitis(TM) is a rare, acquiredneuro-immune spinal cord disorder that can present with the rapid onset of weakness, sensory alterations, and bowel or bladder dysfunction. Case presentation: We report a case of 23- a year- old woman, gravid two, para zero with one previous abortion, at a gestation age of 38 weeks and five days presented to the obstetric emergency of our hospital with complaints of neck pain for two days and weakness of upper limb and lower limb and inability to walk for one day with no history of trauma. She was delivered by emergency cesarean section due to fetal bradycardia (fetal heart tone ranging from 107 to 115 beats per minute) which was confirmed by a cardiotophographic machine. The caesarian section went well, where the alive baby girl with Apgar scores of six and ten in one and five minutes respectively, and her birth weight of 3.4 kilograms (kg) followed by postoperative order with the uncomplicated postpartum period. During treatment, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine was done and a diagnosis of TM was made. She was managed with parenteral steroids and physiotherapy. She was later discharged from our hospital in good health plus an uneventful postnatal follow-up. We present this case as a rare diagnosis to our facility with successful management during pregnancy and the possibility of recovery in a resource-limited setup. Conclusion: Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare phenomenon in pregnancy, therefore obstetric care is needed, and if untreated in this critical condition, it may lead to complications such as deep vein thrombosis, urinary tract infections, and preterm labor. This will require an additional component of coordination between women and their families.

Distinguishing clinical characteristics of central nervous system tuberculosis in immunodeficient and non-immunodeficient individuals: a 12-year retrospective study

BackgroundCentral nervous system tuberculosis (CNS TB) is a severe Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. It is unclear whether a patient’s immune status alters the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of CNS TB.MethodsBetween January 2007–December 2018, chart reviews of CNS TB, including tuberculous meningitis (TBM), tuberculoma/abscess, and TB myelitis, were made. Subjects were categorized as immunodeficient (ID) and non-immunodeficient (NID).ResultsOf 310 subjects, 160 (51.6%) were in the ID group—132 (42.6%) had HIV and 28 (9.0%) had another ID, and 150 (48.4%) were in the NID group. The mean age was 43.64 ± 16.76 years, and 188 (60.6%) were male. There were 285 (91.9%) TBM, 16 (5.2%) tuberculoma/abscess, and 9 (2.9%) myelitis cases. The TBM characteristics in the ID group were younger age (p = 0.003), deep subcortical location of tuberculoma (p = 0.030), lower hemoglobin level (p < 0.001), and lower peripheral white blood cell count (p < 0.001). Only HIV individuals with TBM had an infection by multidrug-resistant MTB (p = 0.013). TBM mortality was varied by immune status —HIV 22.8%, other ID 29.6%, and NID 14.8% (p < 0.001). Factors significantly associated with unfavorable outcomes in TBM also differed between the HIV and NID groups.ConclusionsTBM is the most significant proportion of CNS TB. Some of the clinical characteristics of TBM, such as age, radiographic findings, hematological derangement, and mortality, including factors associated with unfavorable outcomes, differed between ID and non-ID patients.

Understanding a decade of safety reporting for sacral neuromodulation in the Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database.

Over 350 000 sacral neuromodulation (SNM) devices have been implanted since approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1998. SNM technology and clinical applications have evolved, with minimal safety updates after initial trials. We aim to provide an updated overview of real-world SNM safety. These insights will guide informed consent, preoperative counseling, and patient expectation-setting. The FDA Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database is a repository for medical device safety reports. We performed MAUDE categorical (1/1/98-12/31/10) and keyword (1/1/11-9/30/21) searches for "Interstim." A random sample of 1000 reports was reviewed and categorized by theme. To corroborate our MAUDE database analysis, a legal librarian searched the Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) database, as well as Bloomberg Law's dockets database for all lawsuits related to SNM devices. Our search of the MAUDE database returned 44 122 SNM-related adverse events (AEs). The figure illustrates the prevalence of event categories in the random sample. The largest proportion of reports (25.6%) related to a patient's need for assistance with device use, followed by loss/change of efficacy (19.0%). Interestingly, a fall preceded issue onset in 32% of non-shock pain, 30% of lead/device migration, and 27% of painful shock reports. Our legal search revealed only four lawsuits: one for patient complications after an SNM device was used off-label, one case of transverse myelitis after implant, one for device migration or poor placement, and the fourth claimed the device malfunctioned requiring removal and causing permanent injury. This review confirms the real-world safety of SNM devices and very low complication rates as seen in the original clinical trials. Our findings indicate that 43.2% (95% confidence interval 40.1%-46.3%) of SNM "complications" are not AEs, per se, but rather reflect a need for improved technical support or more comprehensive informed consent to convey known device limitations to the patient, such as battery life. Similarly, the number of lawsuits is shockingly low for a device that has been in the market for 24 years, reinforcing the safety of the device. Legal cases involving SNM devices seem to relate to inappropriate patient selection-including at least one case in which SNM was used for a non-FDA approved indication-lack of appropriate follow-up, and/or provider inability to assist the patient with utilizing the device after implantation.

Post-COVID-19 Vaccination CNS Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review aims to synthesize and analyze the available literature on central nervous system (CNS) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in individuals who have received COVID-19 vaccinations. Our objective is to enhance understanding of potential neurological side effects, inform clinical practice, and guide future research on the neurological implications of COVID-19 vaccination. In this systematic review, we conducted a comprehensive search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2020 to April 2023, using terms related to COVID-19 vaccination and CNS MRI findings. We evaluated the quality of the study, extracted relevant data, and included 89 eligible studies that covered various vaccines, demographics of patients, symptoms, and MRI findings to provide a thorough understanding of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-related CNS problems. We investigated CNS MRI findings following COVID-19 vaccination across various vaccine types. Common diseases associated with post-vaccination CNS MRI findings included cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), acute myelitis, autoimmune encephalitis (AE), and others. Patients presented with diverse onset symptoms and neurological manifestations. Abnormalities identified in CNS MRI findings included white matter (WM) hyperintensity. Our analysis offers a comprehensive overview of the current literature on post-vaccination CNS MRI findings. Discussion. We highlight a range of post-COVID-19 vaccination CNS MRI findings, including CVST, with a higher incidence in individuals receiving the ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca) vaccine. Other notable observations include cases of ADEM, myelitis or transverse myelitis (TM), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), and acute encephalopathy following COVID-19 vaccination. The incidence of these neurological complications is extremely rare, and the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks. The reviewed studies were primarily case reports or case series, and thus large-scale epidemiological studies and controlled clinical trials are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and risk factors associated with these neurological complications following COVID-19 vaccination.

Acute Transverse Myelitis After Spinal Anesthesia: Should Anesthesia Be Condemned?

Spinal anesthesia is widely used during surgical procedures. It is generally safe and the frequency of severe, permanent neurological complications associated with it has been reported to be extremely low. We report a patient, who developed paraplegia following spinal anesthesia. A 23-year-old lady developed acute transverse myelitis (ATM) with a rapid progression of acute motor sensory spastic paraplegia and autonomic dysfunction 24 hours after delivery of her first child by caesarean section. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging revealed myelitis at D9-12. She was given 1-gram methyl prednisolone daily for 5 days followed by oral prednisolone 1mg/kg/day which was tapered off in next 3 months. The neurological recovery was fairly good and the patient returned to full time work in 6 months. Since spinal anesthesia had been used in our case, a causal relationship can be assumed. This case emphasizes the danger of attributing all cases of transverse myelitis which have a close temporal relationship to spinal or epidural anesthesia, to the anesthetic technique itself.

Spontaneous reporting of adverse reactions associated with the COVID-19 vaccine in health care professionals: A descriptive observational study conducted in a Portuguese hospital.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was classified as a pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization. The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was the first to be authorized in the European Union, based on data from phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials of limited duration. Concerns have been raised regarding the vaccine's safety profile. Some of the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with vaccines may not have been identified during clinical trials. This study aimed to identify ADRs associated with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in health care professionals at a Portuguese tertiary university hospital. The data used in this analysis consist of ADRs reported through a spontaneous notification system from vaccines administered between December 27, 2020, and January 31, 2021. ADRs were categorized according to the MedDRA terminology. A total of 8,605 Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines were administered to 4568 health care professionals. ADRs were reported among 520 of the vaccines, with an incidence of 13.56% in women and 5.31% in men. The mean age of the population reporting ADRs was 41.52 years, with a standard deviation of 9.83 years. The most frequent ADRs were myalgia (n = 274), headache (n = 199), pyrexia (n = 164), injection site pain (n = 160), fatigue (n = 84), nausea (n = 81), chills (n = 65), lymphadenopathy (n = 64), and arthralgia (n = 53). Hypersensitivity reactions occurred in 15 health care professionals, with no anaphylactic reactions observed. A total of four Important Medical Events were observed, which consisted of two cases of syncope, one case of sudden hearing loss, and one case of transverse myelitis. The vaccine was well-tolerated among the study participants. Reactogenicity was greater after the second dose. The incidence of ADRs was higher in women and individuals aged between 40 to 49 years. Systemic adverse reactions were most frequently reported. Systematic monitoring of ADRs of COVID-19 vaccines in real-life context is essential for a more robust establishment of its safety profile.

Adult-Onset Acute Flaccid Myelitis with White Matter-predominant Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis Following Coxsackie B5 Enterovirus Infection: a case report (P8-10.001)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To describe an adult-onset case of transverse myelitis associated with enterovirus (Coxsackie B5) infection. <h3>Background:</h3> Both Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM) and longitudinally-extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) are more commonly associated with pediatric enteroviral infections than adult infections. However, we present an adult case of AFM due to Coxsackie B5 virus with an atypical pattern on spinal imaging. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> N/A <h3>Results:</h3> A 55-year-old male presented with acute urinary retention and lower extremity flaccid paraplegia two weeks after gastrointestinal illness. Neurologic exam revealed flaccid paralysis of bilateral lower extremities with absent lower extremity reflexes, and a sensory level to pinprick at T5. Vibration was diminished up to the ankle and proprioception was absent at the toes bilaterally. MRI thoracic spine showed T2 hyperintensity of ventral and bilateral lateral columns spanning T4-T10 levels, with notable sparing of central gray matter. MRI brain revealed four periventricular and subcortical T2/FLAIR hyperintense lesions as well as one cortical lesion. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) studies demonstrated 16 WBC, 63 Glucose, and 56 Protein with one unique oligoclonal band. CSF PCR panel was positive for Enterovirus Coxsackie B5. Of note spinal angiogram, NMO, MOG, other rheumatologic and infectious usual myelitis workup was negative. The patient was treated with two days of IV steroids, five days of IV immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG), and five PLEX sessions with minimal improvement. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> We describe an adult patient presenting with Coxsackie B5-associated AFM with LETM. This patient demonstrated atypical MRI findings of T2 hyperintensity of the ventral and bilateral lateral columns spanning T4-T10 with notable sparing of central gray matter along with abnormal EMG suggesting anterior horn cell involvement. This case report highlights the importance of consideration of enterovirus as an etiology of atypical AFM with LETM in the adult population. <b>Disclosure:</b> Ms. Manouvakhova has nothing to disclose. Dr. Moghavem has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pulst-Korenberg has nothing to disclose.

Familial Mediterranean Fever and Transverse Myelitis: A Causal Relation?

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder characterized mainly by recurrent self-limited episodes of fever and polyserositis. FMF-related neurologic complication is an old debate, and the correlation between FMF and demyelinating disorders has been a matter of dispute for a long time. Few reports demonstrated a relationship between FMF and multiple sclerosis; however, the existence of a causal relationship between FMF and demyelinating disorders is still a puzzle. This report presents the first case of transverse myelitis following FMF attacks in which neurologic manifestations were resolved using colchicine treatment. Due to relapses of FMF, which were accompanied by transverse myelitis, rituximab was administered, which resulted in stabilizing disease activity. Accordingly, in the case of colchicine-resistant FMF and FMF-related demyelinating conditions, rituximab could be considered as a potential therapeutic option to alleviate both polyserositis and demyelinating manifestations.

Case Report Of Transverse Myelitis: Rare Neurological Complications Of Herpes Zoster Virus

Introduction: Transverse myelitis is a rare disease that accured by incident 0,3%-1% Though it rare happened transverse myelitis deserve to diccus because the variant presentation that make clinical challenge to dianosis to pre-observation for upgrade’s prognosis.&#x0D; Case Report: we reported case of transverse myelitis that was neurology complication to rare herpes zoster virus. Woman 27 years old came by early complaint of tingling fever, pain, shiver continue on foot and the right hand. After got well, patient cameback to her disease bacause of the worst condition that cold not mover her left foot. Diagnosis transverse myelitis could stand through clinical sympton and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patient that came by her skin of hipopigment have to always considere the happening of transverse myelitis and lost control of defecate on neurologi observation being got paraplegi, monoparese extremitas superior, and hipoanesthesia dermatom C5 on low grade. We got observation of MRI to the level cervicothoracal that show long segment hipeintensity introdural intra medullary to the level craniovertebral junction so C5 and T2 so on that involved 2/3 spinal cord that strength described transverse myelitis.&#x0D; &#x0D; Discussion: Varicella zoster virus cou caused neurologis complication, the of transverse myelitis, of it is sign and sympton like pain, sencoric trouble, weakness on arm and foot, and the problem bladder and intestines. This symptom often occured unilaterally , Ipsilateral toward rash then become bilaterally. Intervention should the customize with pattient complaint: The implement combination asiklovir and high close steroid’s inject significantly relieve the pattient complaining but still occured paraplegi.&#x0D; Keywords: Transverse myelitis, HZV, neurological complication

Transverse myelitis following bivalent COVID‐19 booster vaccine and quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine

Transverse myelitis following bivalent <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 booster vaccine and quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine

RNA Structure in the 5' Untranslated Region of Enterovirus D68 Strains with Differing Neurovirulence Phenotypes.

Enterovirus-D68 (EV-D68) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus within the family Picornaviridae. EV-D68 was initially considered a respiratory virus that primarily affected children. However, in 2014, EV-D68 outbreaks occurred causing the expected increase in respiratory illness cases, but also an increase in acute flaccid myelitis cases (AFM). Sequencing of 2014 outbreak isolates revealed variations in the 5' UTR of the genome compared to the historical Fermon strain. The structure of the 5' UTR RNA contributes to enterovirus virulence, including neurovirulence in poliovirus, and could contribute to neurovirulence in contemporary EV-D68 strains. In this study, the secondary and tertiary structures of 5' UTR RNA from the Fermon strain and 2014 isolate KT347251.1 are analyzed and compared. Secondary structures were determined using SHAPE-MaP and TurboFold II and tertiary structures were predicted using 3dRNAv2.0. Comparison of RNA structures between the EV-D68 strains shows significant remodeling at the secondary and tertiary levels. Notable secondary structure changes occurred in domains II, IV and V. Shifts in the secondary structure changed the tertiary structure of the individual domains and the orientation of the domains. Our comparative structural models for EV-D68 5' UTR RNA highlight regions of the molecule that could be targeted for treatment of neurotropic enteroviruses.

What Kept Back on the Mirror of COVID-19-Related Acute Transverse Myelitis? A Genetic Background!

COVID-19-associated acute transverse myelitis (ATM) cases have been reported worldwide. Nevertheless, Iran, Italy, and the USA are the most affected countries, witnessing the possibility that genetic factors might be associated with this susceptibility. The genetic variants of the coronavirus-2 entry mechanisms and host innate immune response-related genes like interferons, interleukins, Toll-like receptors, human leukocyte antigens, blood groups, and some risk loci may be accountable. This study describes the compatibility of the geographical distribution between ATM and the Neanderthal core haplotype that confers risk for severe COVID-19 and some possible culprit genes.