Cases Of Acute Viral Hepatitis Research Articles

Global burden and trends of acute viral hepatitis among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Children and adolescents are at high risk for acute viral hepatitis (AVH), but epidemiological research focusing on them has been overshadowed by adult chronic B and C. We provide global, regional, and national estimates of the AVH burden and their trends on people under 20years from 1990 to 2019. AVH data from Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019 was used. Incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated, analyzing trends with estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and Joinpoint regression. In 2019, 156.39 (95% uncertainty interval 145.20-167.16) million new cases of AVH were reported among children and adolescents globally, resulting in 1.98 (1.50-2.55) million DALYs. Incidence rates for young children (< 5years), older children (5-9years), and adolescents (10-19years) were 12,799 (11,068-14,513), 5,108 (4829-5411), and 3020 (2724-3339) per 100,000 population, respectively. The global AVH incidence displayed a linear decline with an EAPC of - 0.66 (- 0.68 to - 0.65). High-incidence regions included sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania, South Asia, and Central Asia, with India, Pakistan, and Nigeria facing the greatest burden. Leading causes were hepatitis A, followed by hepatitis E, B, and C. All hepatitis types showed declining trends, especially hepatitis B. Furthermore, we confirmed the association between the AVH incidence and the socioeconomics, vaccine, and advanced liver diseases. Effective vaccines and treatments for hepatitis B and C offer eradication opportunities. Broadening diagnostic and therapeutic coverage is vital to address disparities in service provision for children and adolescents.

Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes in Blood Donors in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an RNA virus, poses a significant global health threat, affecting 2.3 billion people annually, causing 70,000 deaths, over 50% of acute viral hepatitis cases. In Pakistan, HEV prevalence is high among pregnant women (26%), with a mortality rate of 26 to 30%. Blood transmission is a leading source of sporadic HEV infection.&#x0D; Methodology: The blood specimens were investigated with HEV to detect anti- IgM and IgG antibodies. Anti HEV IgM positive specimens confirmed the incidence of viral RNA by Polymerase chain reactions. The positive cases containing viral RNA were subjected to sequencing of ORF2.&#x0D; Result: A total of 3480 blood specimens were screened serologically by ELISA for the existence of anti HEV IgM and anti-HEV IgG antibodies. Of these 3480 samples, 170 (4.9%) were confirmed positive when screened for HEV antibodies among study population, there was a statistically significant difference observed between males and females (p=0.00001). From 170 positive samples, 60 (1.72 %) were positive for having anti-HEV IgM antibodies in plasma, whereas 110 (3.16 %) were found with anti-HEV IgG antibodies. Among 60 (1.72 %) IgM-positive samples, 18 (0.51 %) were confirmed positive by PCR for the presence of HEV-RNA. Genotype 1 was observed in all 18 HEV RNA-positive samples. &#x0D; Conclusion: The findings of this study underscore the urgency of implementing HEV screening protocols before blood donation. The risk of transmission through blood products is evident, with 4.9% of screened blood specimens exhibiting HEV antibodies. Therefore, the National Blood Transfusion Regulatory Authority must incorporate HEV screening as a routine procedure in Pakistan.

Disease burden of acute viral hepatitis in Guangdong Province, 1990-2019

Objective: To examine the burden and trends of acute viral hepatitis in Guangdong Province from 1990 to 2019, and provide reference evidences for hepatitis prevention and control in the province. Methods: Data on acute viral hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, and E) in Guangdong from 1990 to 2019 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database. The incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) data were analyzed by age and gender, and the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to describe the changing trends in disease burden. Results: From 1999 to 2019, the standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALY of acute viral hepatitis in Guangdong were higher than the national averages. In 2019, 51.43% (2 245 087/4 365 221) of acute viral hepatitis cases in Guangdong Province were mainly attributed to hepatitis B, and 77.18% (106/138) of deaths were due to acute hepatitis B. In different age groups, except for acute hepatitis B, which was more common in adults, the incidence rates of other types of viral hepatitis such as hepatitis A, B, and E showed an overall decreasing trend with age. The mortality rates of different types of acute viral hepatitis, except for the <5 age group, increased with age. The overall incidence and mortality rates of acute viral hepatitis were higher in men than in women. Conclusions: The overall burden of acute viral hepatitis in Guangdong declined in 2019, but remained higher than the national level. Further efforts are needed to strengthen hepatitis prevention and screening in different population in Guangdong Province, especially in children and the elderly.

Evaluation of Post-Vaccination Immunity in Children and Adolescents after Viral Hepatitis B Vaccine

Vaccination against viral hepatitis B is an effective method of protection against this infection. There is multiple decrease in the hepatitis B incidence. However, there was increase in chronic hepatitis B by 42.5%, 15 cases of acute viral hepatitis B in children and 2 deaths from this infection were registered according to the state report “On the sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population of the Russian Federation for 2022”. The criteria for evaluating protection against viral hepatitis B are the anti-HBs level and the duration of post-vaccination immunity.Objective. The aim of the study is to evaluate the duration of postvaccination immunity in temporal aspect in children and adolescents vaccinated against viral hepatitis B.Methods. Prospective open-label study was conducted to assess post-vaccination immunity against viral hepatitis B in 143 children and adolescents. The study of anti-HBs was implemented via the immunoenzyme test system “Vectohep B-HBs-antigen”. Microsoft Office Excel 2010 package and the Prism9 program (GraphPad, USA) were used for statistical analysis.Results. It has been shown that hepatitis B vaccine provides 100% seroconversion. However, decrease in anti-HBs levels was revealed already 6 months after vaccination in 15.07% of cases of seronegative individuals, after 1 year their number has increased up to 28.77% of cases. On average, every fourth person had low protective level of anti-HBs. Almost two-thirds of adolescents became seronegative by the age of 14.Conclusion. Vaccination against viral hepatitis B ensures the maximum production of anti-HBs 1 month after the completed vaccination in 100% of cases. Antibody level begins to decrease 6 months after the third completed vaccination against hepatitis B, and in 14 years, 72.74% of those immunized become seronegative. All of these dictates the need to consider a booster dose in adolescents at the age of 14 years.

Assessment of cases of acute viral hepatitis in correspondence with serum lipid levels: An analytical study

Assessment of cases of acute viral hepatitis in correspondence with serum lipid levels: An analytical study

Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus as Food- and Waterborne Pathogens-Transmission Routes and Methods for Detection in Food.

Foodborne viruses are an important threat to food safety and public health. Globally, there are approximately 5 million cases of acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) every year. HAV is responsible for numerous food-related viral outbreaks worldwide, while HEV is an emerging pathogen with a global health burden. The reported HEV cases in Europe have increased tenfold in the last 20 years due to its zoonotic transmission through the consumption of infected meat or meat products. HEV is considered the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide currently. This review focuses on the latest findings on the foodborne transmission routes of HAV and HEV and the methods for their detection in different food matrices.

Hepatitis in India: challenges, efforts, and recommendations

Hepatitis in India: challenges, efforts, and recommendations

Epidemiology and Aetiology of Acute Viral Hepatitis in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Bangladesh is not an exception to the global epidemic of viral hepatitis. Aside from other causes like excessive alcohol consumption, the use of specific hepatotoxic drugs and hepatotropic viruses are the most significant cause of viral hepatitis. They can cause hepatocellular injury, hepatic failure, cirrhosis, cancer, and death. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are among the most significant hepatotropic viruses. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to identify the common causes, route of transmission and risk factors of acute viral hepatitis. Methods: Between March 2012 to September 2012, this descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College hospital in Bogura. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 100 cases of acute viral hepatitis that were admitted to the medicine department of the Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College hospital in Bogura were included. After obtaining informed written consent, information was gathered via a questionnaire and pertinent research was conducted. After that, the data was examined. Results: The study covered a total of 100 instances of acute viral hepatitis. The most frequent cause of acute viral hepatitis in this study (52%) is the hepatitis E virus, with a peak incidence in the age group of 32–41 years (57.69%). Hepatitis A virus (32%) is the second most prevalent cause, with a peak prevalence in the age group of 12 to 21 years (54.55%). Nine instances of hepatitis B and one case of hepatitis C were both confirmed. Hepatitis A and E, B and A, and B and E co-infection in one case each, correspondingly. Conclusion: This study had a modest sample size and was conducted at a single hospital center. Its goals were to identify the cause of acute viral hepatitis and its epidemiological characteristics. To determine the significance of different acute hepatitis causative agents in Bangladesh, more .......

Prevalence of Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus Infection in the Patients Presenting with Acute Viral Hepatitis in Eastern India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Enterically transmitted Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) are the most common cause of Acute Viral Hepatitis (AVH) and a major health concern in developing nations like India. Both viruses cause AVH and are spread predominantly through the faecal-oral pathway, most commonly through contaminated water. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of HAV and HEV infection in patients presenting with AVH. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was undertaken in Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Bihar. The study was conducted over a period of 24 months from November 2019 to October 2021. All patients presenting with AVH were included as study participants. The blood samples were subjected to test anti-HAV and anti-HEV positivity. Prevalence of HAV and HEV was calculated taking total cases of AVH as denominator. Patients with confirmed infection with HCV, HBV and any other cause of hepatitis were excluded from the study. Templates were generated in an Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analysis of data was done using Statistical Package of the Social Sciences software (SPSS) version 20.0. Quantitative data were presented as frequency and percentages. Results: A total of 682 patients presented with acute hepatitis. The AVH patients comprised 467 males (68.5%) and 215 (31.5%) females with the mean age 39.6±18.87 years. The current study reports the seroprevalence of 9.18% HAV and 8.35% of HEV. A total of 4 patients tested positive for coinfection with HAV and HEV. Most of the HAV patients belonged to an age group less than or equal to 12 years (25,58.1%) and none were more than 60 years. However, none of the HEV patients were children and most of them were aged between 13 to 60 years (46,92%). A male preponderance among HAV (28,65.1%), and HEV (38,76%) was noted. Conclusion: Low seroprevalence was noted, with infection more common in younger age group and male patients. Further studies and vaccination along with surveillance system strengthening are warranted.

Temporal Trends of Acute Hepatitis A in Brazil and Its Regions.

Hepatitis A is responsible for 126,000,000 cases of acute viral hepatitis distributed heterogeneously worldwide, with a high disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate, especially in low-income countries. Data related to Hepatitis A provides information to improve control measures and identify the population at risk. This study aims to analyze temporal trends of Hepatitis A in Brazil and its regions from 2007 to 2018, based on official notification data. Data related to Hepatitis A reported cases from 2007 to 2018 were fitted to a joinpoint model by Brazilian regions, age groups, and gender, allowing the calculation of average annual percentage change (AAPC) and annual percentage change (APC) to estimate trends of Hepatitis A in Brazil. From 2007 to 2018, 65,284 Hepatitis A cases notified in Brazil were available for analysis. The Northeast Region reported 18,732 (28.69%) cases, followed by the North Region reporting 18,430 (28.23%), the Southeast Region reporting 14,073 (21.55%), the South Region reporting 7909 (12.11%), and the Central-West Region reporting 6140 (9.4%), respectively. Temporal trend analysis showed that Hepatitis A incidence decreased from 2007 to 2016 in all Brazilian regions for individuals less than 20 years old, but increased in the South and Southeast males between 10 and 39 years after 2016. Hepatitis A endemicity is heterogeneous among Brazilian regions. In addition, an unexpected outbreak of HAV among Southeast and South adult males in 2016 resembles the outbreak in Europe, revealing a vulnerable population that should be prioritized by vaccination programs and control measures.

Prevalence of Acute Viral Hepatitis in Symptomatic Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital of North India

Background: Acute Viral Hepatitis (AVH) is a major health problem worldwide, with a higher incidence in developing countries, like India. The most common cause of viral hepatitis is a specific group of hepatic viruses A, B, C and E (HAV, HBV, HCV and HEV). Their clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to acute and fulminant hepatitis or chronic hepatitis. Exploring the etiological spectrum and clinic-epidemiological profile of AVH becomes essential for formulating the preventive measures to control the disease. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) as causes of AVH in a tertiary care hospital of North India.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 122 patients with clinical signs and symptoms of acute viral hepatitis during May 2021 to April 2022. Serum was separated and tested for IgM anti-HAV antibodies, IgM anti-HEV antibodies, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) and IgM anti-HCV antibodies by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).&#x0D; Results: Out of 122 AVH patients, HAV (41.80%) was identified as the most common cause of acute hepatitis followed by HEV (36.88%), HBV (17.21%) and HCV (13.11%). Co-infections with more than one virus were present in 28 cases; HAV-HEV co-infection being the most common. Amongst the positive AVH cases, the seropositivity was higher in males (60.65%) than females (39.34%). The most common symptom was Icterus (64.87%), followed by fever (52.51%), pain abdomen (50.91%), anorexia (46.22%), vomiting (26.24%), malaise (21.24%) and diarrhea (12.23%).&#x0D; Conclusion: In our present study we have found that HAV is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis followed by HEV, HBV and HCV with icterus being the most common symptom followed by fever, pain abdomen, anorexia, vomiting, malaise and diarrhea. Regular diagnosis of AVH and monitoring of cases will help in patient management and thus reduce morbidity and mortality.

Incidence trends of acute viral hepatitis caused by four viral etiologies between 1990 and 2019 at the global, regional and national levels.

Hepatitis is a major public health challenge and a leading cause of death worldwide. We aimed to study the cause-specific incidence and temporal trends of acute viral hepatitis (AVH). Data on AVH etiologies were available from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to quantify temporal trend in AVH age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) by region, sex and aetiology. From 1990 to 2019, the global incidence of AVH increased by 8.02%, from 244 350 063 in 1990 to 263 951 645 in 2019, with an average decreasing ASIR of 0.52% (95% CI -0.58% to -0.45%) annually. The ASIR of AVH due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) decreased, while those of hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis C (HCV) and hepatitis E (HEV) remained stable, with EAPCs (95% CI) of -1.47 (-1.58 to -1.36), 0 (-0.09 to 0.09), -0.35 (-0.83 to -0.13), and -0.16 (-0.41 to 0.09) respectively. Although the number of new AVH cases increased in the low sociodemographic index (SDI), low-middle SDI regions, the ASIRs decreased in all five SDI regions. Globally, HAV and HBV are the leading causes of acute hepatitis. The EAPC is significantly associated with a baseline ASIR of less than 5500 per 100 000 population (ρ=-0.44), and with the 2019 human development index (HDI) (ρ=0.16) for AVH. Although the ASIR of AVH showed a generally decreasing trend, the burden of AVH remains a major public health challenge globally. The findings may be helpful for policymakers in establishing appropriate policies to reduce the viral hepatitis burden.

Sero-epidemiology and Risk Assessment of Hepatitis E Virus Among Blood Donors in North Lebanon

Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of over 50% of acute viral hepatitis cases. The blood transfusion route has emerged as a possible route of transmission of HEV. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of IgM and IgG anti-HEV among blood donors in North Lebanon and to assess the risk factors associated with its occurrence. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November to December 2020. Blood samples were collected from 78 healthy blood donors. A standardized questionnaire containing sociodemographic, food consumption, lifestyle, and health-related characteristics, was filled out to assess the risk factors of HEV exposure. Serum samples were tested for IgM and IgG anti-HEV by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The seroprevalence of IgM and IgG anti-HEV antibodies was reported in our study, and it reached 1.09% (1/78) and 12.82% (10/78), respectively. The use of private wells as a drinking source and the travel history to endemic countries have been identified as risk factors for HEV infections (P

STUDY OF HEPAITIS A AND HEPATITIS E VIRUS INFECTION IN ACUTE HEPATITIS PATIENTS

Background: Acute viral hepatitis is a major public health problem worldwide. Hepatitis-A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) are two major hepatotropic viruses responsible for enterically transmitted acute viral hepatitis. To know seroprevalence , clinico- Objectives: epidemiological factors and co-infection of hepatitis A &amp; hepatitis E virus infection. The study was carried out in the Virology Research Methods: &amp; Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL) under Department of Microbiology IGGMC, Nagpur from January to October 2019. Cases included were children &amp; young adults of both sexes having clinical hepatitis attending OPD and IPD. Blood sample was collected aseptically from each suspected patient. Serum was separated and tested for presence of IgM antibody against HAV and HEV by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant assay. Out of 184 samples, HAV seropositivity was seen in 13.04 %, HEV seropos Results: itivity in 35.32 %. Maximum cases were seen in age group of 0-10 years for HAV and 21-30 years for HEV. Male to female ratio was almost equal for both HAV and HEV. Urban population was most affected Source of water in maximum cases was tap water in urban and well water in rural area. Prevalence of HEV infection among Conclusion: the acute viral hepatitis cases is much more common than HAV. HEV being caused by feco-oral route, it is very important to have supply of safe drinking water. Awareness regarding sanitation, hand and food hygiene is the key factor to prevent hepatitis A &amp; E infection.

Hepatitis: Screening and Preventive Measures

A significant public health issue around the world is viral hepatitis, which is brought on by infection with one of the hepatitis viruses. Reviewing the information that is currently available suggests that the South-East Asia Region has a high prevalence of infection with hepatitis viruses A–E. Hepatitis A virus seroprevalence rates are high among enterically transmitted viruses in the majority of the Region's countries, albeit they have recently decreased. Hepatitis A clinical cases, particularly severe forms of the disease, have increased as a result of the rise in the average age at first exposure. Hepatitis A vaccination is available, however it has not yet been used in the Region as a public health precaution. Hepatitis E virus infection is extremely prevalent in many nations, where it frequently leads to waterborne epidemics and accounts for about half of all cases of acute viral hepatitis. The risk of these illnesses increases with rapid urbanization's lack of access to clean, safe drinking water, nutritious food, and adequate sanitation. Hepatitis B infection rates among bloodborne hepatitis viruses range from low, intermediate, and high among different nations in the region. Either of these viruses can cause persistent infection. Although frequently asymptomatic, persistent infection with these viruses can cause the development of cirrhosis and liver cancer, which are major causes of death in the region. These infections are especially prevalent in some particular population groups, including as intravenous drug users, those who have received blood transfusions, and people who are immunosuppressed. Additionally, certain regions do not screen blood and blood products for substances that cause viral hepatitis. As a result, acute and chronic hepatitis caused by hepatitis virus infection account for a large portion of the disease burden in the South-East Asia Region and cause over 500 000 fatalities there each year. We can lessen our risk of contracting hepatitis in a variety of ways, including by getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, using condoms during sexual contact, not sharing needles when using drugs, maintaining good personal hygiene by thoroughly washing our hands with soap and water, refraining from using infected people's personal items, and exercising caution when visiting places with poor sanitation.

Prevalence of Hepatitis A and E Infection in a Suburban Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Acute viral hepatitis causes high morbidity in children and young adults. Hepatitis A and E can lead to fulminant hepatitis in 0.1% -2%. Objective: To find prevalence of HAV and HEV among suspected cases of acute viral hepatitis and to co-relate the laboratory findings with clinical presentations, over a one year periodMaterial &amp; Methods:A retrospective analysis of 396 suspected acute viral hepatitis cases, whose samples were received in the laboratory during over a period of 1 year was performed. All sera samples were tested for IgM anti HAV &amp; IgM anti HEV using commercially available solid phase ELISA, in Microbiology laboratory, at our hospital.Results:Majority infected were male (69%) and young adults (98 %). Clinical presentations included fever (92%), jaundice/icterus (74%), nausea/vomiting (60%), hepatomegaly (45%), abdominal pain (40%), darkcoloredurine(15%), itching/rash (8.3%). ELISA revealed overall positivity :21.2% ; HAV: 38% ,HEV:62% and dual infection:5%. Increased serum bilirubin, AST and ALT occured in 68%.Conclusions:Awareness regarding sanitation and hygiene is imperative to curb the spread of acute viral hepatitis, especially in developing countries. Laboratory diagnosis is an essential supplementary tool in confirmation of suspected clinical cases and reduce transmission of this infection.

Acute Viral Hepatitis in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients: Variable Outcomes

Diabetes mellitus is frequent in Pakistan, which is also notorious for severe viral hepatitis epidemics on a regular basis. According to the present study, the clinical results of acute hepatitis B with and without diabetes were compared. Place and Duration: This is cross-sectional descriptive study was held in the Medicine department of M. Islam Medical and Dental College Gujranwala for one-year duration from January 2021 to December 2021. Methods: Patients with diabetes (n = 110, A group) and those without diabetes (n = 120, B group) were divided into two groups of 230 AVH patients. Age, gender, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels did not vary significantly between the two groups. All patients were monitored for a period of 12 months or until they were completely cured. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was conducted on all of the patients in order to provide greater insight into the development of potential problems. In addition, abdominal ultrasonography was performed on all of the patients. Results: 90 and 100 of the AVH cases in groups A and B were caused by the hepatitis E virus, respectively. Only 9 of 120 patients in group B had jaundice that lasted longer than 6 months, compared to 40 of 110 (36.4%) of patients in group A. I In both groups, HEV was the primary cause of AVH (group A: (81.9%); group B: (83.3 percent). In both groups, HBV was the second most common cause of AVH. Two patients in group B developed AVH as a result of HAV. In several individuals, the etiological cause of AVH was unknown. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, all patients with diabetes and acute viral hepatitis (AVH) should be continuously observed because there is a danger of severe liver damage and even death in these individuals. Keywords: acute viral hepatitis, diabetics, variables, outcomes

Variable Outcome of Acute Viral Hepatitis in Diabetic and Non Diabetic Patients

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical and biochemical parameters among patients of acute viral hepatitis in diabetic and non-diabetic cases. Study Design: Observational/Prospective study Place and Duration: In the department of Medicine, Northwest General Hospital &amp; Research Centre, Hayatabad Peshawar and DHQ and Teaching Hospital KDA, Kohat during the period from January, 2021 June, 2021. Methods: There were one hunded and eight cases of acute viral hepatitis were included in this study. Included cases were aged between 18-65 years. A patient's demographic information, such as age, gender, BMI (Body Mass Index), residence, and education status, was collected once the patient provided written consent and informed consent was obtained. Patients categorized in two groups. Group I had 54 diabetic patients and group II had 54 non diabetic patients with AVH. Smoking history and etiology among both groups were assessed. Patients’ clinical and biochemical parameters were evaluated during hospital stay among both groups. SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: There were 72 (66.7%) males and 38 (33.3%) females among 108 cases. In group I mean age was 42.13±6.45 years with mean BMI 25.11±6.34 kg/m2 while in group II mean age was 39.88±11.56 years and had mean BMI 24.7±14.62 kg/m2. Majority of the cases among both groups were from urban areas 32 (59.3%) and 28 (51.9%) cases. There were 35 (64.9%) patients were married in group I and in group II 30 (55.6%) patients were married. Among both groups 25 (46.3%) and 29 (53.7%) patients were literate. Hepatitis E was the most common etiology among both groups followed by B and A. ALT and albumin levels were substantially lower in diabetics than nondiabetics, while mean blood bilirubin levels were significantly higher in diabetics than nondiabetics. Hospital stay in diabetic patients was also greater than that of non-diabetic patients with p value &lt;0.05. Mortality in group I was 2 (3.7%) because of liver failure and in group II there was not any mortality found. Conclusion: According to the results of the current study, diabetic individuals with AVH had lower ALT levels, higher bilirubin levels, a greater risk of liver failure, and longer hospital stays than non-diabetics. Keywords: Diabetes, Acute Viral Hepatitis, Mortality, Clinical Outcomes

Secular Trends of Acute Viral Hepatitis Incidence and Mortality in China, 1990 to 2019 and Its Prediction to 2030: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

BackgroundUnderstanding the patterns and trends in the context of both incidence and mortality and anticipating future trends is important for viral hepatitis prevention, treatment, and guiding resource allocation in China. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive temporal analysis of acute viral hepatitis and its type using the most updated data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD 2019) to estimate the incidence and mortality of hepatitis from 1990 to 2019 and make predictions to 2030.MethodsThe age-standardized incidence (ASIR) and mortality rate (ASMR) of viral hepatitis in China were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD 2019). Trends of ASIR and ASMR for viral hepatitis were plotted using locally weighted regression (LOESS). We used joinpoint regression analysis to detect temporal changes and estimate the annual percent of change (APC) of each trend segment and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). A Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis was employed to describe ASIR and ASMR trends between 1990 and 2019 and projections to 2030.ResultsIn 1990, there were 67 million incident cases of acute viral hepatitis, which then decreased to 47 million incidence cases in 2019. Hepatitis A and hepatitis B account for the majority of acute viral hepatitis, and the most pronounced declines in hepatitis B (−48.7%) and hepatitis C (−39.0%) were observed between 1990 and 2019. The ASIR of overall acute viral hepatitis shows a persistent decline, with an average annual percent of change (AAPC) of −1.9% (95% CI: −1.9, −1.8) between 1990 and 2019. The trend of ASMR demonstrated a rapid decline between 1990 and 2005, followed by a slow decline until 2030.ConclusionOur study reveals favorable declining trends of incidence and mortality for acute viral hepatitis in China from 1990 and 2019, and these favorable trends are predicted to continue up to 2030. Despite the favorable trends observed, the absolute number of viral hepatitis, especially hepatitis A and B, is still substantial in China. A scaled-up vaccine campaign is still needed to tackle the large number of vaccine preventable hepatitis infections.

Frequency of Hepatitis E virus infection in patients with acute hepatitis

Hepatitis E virus causes a self-limiting viral infection, transmitted by feco-oral route. HEV infection is major health problem worldwide, with a higher incidence in developing country.To determine the frequency of HEV infection in patient with acute hepatitis and describe the frequency of HEV in different sex and age groups. From January 2019 to December 2020, Serum samples from clinically suspected acute viral hepatitis cases were collected and sent to the department of microbiology maintaining precautions. These were processed for the detection of HEV- specific Immunoglobulin M antibodies carried out rapid card test which is based on immunochromatography.The seroprevalence of HEV (11.79%), HEV infection is slightly higher in female (52%) as compare to male (48%) and HEV infection was most commonly seen in adults (age group 21-30 years)The best means of reducing the spread of infection is by promoting simple measure of personal and community hygiene. However, these data will be useful for planning of future vaccination and for better sanitation. This study also helps the local organizations for maintaining the proper hygiene condition and supply purified water which can help to reduce the prevalence of Hepatitis E virus.