XY Cases Research Articles

Deciphering the new governance experiment of dilapidated neighborhoods in China: A case of Xi'ma New Village, Wuhan

Approximately 100 million residents in Chinese cities inhabit former work-unit neighborhoods and municipal housing areas. Since the 1990s, the state has retreated from the direct provision of neighborhood services. However, as the alternative approach, commercialized property management has largely failed in these neighborhoods, leading to their gradual decline into “dilapidated neighborhoods.” Consequently, the poor living conditions and inadequate services severely constrained the well-being of these residents. Recently, new governance experiments have emerged in dilapidated neighborhoods across Chinese cities, warranting significant attention and exploration. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews conducted from 2019 to 2023 in Xi'ma New Village, Wuhan City, this research investigates the evolving governance shaped by affordable property management. Our findings indicate that, first, when sponsoring dilapidated neighbourhoods for affordable property management, the state's rationale is to address the crisis and alleviate social tensions; second, state leadership is reinforced through a multi-scalar governance network surrounding property management; third, in this case, the process of how the state achieved the above goals through deploying and mobilizing market and society exemplifies “state entrepreneurialism” in Chinese cities. Thus, the study offers nuanced insights, particularly at the neighborhood level, enabling readers to understand the evolving governance modalities in Chinese cities, especially in the context of (re)increasing state control and leadership.

Intra-Abdominal Testicular Seminoma In A Phenotypic Female: A Case of XY, Disorder of Sex Development Complicated with Seminoma

Disorder of sex development (DSD) complicated with seminoma is infrequently encountered in clinical practice. In order to diagnose the condition histopathological, immunohistochemical, and karyotype analysis can play the pivotal role. Additionally, prognosis of such patients largely depends upon the pathological staging at the time of initial diagnosis. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the significance of macroscopic and microscopic examination together with immunohistochemical analysis in diagnosis and prognosis of XY, Disorder of sex development (DSD) which is often known to be complicated by intra-abdominal seminoma. A twenty eight year old patient was admitted into Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) presenting with a right sided adnexal mass for one year. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed a large lobulated soft tissue mass in right adnexal region accompanied by infantile uterus. Interestingly, chromosomal analysis of this patient was found to be 46 XY. Post-resection histological studies revealed an intra-abdominal seminoma at a stage of pT2NxMx. The tumour cells expressed immunoreactivity to both Placental Alkaline Phosphatase (PLAP) and C-kit. Sir Salimullah Med Coll J 2023; 31: 60-64

Sex dimorphism of weight and length at birth: evidence based on disorders of sex development

Background Males have higher weight and length at birth than females. Aim To verify the influence of the Y chromosome and the action of intrauterine androgens on weight and length at birth of children with Disorders of Sex Development (DSD). Subjects and methods A cross-sectional and retrospective study. Patients with Turner syndrome (TS), complete (XX and XY), mixed (45,X/46,XY) and partial (XY) gonadal dysgenesis (GD), complete (CAIS) and partial (PAIS) androgen insensitivity syndromes and XX and XY congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were included. Weight and length at birth were evaluated. Results Weight and length at birth were lower in TS and mixed GD when compared to XY and XX DSD cases. In turn, patients with increased androgen action (117 cases) had higher weight and length at birth when compared to those with absent (108 cases) and decreased (68 cases) production/action. In birthweight, there was a negative influence of the 45,X/46,XY karyotype and a positive influence of increased androgen and gestational age. In birth length, there was a negative influence of the 45,X and 45,X/46,XY karyotypes and also a positive influence of increased androgen and gestational age. Conclusions The sex dimorphism of weight and length at birth could possibly be influenced by intrauterine androgenic action.

Dynamical exponent of a quantum critical itinerant ferromagnet: A Monte Carlo study

We consider the effect of the coupling between 2D quantum rotors near an XY ferromagnetic quantum critical point and spins of itinerant fermions. We analyze how this coupling affects the dynamics of rotors and the self-energy of fermions.A common belief is that near a $q=0$ ferromagnetic transition, fermions induce an $\Omega/q$ Landau damping of rotors (i.e., the dynamical critical exponent is $z=3$) and Landau overdamped rotors give rise to non-Fermi liquid fermionic self-energy $\Sigma\propto \omega^{2/3}$. This behavior has been confirmed in previous quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) studies.Here we show that for the XY case the behavior is different.We report the results of large scale quantum Monte Carlo simulations,which show that at small frequencies $z=2$ and $\Sigma\propto \omega^{1/2}$. We argue that the new behavior is associated with the fact that a fermionic spin is by itself not a conserved quantity due to spin-spin coupling to rotors, and a combination of self-energy and vertex corrections replaces $1/q$ in the Landau damping by a constant. We discuss the implication of these results to experiments.

Production of gravitational waves during preheating in the Starobinsky inflationary model

The production of GWs during preheating in the Starobinsky model with a nonminimally coupled auxiliary scalar field is studied through the lattice simulation in this paper. We find that the GW spectrum Omega _{mathrm{gw}} grows fast with the increase of the absolute value of coupling parameter xi . This is because the resonant bands become broad with the increase of |xi |. When xi <0, Omega _{mathrm{gw}} begins to grow once the inflation ends and grows faster than the case of xi >0. Omega _{mathrm{gw}} reaches the maximum at xi =-20 (xi =42 for the case xi >0) and then decreases with slight oscillation. Furthermore we find that the GWs produced in the era of preheating satisfy the limits from the Planck and next-generation CMB experiments.

Phase transitions and critical behaviors of XXZ ladders

We study the phase transitions and critical behaviors of the two-leg dimerized XXZ ladders by extensive Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling analysis. For the Heisenberg model on the staggered ladder, we verify that the phase transition between the two topological phases belongs to the four-state Potts universality class; for the XY case (), the phase diagram is similar to the Heisenberg case, but the critical behavior belongs to a new universality class; for the Ising case (), we find three topological phases, in which one of them has both the topological orders and the local magnetic order; the two phase transitions associated with these phases also belong to the Ising universality class. On the columnar ladder, we have not found any phase transition for all the three cases. Furthermore, we find that the magnetic field can also induce phase transitions for both the staggered and columnar models, and the topological phases are in certain magnetic plateaux. For the staggered model, we study the phase transition associated with the plateau of zero magnetization; we find that the critical behavior of the string order parameter belongs to the 2D classical Ising model, and the scaling behavior of the uniform magnetization is different from the Dzhaparidze–Nersesyan–Pokrovsky–Talapov universality class. For the columnar model, we study the phase transition associated with the plateau whose magnetization is half of the saturation value, which has fractional quantized Berry phase; in this case, the conventional string order parameters are not applicable as order parameters, we determine the critical point of this phase transition by the scaling behavior of the uniform magnetization which is also different from the Dzhaparidze–Nersesyan–Pokrovsky–Talapov universality class.

Next generation sequencing (NGS) to improve the diagnosis and management of patients with disorders of sex development (DSD).

Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are a diverse group of conditions where the chromosomal, gonadal or anatomical sex can be atypical. The highly heterogeneous nature of this group of conditions often makes determining a genetic diagnosis challenging. Prior to next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, genetic diagnostic tests were only available for a few of the many DSD-associated genes, which consequently had to be tested sequentially. Genetic testing is key in establishing the diagnosis, allowing for personalised management of these patients. Pinpointing the molecular cause of a patient’s DSD can significantly impact patient management by informing future development needs, altering management strategies and identifying correct inheritance pattern when counselling family members. We have developed a 30-gene NGS panel, designed to be used as a frontline test for all suspected cases of DSD (both 46,XX and 46,XY cases). We have confirmed a diagnosis in 25 of the 80 patients tested to date. Confirmed diagnoses were linked to mutations in AMH, AMHR2, AR, HSD17B3, HSD3B2, MAMLD1, NR5A1, SRD5A2 and WT1 which have resulted in changes to patient management. The minimum diagnostic yield for patients with 46,XY DSD is 25/73. In 34/80 patients, only benign or likely benign variants were identified, and in 21/80 patients only variants of uncertain significance (VOUS) were identified, resulting in a diagnosis not being confirmed in these individuals. Our data support previous studies that an NGS panel approach is a clinically useful and cost-effective frontline test for patients with DSDs.

Sex assignment practice in disorders of sexual differentiation: survey results from paediatric endocrinologists in the Arab region.

Background Sex assignment is a major issue in disorders of sexual differentiation (DSD). Not all conditions of DSD have clear recommendations on assignment and timing of surgery. Reports about sex assignment practice and the influence of culture and religion in the Arab region are scarce. Methods A survey questionnaire was distributed to participants in a paediatric endocrinology conference. Four DSD cases were presented. Participants were asked to fill in their answers on sex assignment choice, reasons for the particular assignment, strength of own recommendation and timing of surgery based on their practice. The cases presented were severely virilised XX congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), severely undervirilised 5α reductase deficiency (5α RD) and XX ovotesticular case. Results Eighty-five endocrinologists participated in the study. Eighty (97.5%) chose a female sex to assign for the XX CAH. For the CAIS, 64 (78%) chose a female sex. Seventy-one (86.5%) voted for a male sex for the XY case of 5α RD. Forty-seven (57%) and 35 (43%) chose a female and a male sex for the ovotesticular case, respectively. The majority indicated that their advice for sex assignment is based on strong recommendations for the CAH, CAIS and 5α RD patients but they were open to the parents' cultural and religious beliefs in their decision of the assignment for the ovotesticular case. Conclusions Practice in the Arab region appears to be in line with the international guidelines in the majority of DSD sex assignment and timing of surgery issues. However, culture and religious beliefs influence the practice in certain circumstances.

Genetic testing of XY newborns with a suspected disorder of sex development.

The current review focuses on the neonatal presentation of disorders of sex development, summarize the current approach to the evaluation of newborns and describes recent advances in understanding of underlying genetic aetiology of these conditions. Several possible candidate genes as well as other adverse environmental factors have been described as contributing to several clinical subgroups of 46,XY DSDs. Moreover, registry-based studies showed that infants with suspected DSD may have extragenital anomalies and in 46,XY cases, being small for gestational age (SGA), cardiac and neurological malformations are the commonest concomitant conditions. Considering that children and adults with DSD may be at risk of several comorbidities a clear aetiological diagnosis will guide further management. To date, a firm diagnosis is not reached in over half of the cases of 46,XY DSD. Whilst it is likely that improved diagnostic resources will bridge this gap in the future, the next challenge to the clinical community will be to show that such advances will result in an improvement in clinical care.

XY (SRY-positive) Ovarian Disorder of Sex Development in Cattle

In mammals, the sex of the embryo depends on the SRY gene. In the presence of at least one intact and functional copy of this genetic factor (XY embryo) undifferentiated gonads will develop as testicles that subsequently determine the male phenotype. When this factor is not present, i.e., in subjects with 2 X chromosomes, an alternative pathway induces the development of ovaries, hence a female phenotype. In this case study, we describe a female cattle affected by a disorder of sex development (DSD). The subject, despite having a chromosomal XY constitution, did not develop testicles but ovaries, although they were underdeveloped. Moreover, genetic analysis highlighted the presence of the SRY gene with a normal coding region in both blood- and tissue-derived DNA. A chimeric condition was excluded in blood by sexing more than 350 cells and by allele profile investigation of 18 microsatellite markers. Array CGH analysis showed the presence of a not yet described 99-kb duplication (BTA18), but its relationship with the phenotype remains to be demonstrated. Gonadal histology demonstrated paired ovaries: the left one containing a large corpus luteum and the right one showing an underdeveloped aspect and very few early follicles. To our knowledge, we describe the first case of XY (SRY+) DSD in cattle with a normal SRY gene coding sequence.

Fourier-space entanglement of spin chains

.Entanglement between different regions in momentum space is studied for ground states of some spin-chain Hamiltonians: the XY model, the Ising model in a transverse field (ITF) and the XXZ models. In the XY and ITF cases, entanglement only takes place between states with opposite momenta. Thus, an anisotropy in the interaction induces entanglement in the momentum pairs. In the ITF case, the ferromagnetic phase is characterized by a total entropy between left- and right-moving modes which is independent of the external field. This result characterizes the Ising phase transition in momentum space. In the critical XXZ case, we provide evidence that the maximal entropy between energy modes around the Fermi point grows logarithmically with the system size, with a prefactor which depends on the compactification radius. The slow growth of the entanglement in Fourier space with the system size lies at the origin of the success of the renormalization techniques in momentum space.

Extensive clinical, hormonal and genetic screening in a large consecutive series of 46,XY neonates and infants with atypical sexual development.

BackgroundOne in 4500 children is born with ambiguous genitalia, milder phenotypes occur in one in 300 newborns. Conventional time-consuming hormonal and genetic work-up provides a genetic diagnosis in around 20-40% of 46,XY cases with ambiguous genitalia. All others remain without a definitive diagnosis. The investigation of milder cases, as suggested by recent reports remains controversial.MethodsIntegrated clinical, hormonal and genetic screening was performed in a sequential series of 46, XY children, sex-assigned male, who were referred to our pediatric endocrine service for atypical genitalia (2007–2013).ResultsA consecutive cohort of undervirilized 46,XY children with external masculinization score (EMS) 2–12, was extensively investigated. In four patients, a clinical diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome or Mowat-Wilson syndrome was made and genetically supported in 2/3 and 1/1 cases respectively. Hormonal data were suggestive of a (dihydro)testosterone biosynthesis disorder in four cases, however no HSD17B3 or SRD5A2 mutations were found. Array-CGH revealed a causal structural variation in 2/6 syndromic patients. In addition, three novel NR5A1 mutations were found in non-syndromic patients. Interestingly, one mutation was present in a fertile male, underlining the inter- and intrafamilial phenotypic variability of NR5A1-associated phenotypes. No AR, SRY or WT1 mutations were identified.ConclusionOverall, a genetic diagnosis could be established in 19% of non-syndromic and 33% of syndromic cases. There is no difference in diagnostic yield between patients with more or less pronounced phenotypes, as expressed by the external masculinisation score (EMS). The clinical utility of array-CGH is high in syndromic cases. Finally, a sequential gene-by-gene approach is time-consuming, expensive and inefficient. Given the low yield and high expense of Sanger sequencing, we anticipate that massively parallel sequencing of gene panels and whole exome sequencing hold promise for genetic diagnosis of 46,XY DSD boys with an undervirilized phenotype.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-014-0209-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Study on Connection of Rail Transit and Bicycle Traffic - A Case Study of Xi’an Metro Line2

The development of rail transit made travel convenient for urban residents, alleviated traffic pressure, but the long travel distance of the site and the surrounding areas affecting rail transit service level. In order to full play the rail transit large capacity, improve the appeal of the public transit, solve the problem of "last one kilometer", This paper summarized the importance of connection of rail transit and bicycle traffic with a case of xi 'an metro line 2, discussed the forecasting methods of rail transit and bicycle traffic transfer demand, then used vertical and horizontal analogy prediction method to predict the transfer demand at the Zhonglou station and Xiaozhai station in Xian metro, finally the transfer mode of rail transit and bicycle traffic transfer are proposed. This paper has certain reference value for study of rail transit and bicycle traffic.

Hexagonal-close-packed lattice: Ground state and phase transition

We study the ground state (GS) and the phase transition in a hexagonal-close-packed lattice with both XY and Ising models by using extensive Monte Carlo simulation. We suppose the in-plane interaction J1 and interplane interaction J2, both antiferromagnetic. The system is frustrated with two kinds of GS configuration below and above a critical value of η=J1/J2 (ηc). For the Ising case, one has ηc=0.5 which separates in-plane ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic states, while for the XY case ηc=1/3 separates the collinear and noncollinear spin configurations. The phase transition is shown to be of first (second) order for η>(<)ηc. The phase diagram in the space (η,T) is shown for both cases.

A New Case of KLF1 G973A Mutation and Congenital Dyserythropoeitic Anemia (CDA)- Further Definition of Emerging New Syndrome and Possible Association with Gonadal Dysgenesis

Abstract▪2101▪This icon denotes a clinically relevant abstractArnaud et ala recently reported on two children with an as yet unclassified CDA, characterized by hemolytic anemia with high fetal hemoglobin (HbF), presence of embryonic hemoglobin Portland (HbPort) and absence on red blood cells (RBC) of CD44, an adhesion molecule, aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and the linked In(Lu) and Colton blood groups. The underlying molecular defect involves the erythroid transcription factor KLF1 with a mutation in zinc finger 2 at position 973 of Guanine to Adenine. The G973A mutation results in substitution of glutamate to lysine at position 325 in the transcribed protein. The CDA results from a dominant negative effect of KLF1 E325K on the gamma-globin repressor BCL11A, leading to the persistence of fetal erythropoiesis, high Hb F and HbPort. The absence of CD44, AQP1 and deficiency of certain cytoskeletal proteins in the RBC indicate that KLF1 is necessary for the terminal differentiation of RBC. The presence of CD44 on the leucocytes in these cases would appear to suggest an erythroid restrictive effect of the mutation. Of note, the child in whom the E325K mutation was first identified, a 46XY male, was described to have micropenis and hypospadias; the hemolytic anemia was severe and required splenectomy. The original case was that of phenotypic female with 46XX and the clinical course was much milder.We have identified a new case (a caucasian child) with the KLF1 E325K mutation. Comparison with the clinical findings in the two published cases indicates that KLF1 E325K mutation may cause profound developmental disturbances in organs beyond erythroid development, particularly of the gonads. Our patient, now 5 yrs old, was followed with an undiagnosed hemolytic anemia, which started with fetal hydrops at 23 weeks gestation, requiring intrauterine transfusions. Because of the presence of spherocytes on the blood smear and history of renal stones, a mutant band 3 was suspected; however direct nucleotide sequence analysis of the promoter and coding region exons of the band 3 gene from amplified genomic DNA of the proband was normal. Splenectomy was done at 4-years-of-age and the emerging picture was one of extreme normoblastemia, with the presence of both spherocytes and massively enlarged erythrocytes. Osmotic gradient ektacytometry showed reduced erythrocyte deformability with a population of swollen erythrocytes. Hemoglobin analyses revealed a HbF of31% and, HgPort (isoelectric focusing done by James Hoyer at Mayo Laboratories). Flow cytometry demonstrated that CD44 was not expressed on patient's erythrocytes but was expressed on lymphocytes. AQP1 was absent on western blots of RBC ghosts. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the KLF1 gene identified the KLF1 E325K mutation in lymphocyte DNA from the patient, but not in her parents. In addition to the severe anemia, the child who is 46XY, has female external genitalia. Ultrasonography demonstrated a vagina and uterus. Surgically excised streak gonads showed no cellular elements. Array comparative genomic hybridization studies did not reveal any copy number variations in male sex determining genes, but identified polymorphic deletion of estrogen metabolizing UGT2B17.Together these 3 cases suggest that KLF1 E325K may cause more severe anemia and gonadal dysgenesis in 46XY fetuses while the disease is considerably milder in 46XX individuals. Both of the 46 XY cases also had fetal hydrops and were salvaged with transfusions in utero, suggesting that KLF1 mutations may cause early loss of male fetuses. Given that KFL1 interacts with more than 1000 proteins,b,c it is likely that KLF1 is important in the developmental regulation of non erythroid genes including male sex determining genes. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Gonadal Pathology and Tumor Risk in Relation to Clinical Characteristics in Patients with 45,X/46,XY Mosaicism

Gonadectomy is avoided whenever possible in boys with 45,X/46,XY. However, no clinical markers are currently available to guide clinicians in predicting gonadal tumor risk or hormone production. The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that gonadal histology and risk for development of a malignant germ cell tumor are reflected by the clinical presentation of a 45,X/46,XY individual. The design of the study was the correlation of clinical data [external masculinization score (EMS), pubertal outcome] with pathology data (gonadal phenotype, tumor risk). This was a multicenter study involving two multidisciplinary disorder of sex development teams. Patients included genetically proven 45,X/46,XY (and variants) cases, of whom at least one gonadal biopsy or gonadectomy specimen was available, together with clinical details. Patients (n = 48) were divided into three groups, based on the EMS. Gonadal histology and tumor risk were assessed on paraffin-embedded samples (n = 87) by morphology and immunohistochemistry on the basis of established criteria. Gonadal differentiation and tumor risk in the three clinical groups were measured. Clinical outcome in patients with at least one preserved gonad was also measured. Tumor risk in the three groups was significantly related to the gonadal differentiation pattern (P < 0.001). In boys, hormone production was sufficient and was not predicted by the EMS. The EMS reflects gonadal differentiation and tumor risk in patients with 45,X/46,XY. In boys, testosterone production is often sufficient, but strict follow-up is warranted because of malignancy risk, which appears inversely related to EMS. In girls, tumor risk is limited but gonads are not functional, making gonadectomy the most reasonable option.

Congenital Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia: Functional Characterization of Three Novel Mutations in the STAR Gene

The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) has been shown to be essential for steroidogenesis by mediating cholesterol transfer into mitochondria. Inactivating StAR mutations cause the typical clinical picture of congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. The objective of the investigation was to study the functional and structural consequences of three novel StAR mutations (p.N148K in an Italian patient; p.P129fs and p.Q128R in a Turkish patient). Transient in vitro expression of the mutant proteins together with P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme, adrenodoxin, and adrenodoxin reductase yielded severely diminished cholesterol conversion of the p.N148K mutant, the combined p.P129fs and p.Q128R mutant, and the p.P129fs mutant by itself. The p.Q128R mutant led to a higher cholesterol conversion than the wild-type StAR protein. As derived from three-dimensional protein modeling, the residue N148 is lining the ligand cavity of StAR. A positively charged lysine residue at position 148 disturbs the hydrophobic cluster formed by the alpha4-helix and the sterol binding pocket. The frame shift mutation p.P129fs truncates the StAR protein. Residue p.Q128 is situated at the surface of the molecule and is not part of any functionally characterized region of the protein. The mutations p.N148K and p.P129fs cause adrenal insufficiency in both cases and lead to a disorder of sex development with complete sex reversal in the 46, XY case. The mutation p.Q128R, which is not relevant for the patient's phenotype, is the first reported variant showing a gain of function. We speculate that the substitution of hydrophilic glutamine with basic arginine at the surface of the molecule may accelerate cholesterol transfer.

Effects of discreteness on gauge glass models in two and three dimensions

The q-state clock gauge glass model is studied to see the effect of discreteness on the Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) transition and the ferromagnetic (FM) critical phenomenon in random systems. The nonequilibrium relaxation analysis is applied. In two dimensions, the successive transitions of paramagnetic (PM), KT, and FM phases are investigated along the Nishimori line for q=6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 1024 (recognized as infinity) cases. For the upper critical temperature, it is found that the transition temperature is almost the same as in the continuous case for all q values. The lower transition temperature is found to be proportional to 1/q2. In three dimensions, the critical behavior of the PM-FM transition is studied along the Nishimori line for q=6, 8, 16, and 1024 cases. It is found that the spin discreteness is irrelevant, and the transition belongs to the same universality class as in the (continuous) XY case.

Decoupling of theS=1/2antiferromagnetic zig-zag ladder with anisotropy

The spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic zig-zag ladder is studied by exact diagonalization of small systems in the regime of weak inter-chain coupling. A gapless phase with quasi long-range spiral correlations has been predicted to occur in this regime if easy-plane (XY) anisotropy is present. We find in general that the finite zig-zag ladder shows three phases: a gapless collinear phase, a dimer phase and a spiral phase. We study the level crossings of the spectrum,the dimer correlation function, the structure factor and the spin stiffness within these phases, as well as at the transition points. As the inter-chain coupling decreases we observe a transition in the anisotropic XY case from a phase with a gap to a gapless phase that is best described by two decoupled antiferromagnetic chains. The isotropic and the anisotropic XY cases are found to be qualitatively the same, however, in the regime of weak inter-chain coupling for the small systems studied here. We attribute this to a finite-size effect in the isotropic zig-zag case that results from exponentially diverging antiferromagnetic correlations in the weak-coupling limit.

Mixed order parameter superconducting states for different filling and temperature

We study the gap equation for the time reversal symmetry breaking states d x 2− y 2 +is and d x 2− y 2 +id xy using a tight-binding model that includes orthorhombic distortion and second- nearest-neighbor hopping, γ, at different temperatures and fillings. Mixing occurs both in square lattice and in the presence of orthorhombic distortion and also for various values of γ when studied as a function of the filling. Unlike the d x 2− y 2 +id xy case the temperature dependence of the d x 2− y 2 +is state shows a suppression in the d wave order parameter in the presence of s wave.