Cases Of Campylobacter Infection Research Articles

CAMPYLOBACTER: A BRIEF REVIEW OF ITS CAUSES, DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES AND PREVENTION

The most frequent bacterial which is cause of gastroenteritis in humans is Campylobacter. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports around 1.3 million cases of Campylobacter infection in the US occurs per year. This review was designed with the aim to discuss in detail the root causing agents of Campylobacter infection, its diagnostic and prevention methods. Campylobacteriosis starts with the attachment of the pathogenic bacteria to intestinal cells, followed by colonization and, lastly, penetration of the cells following ingestion by the host. Consumption of raw milk, undercooked poultry, and contaminated water have all been associated with Campylobacter infection. Intestinal mucosal Campylobacter toxins proliferate, necrotizing the intestinal villi. A toxin known as cytolethal distending toxins (CDT) damages DNA by acting as a deoxyribonuclease (DNase). Old aged patients and immunocompromised patients are more at risk of morbidity, mortality, and long-term sickness. In addition to additional virulence and survival factors, this review gathers information on motility, chemotaxis, adhesion, invasion, multidrug resistance, and stress response variables. It has been found that mishandling of raw poultry and consumption of undercooked poultry are the major risk factors for human campylobectriosis. Various preventive measures can be adopted to decrease the transmission of the pathogens and the subsequent disease such as the vaccination of the poultry, the health surveillance and the precise food hygiene all over the entire production chain.

Mining electronic health records to identify predictive factors associated with hospital admission for Campylobacter infections

BackgroundCampylobacter infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in human beings. Most cases of Campylobacter infection are not well explained by commonly recognised risk factors. Data-driven clinical rules offer patients an unprecedented measure of control over their own health information. This study sought to identify influential predictors from general practice (GP) data to predict the outcomes of Campylobacter infections—ie, being admitted to hospital or remaining with GP care. MethodsDiagnosis of Campylobacter infection was collected from GP and hospital data in Wales between Jan 1, 1990, and Dec 31, 2015, via the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage databank. A specially designed feature selection scheme was used to select the most influential factors from a large number of initial variables formed by GP read codes (a hierarchical thesaurus of clinical terms) and from other codes (sex, age, location, and Townsend deprivation scores). Information retrieval and decision tree techniques were used to construct predictive models. The linked data were split into training, validation, and testing subsets. The testing dataset was used to assess the predictive performance of the identified risk factors. FindingsHealth records of 20 376 patients with Campylobacter infections were used, of whom 12 324 were admitted to hospital at least once. Higher rates of infections occurred in male patients (10 793/20 376), but female patients had higher rates of being admitted to hospital (6207 of 9583 admissions). From an initial 33 471 variables, 31 most predictive variables were finally identified and aggregated, such as “second pneumococcal conjugated vaccination”, and “stool culture. 30 if–then clinical rules with these 31 variables were generated by decision tree (eg, if patients had “second pneumococcal conjugated vaccination”, then “not admitted”). These rules were applied to an independent test dataset and performed significantly above chance to predict the outcomes (sensitivity 0·642, 95% CI 0·638–0·644; specificity 0·62, 0·616–0·622; positive prediction value 0·724, 0·72–0·73). InterpretationOur findings suggest that construction of machine learning models from routine GP data enables the influential risk factors identified to predict outcomes of Campylobacter infections significantly above chance. To address some unexplained model variations, incorporation of more information about the infection and symptoms (strain, severity) is required. FundingNational Centre for Population Health and Wellbeing Research (CA02), Centre for Improvement in Population Health through E-records Research (CIPHER) within the Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research (MR/K006525/1).

Using Risk Factor Weighting to Target and Create Effective Public Health Policy for Campylobacteriosis Prevention in Ontario, Canada

Campylobacter is one of the major causes of foodborne illness globally, making prevention of Campylobacter infections a significant public health concern. Factors such as under-reporting and the low dose required to cause illness make surveillance and control of food-acquired campylobacteriosis challenging. A literature review was conducted to identify articles that included relevant information about the causes of foodborne illness, transmission of Campylobacter, specific risk factors associated with food-acquired Campylobacter infection and reported numbers of cases of Campylobacter. The majority of studies determine that specific demographic groups are at a higher risk for contracting foodborne illness, with age, gender and location being the most significant factors. Food-acquired campylobacteriosis accounts for up 74 to 85% of total cases, with poultry being the number one contributing vehicle. Location of food-acquired Campylobacter infection differs between countries. In Ontario, the majority of food-acquired campylobacteriosis cases are attributed to food prepared in the home. A risk factor diagram shows the source of Campylobacter organisms and the locations where people are exposed. It then shows causes of food-acquired Campylobacter infection, dividing them into human and non-human factors. Human factors are the major contributing causes of Campylobacter infection in people. Targeted policies should be developed which target these factors and address the specific groups that are at a higher risk for foodborne illness. Policy initiatives that focus on consumer level human factors will have the greatest impact on campylobacteriosis prevention. Further research needs to be conducted to determine the proportion of foodborne illness which can be attributed to specific risk factors and why consumers and food handlers do not follow proper procedures for minimizing exposure to Campylobacter organism. Targeted policies can provide a more cost-effective way to help prevent further cases of Campylobacter infection as well as improve disease surveillance.

Population-Attributable Risk Estimates for Risk Factors Associated withCampylobacterInfection, Australia

In 2001-2002, a multicenter, prospective case-control study involving 1,714 participants > or =5 years of age was conducted in Australia to identify risk factors for Campylobacter infection. Adjusted population-attributable risks (PARs) were derived for each independent risk factor contained within the final multivariable logistic regression model. Estimated PARs were combined with adjusted (for the > or =5 years of age eligibility criterion) notifiable disease surveillance data to estimate annual Australian Campylobacter case numbers attributable to each risk factor. Simulated distributions of "credible values" were then generated to model the uncertainty associated with each case number estimate. Among foodborne risk factors, an estimated 50,500 (95% credible interval 10,000-105,500) cases of Campylobacter infection in persons > or =5 years of age could be directly attributed each year to consumption of chicken in Australia. Our statistical technique could be applied more widely to other communicable diseases that are subject to routine surveillance.

Campylobacter spp. in the kitchen: spread and persistence.

Campylobacter spp., principally C. jejuni, continue to be major bacterial enteropathogens, causing over 50 000 confirmed cases of infection in England and Wales each year. Most infections are sporadic and occur at home. In the farm to fork' approach to food safety, the consumer has an important role in protecting themselves and their colleagues. It is important, however, that this role is not overemphasized. For example, contaminated poultry meat is an important vehicle for infection with Campylobacter spp. and studies have shown that carcases can carry over 10 8 Campylobacter cells. The bacteria can also be isolated from the outer wrapping of chickens purchased from retail outlets. It can be difficult for consumers to control the spread of these bacteria. The preparation of meals using raw chicken will result in the widespread dissemination of Campylobacter spp. and many hand- and chicken-contact sites will become contaminated. It was thought that these bacteria were unable to persist in the kitchen but this may have been a manifestation of the recovery techniques used. If more sensitive methods are applied, Campylobacter spp. can be recovered from surfaces 24 h after contamination and from dry materials such as hand and tea towels. These and other issues will be discussed.

Restriction endonuclease analysis, DNA relatedness and phenotypic characterization of Campylobacter jejuni and Camp. coli isolates involved in food‐borne disease

Seven cases of Campylobacter infection, each of them involving two isolates, were analysed. Study of their biochemical profiles and susceptibility patterns allowed the identification of Camp. jejuni and Camp. coli isolates and the effective typing of Camp. jejuni strains into biotypes. Genotyping was carried out by comparing chromosomal DNA restriction patterns obtained by cleavage with Bg/II and EcoRV and by Southern hybridization experiments. These studies revealed clonal homogeneity between both isolates in five of the seven cases studied, indicating that in these cases Campylobacter infection was caused by a single strain. Infection with two different strains was characterized in only two of the seven cases studied, two different species belonging to Camp. coli and Camp. jejuni ssp. jejuni biotype 1 being identified. Genetic analysis proved to be the most reliable technique to achieve precise identification of strains and to elucidate clonal heterogeneity among Campylobacter isolates obtained from a single patient.