Case Of Dissociative Identity Disorder Research Articles

Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Review of Research From 2011 to 2021.

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) has historically been one of the most controversial topics in the study of psychopathology. Building on a previous review of empirical research on DID from 2000 to 2010, the present review examined DID research from 2011 to 2021. The research output included 56 case studies and 104 empirical studies. Within the empirical studies, approximately 1354 new cases of DID emerged, which resulted in an average samples of approximately 20. Reanalysis of previous samples was standard in the literature with only 40% of reported cases being new. Studies emerged from dozens of countries across the world, but the majority of cases were from Western counties, especially the United States. Diagnosis primarily relied upon validated measures, but 74% of all new cases came from six research groups. Overall, research on DID is steady but methodologically limited in ways that make generalization, especially about etiology, difficult.

Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Literature Review

Interest in dissociative identity disorder (DID) in psychiatry has increased rapidly although epidemiologically the cases of patients with DID are still rare, several studies exist trying to understand how DID might occur and the best therapeutic approach. Some of the symptoms of DID can also be found in non-clinical populations even though they are not directly related to the disorder. The findings of DID are often associated with other psychiatric disorders and can complicate the diagnosis. Various studies have tried to understand the case of DID either objectively or subjectively. Diagnosis of DID must be diagnosed by carefully experienced clinicians with clinical interviews with some proper tests that could help to identify various identities. Current DID therapy may be able to strengthen the identity of the patient’s control and prevent impaired social functioning of the patient. Many pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments have been developed to improve symptoms of the disorder, but none of them have been effective due to the quality of the studies conducted. Further research is still needed on DID as a whole to assist in the correct diagnosis and therapy for DID patients.

Reviewing the consistency of Dissociative Identity Disorder: a case report.

IntroductionWe present the case of a 22-year-old patient who has been followed up in a daytime hospital for personality disorders since June 2022. Of note is the presence of multiple personalities (in total of more than 20 have been identified), each of which has distinct physical and psychological characteristics.ObjectivesThe objective is to present a clinical case of dissociative identity disorder and to review the existence of scientific evidence supporting this diagnosis.MethodsLiterature review of scientific papers over the last years and classic textbooks on the issue. We included references in English and Spanish languages.ResultsNumerous studies support that dissociative disorders are the result of psychological traumas that generally begin in childhood. This is a difficult category to diagnose, since they present symptoms that also appear in other disorders such as those of the schizophrenic spectrum.One or more dissociative parts of the subject’s personality avoid the traumatic memories while others become fixed to these traumatic experiences and manifest symptoms. In the case of our patient, there are dissociative episodes with subsequent amnesia and auditory, visual and olfactory hallucinations, as well as impulsive behaviors in the form of self-injury and a flattened affect, with significant emotional distancing.Conclusions-The prevalence of dissociative identity disorder is higher than traditionally thought.-Some theories develop how trauma essentially produces a degree of dissociation of the psychobiological systems that constitute the subject’s personality.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Dissociative Identity Disorder with Five Alters: A Case Report

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a complex disorder that stems from repeated trauma during childhood. Although not particularly rare, DID is surrounded by myths and stigma that prevent it from being diagnosed and managed as an authentic mental condition. The purpose of this case report is to present a typical case of DID to raise awareness of and decrease the stigma on DID and to reaffirm that this disorder requires proper treatment. The patient is a 25-year-old male diagnosed with DID and had five alters consisting of: two protectors, a prosecutor, a suicidal alter, a child alter, and one debatable female alter. He was given psychoeducation without any oral treatment as the second alter was not open to any treatment that could make the female – either a hallucination or an alter – disappear. In contrast to media portrayals and myths about DID, the patient did not in fact have any supernatural powers nor commit any crimes. He also had distinctive manifestations of DID that were in accordance with the diagnostic criteria of DID. The conclusion of the case report is that DID in the patient is a true diagnosis, and the treatment should be done regardless of any myths and stigma in society.

The Movie, "Jekyll & Hyde" and Dissociative Identity Disorder: Reverting to the Care for Self-Fraction Anxiety in Our Modern Society

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, a novel written in 1886 by RL Stevenson, is considered a representative case of dissociative identity disorder, which has also been adapted in a number of movies, supposedly due to the story being a pertinent sketch of anxiety of self-fraction, which is common in modern society. The movie, "Jekyll & Hyde" released in 1996 made on the basis of a side story of the original novel has efficaciously illustrated the calm and sincere communication that lead to mutual caring relationships between a maid named Mary Reilly, the main character in this story, and each of Jekyll and Hyde. It is considered that forming individually approving relationships with fractioned parts of patients would be the key for providing some hope for recovery of the patients debilitated with this anxiety.

Applying the Schema Therapy Approach of Edwards’ Case of Kelly to Patients With Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): The Cases of Susie and Anna

David Edward' case of Kelly is a vivid demonstration of the power of Schema Therapy to address the present day emotional difficulties of Kelly, an individual with a background of traumatic childhood experiences. The therapy drew on Kelly's imagination and emotional memories to elicit distinct child-parts (called child "modes" in Schema Theory) of herself emerging from that traumatic background. Specifically, Edwards' interventions involved entering Kelly's inner world and therapeutically interacting with her modes. While Kelly's problems were primarily limited to her inner experience rather than to her behavioral functioning, I have found that Edwards' approach with Kelly applies to the cases I see who are much more seriously disturbed than Kelly. Specifically, I see cases with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), who share the experience of childhood trauma with Kelly, but whose behavioral lives can be chaotic and highly disturbed, sometimes requiring hospitalization. In this commentary I will briefly describe Edwards' Schema therapy model exemplified in the case of Kelly and illustrate the value of the model as applied to two cases of DID, Susie and Anna, that I have seen.

A case of dissociative identity disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder comorbidity

IntroductionDissociative identity disorder(DID) is characterized by the existence of two or more distinct identities which involve changes in consciousness, emotion, memory, and behavior. It is associated with childhood traumatic experiences and other psychiatric disorders. Comorbidity in DID can lead to complex clinical presentations, poor treatment responses. Thus, it is crucial to identify patients with comorbidity and take them into the treatment plan.ObjectivesWe aim to report a case of DID and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) comorbidity.MethodsA case report is presented alongside a review of the relevant literature regarding “dissociative identity disorder” and “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder”.ResultsWe describe the case of a 39-year-old woman with DID, onsetting at age 25, who had consistently responded poorly to long-term psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment. She presented with anxiety, distinct personality states, alterations in memory, consciousness and behavior problems in functioning, and high Dissociative Experiences Scale(DES) scores. Throughout the interviews, we noticed that she had limited attention, excess movements. After a detailed evaluation, diagnosis of ADHD is established, using the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD(DIVA) and ADHD Self-Reporting Scale(ASRS). Methylphenidate was prescribed in addition to previous medication. İmprovement in the severity of both ADHD and DID symptoms was presented with lower scores in DES and ASRS after the introduction of methylphenidate with progressive dose adjusting till 60mg/day.ConclusionsAlthough previous studies demonstrated ADHD symptoms are related to dissociation, there is no well-established strategy for this. We believe that this case report provides a better approach to the comorbidity of ADHD and DID.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Dissociative Disorder in the Iranian Culture: The Lawless Utopia.

Epidemiologic and etiological studies of dissociative disorders are a challenging area in psychiatry. These challenges become more complex when noting that the existing theories cannot explain the differences observed in certain cases; for example, studies in Iran have reported the prevalence of dissociative disorders (dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and depersonalization disorder) as less than 0.6%, and there has been no reported case of dissociative identity disorder (DID) in this country; meanwhile, the prevalence of all dissociative disorders in the general population of the US has been reported as 18.3%, and the prevalence of DID as about 1.1%. Although several studies indicate the high prevalence of dissociative symptoms in many Iranian psychiatric illnesses, dissociative disorders as a stand-alone disorder have a very low prevalence in Iran. The present article attempts to propose a possible hypothesis for the answer to the above questions through a different cultural conceptualization and seeks to be of some help to future studies in this area. Certainly, this hypothesis requires a careful study to be validated.

How Are Memories of Entrapment in Abuse Born?

This month, Frontiers presents a collection of articles related to the paper Colin Ross published in our journal last year (Ross, 2018). That article’s purpose was “to discuss the similarities and differences between maladaptive daydreaming and dissociative identity disorder (DID), and then to discuss possible implications ... in the treatment of complex cases of DID, particularly those with ... reported histories of satanic ritual abuse....[to consider that] maladaptive daydreaming, combined with the principle of therapeutic neutrality ... can help in the management of counter-transference...” (p. 161). The term “therapeutic neutrality” refers to the therapist’s judgment about the veracity of memories of satanic ritual abuse (SRA).

My First Case of DID: Learnings From Treatment Failure

This article describes working with a case, likely to have had undiagnosed Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). It describes the struggles of a DID-naïve therapist in conceptualizing and treating the case. Learnings from the predictable unravelling of treatment are described. Suggestions for clinical training and supervision are outlined.

Dissociative Identity Disorders in Korea: Two Recent Cases.

Although dissociative identity disorder (DID), the most severe of the dissociative disorders, has retained its own diagnostic entity since its introduction in the DSM-III, cases of DID are rarely seen in South and East Asia, likely due to the higher prevalence of possession disorder. We report two patients with DID who were recently admitted to our inpatient psychiatric unit and demonstrated distinct transitions to several identities. Their diagnoses were confirmed through a structured interview for dissociative disorders and possible differential diagnoses were ruled out by psychological, neuroimaging, and laboratory tests. The rapid transition to a Westernized, individualized society along with an increase in child abuse, might contribute to an increase in DID, previously under-diagnosed in this region.

A Review of Published Research on Adult Dissociative Identity Disorder

The purpose of this study was to assess the scientific and etiological status of dissociative identity disorder (DID) by examining cases published from 2000 to 2010. In terms of scientific status, DID is a small but ongoing field of study. The review yielded 21 case studies and 80 empirical studies, presenting data on 1171 new cases of DID. A mean of 9 articles, each containing a mean of 17 new cases of DID, emerged each year. In terms of etiological status, many of the central criticisms of the disorder's validity remain unaddressed. Most cases of DID emerged from a small number of countries and clinicians. In addition, documented cases occurring outside treatment were almost nonexistent. Finally, people simulating DID in the laboratory were mostly indistinguishable from individuals with DID. Overall, DID is still a topic of study, but the research lacks the productivity and focus needed to resolve ongoing controversies surrounding the disorder.

Three Cases of Dissociative Identity Disorder and Co-Occurring Borderline Personality Disorder Treated with Dynamic Deconstructive Psychotherapy

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is an under-researched entity and there are no clinical trials employing manual-based therapies and validated outcome measures. There is evidence that borderline personality disorder (BPD) commonly co-occurs with DID and can worsen its course. The authors report three cases of DID with co-occurring BPD that we successfully treated with a manual-based treatment, Dynamic Deconstructive Psychotherapy (DDP). Each of the three clients achieved a 34% to 79% reduction in their Dissociative Experiences Scale scores within 12 months of initiating therapy. Dynamic Deconstructive Psychotherapy was developed for treatment refractory BPD and differs in some respects from expert consensus treatment of DID. It may be a promising modality for DID complicated by co-occurring BPD.

On the History of Dissociative Identity Disorders in Germany: The Doctor Justinus Kerner and the Girl From Orlach, or Possession as an “Exchange of the Self”

The history of hypnosis is closely linked to the theme of possession; one such link is that the forerunner of hypnosis, animal magnetism, replaced exorcism in 1775 when Franz Anton Mesmer testified against Father Johann Joseph Gassner's exorcism. Modern authors have noted remarkable similarities between states of possession and dissociation. The treatment of possession by animal magnetism and exorcism represents the special romantic–magnetic therapy of the German medical doctor Justinus Kerner in the early 19th century. This article describes the man, his methods, and his thinking and presents one of his most famous case studies, the girl from Orlach, which, by today's standards, was a true case of dissociative identity disorder (DID). This article describes how contemporary principles of treatment were used and controversial issues about the nature and causes of DID were discussed 175 years ago.

Dissoziative Identitätsstörung oder Schizophrenie?

We present a case of dissociative identity disorder in which Schneiderian first rank symptoms were present besides of various states of consciousness. Thus the diagnosis of schizophrenia had to be considered. Formally, the symptoms met ICD-10 criteria for schizophrenia. However, taking into account the lack of formal thought disorder and of negative symptoms as well as a typical history of severe and prolonged traumatisation, we did not diagnose a co-morbid schizophrenic disorder. There is good evidence for the existence of psychotic symptoms among patients with dissociative disorders. However, in clinical practice this differential diagnosis is rarely considered.

On Becoming One-Self: Reflections on the Concept of Integration as Seen Through a Case of Dissociative Identity Disorder

This paper explores the concept of “integration” as it relates to the development of self-awareness and the recognition that one exists as a self. It is argued that this awareness relies on a capacity for self-reflection which is intimately tied to the ability to locate oneself in time and in space. Through the presentation of a patient with Dissociative Identity Disorder, the author demonstrates how the development of the patient's consciousness of self progressed through the treatment and particularly, through the relationship between analyst and patient. In the case presented, the patient began treatment unaware of her dissociative structure. She was also unaware of the continuity of time, including the concepts of past, present, and future as they related to herself, and to the fact that she existed in a body that was subject to the basic laws of physics such as being able to be in only one place at one time. Through the development of a self-reflective capacity and a growing familiarity with the various aspects of herself, the patient began to develop a sense of herself as a continuous entity physically, psychologically and spiritually.

Psychiatry, philosophy and the self

The aim of this article is to investigate psychopathology in order to illuminate the nature of personal identity. Predominantly, the authors reviewed here defend a more robust version of the narrative self against Dennett's claim that narrative self is ultimately a useful fiction. Authors explore the limit case of dissociative identity disorder in order to explore how apt an embodied, socially interactive and autonomous narrative self is for addressing legal and moral paradoxes intertwined with establishing personal identity. Psychiatric practice should embrace therapeutic approaches that restore the unity inherent to the capacity to narrate a life.

Identity, control and responsibility: The case of Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) (formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder) is a condition in which a person appears to possess more than one personality, and sometimes very many. Some recent criminal cases involving defendants with DID have resulted in "not guilty" verdicts, though the defense is not always successful in this regard. Walter Sinnott-Armstrong and Stephen Behnke have argued that we should excuse DID sufferers from responsibility, only if at the time of the act the person was insane (typically delusional); otherwise the presumption should be that persons with DID are indeed responsible for their actions. We find their interpretation of DID and of the way in which the requirements for criminal insanity relate to this condition worrying and likely to result in injustice to DID sufferers. Our thesis is that persons with DID cannot be responsible for their actions if the usual features of the condition are present. A person with DID is a single person in the grip of a very serious mental disorder. By focusing on the features of DID which have, as we argue, the effect of deluding the patient, we try to show that such a person is unable to fulfill the ordinary conditions of responsible agency (namely, autonomy and self-control).

Identity, control and responsibility: The case of Dissociative Identity Disorder

Identity, control and responsibility: The case of Dissociative Identity Disorder

Identity shifts in temporal lobe epilepsy

It has long been suggested that there is an association between epilepsy and psychosis [1]. The psychosis associated with epilepsy may be ictal, postical or interictal, but usually is similar to the psychosis of schizophrenia. In fact, the phrase ‘schizophrenia-like psychosis’ has been used to describe the chronic psychosis of epilepsy. This syndrome, similar to schizophrenia, usually includes symptoms such as disorganized thought, auditory hallucinations and persecutory delusions [2]. It is also well known that patients with temporal lobe epilepsy can experience dissociative symptoms such as depersonalization and fugue [1]. Some cases of dissociative identity disorder have also been found in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy [3]. However, a Medline search found no reported cases of a patient adopting other people’s identities. In this case report, we describe an interesting patient with temporal lobe epilepsy who developed the acute onset of psychosis and dissociative identity symptoms. The unusual feature of this case was that the patient adopted other people’s identities. These identities included her mother, her uncle, and several different doctors.