Cases Of Synonymy Research Articles

CASES OF SYNONYMY AND ANTONYMY IN THE LATIN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGICAL SYSTEM

One of the most significant traits of terminology is its consistency. Each term may be perceived as an entity with bilateral nature: 1. A unity of meaning and form; 2. An entity from the natural language subject to the same phenomena and processes, which are valid for all language units. Synonymy and antonymy result from the ambiguous relation between the form and meaning of the term; unfortunately, they cannot be avoided – even in specialized terminological systems. Since scientific terminology is intended for specific purposes, it is based on the convention regarding the structuring and usage of linguistic forms and their meanings more than any other lexical subsystem. The research object of the present text is the cases of synonymy and antonymy found in the Latin medical terminology as well as the reasons for their appearance. Such lexical relations are observed between lexemes, between a lexeme and a phraseological unit, and between phraseological units.The examples provided are called absolute antonyms and absolute synonyms (or lexical doublets) and they can be part only of the specialized terminological system. Those relations between terms may cause a problem in communication because they obstruct the possibility of a specific and identical nomination in the field of science. On the other hand, they facilitate the appearance of new different variants, and these different forms may also express different opinions about the same phenomenon.

Characterization of red-fleshed pear accessions from Emilia-Romagna region

Germplasm collections represent a reservoir of traits and genes that might be used in breeding programs to cope with the evolving market demand. Some old pear accessions still cultivated in the Apennine Mountains in Italy possess a red flesh fruit. This paper reports the molecular analysis of 33 red-fleshed pear accessions, collected in different areas of the Emilia-Romagna region and genotyped with 18 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with the aim of improving germplasm conservation strategies for old red-fleshed pears and for supporting ongoing breeding programs. The molecular profiles revealed both cases of synonymy and homonymy and only 6 unique genotypes were identified. S-genotypes were also established in order to highlight the genetic relationships among these landraces. Four of the unique genotypes have been clustered based on pomological data.

A személynevekkel kapcsolatos névtani és jogi terminológia

Onomastic and Legal Terminology in Connection with Personal Names This paper draws attention to Hungarian personal name related terminology differences in legal, onomastic and everyday usage. Onomastics employs a wider range of technical terms than the legal profession since the former focuses exclusively on names, including non-official varieties, while the other does not. The paper reveals cases where the same term has different meanings in the two disciplines, or different terms express the same meaning. Synonyms and higher term variability are more characteristic of onomastic than legal terminology. Since onomastic research inevitably generates new points of view, models and conclusions, this leads to deliberate or unintentional terminological change. The consistency and clarity of terms are vital prerequisites for good legal texts, but they nevertheless contain cases of synonymy and polysemy. The effects of the two fields on one other’s terminology are evident. Legal terminology appears to have a greater impact on onomastics than vice-versa, perhaps due to the effects of applied onomastics. Legal terminology also impacts the standard language through public administration. Terminological confusion or fuzziness is observable in everyday communications.

Characterization and identification of Libyan olive diversity using microsatellite markers

Ten microsatellite markers were used to differentiate and evaluate the relationships among a total of 91 olive genotypes (39 local cultivated, 36 introduced cultivars and 16 wild types) collected in Libya. A total of 109 alleles were identified, with the number of alleles per locus ranging from 4 to 20 alleles. Three loci (UDO43, DCA16 and GAPU101) had the most alleles across all loci with 20, 18 and 16, respectively. The wild types and introduced cultivars had greater numbers of alleles than the local cultivars. Six cases of duplicated genotypes, two cases of synonymy, and thirteen homonyms that were genetically distinct were observed in the Libyan collection. UPGMA clustering classified the accessions into two main distinct groups. The first group consisted of local genotypes and the second group included introduced and wild type accessions. Admixture analysis also clearly distinguished between local ancient landraces and wild genotypes. In general, using molecular data enables to separate the Libyan olive accessions based on their origin but not fruit use.

Genetic and ampelographic characterization of grapevine accessions maintained in the Lebanese national collection

Safeguarding grapevine biodiversity is one of the main concerns in viticulture today. Management of ex situ collections requires a comprehensive characterization of the conserved germplasm to provide basic material for selection and breeding programs. In this study, the local grapevine germplasm conserved at the national collection of the Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute and composed of 43 accessions was submitted to a genetic and ampelographic study. Nine ISSR primers, previously developed in grapevine, were used in this study. These primers generated a total of 51 bands, of which 77.7% were polymorphic allowing the differentiation of 41 genetic profiles vs. one case of synonymy that was recorded among three accessions. Ampelographic characterization was conducted using a set of 33 descriptors established by the International Office of Vine and Wine and related to leaf, bunch, and berry. Principal component analysis identified 12 descriptors i.e. veraison date, maturity date, berry length, upper and lower vein pigmentation, bunch density, bunch weight, sugar content at harvesting, flesh of juiciness, berry weight, flesh firmness, and color skin, as being the most discriminating descriptors. The correlation between the ISSR clustering and the ampelographic one was not significant (r=0.26) because of the divergence of accessions groups, except for the three accessions synonymy case which was confirmed in both dendrograms. Finally, this comprehensive evaluation of the existing local gene pool of grapevine revealed a substantial diversity. It would further allow the promotion of the valuable accessions directly through multiplication schemes, and their sustainable utilization in genetic improvement programs.

Taxonomy of the anaerobic gut fungi (Neocallimastigomycota): a review of classification criteria and description of current taxa.

Members of the anaerobic gut fungi (Neocallimastigomycota) reside in the rumen and alimentary tract of larger mammalian and some reptilian, marsupial and avian herbivores. The recent decade has witnessed a significant expansion in the number of described Neocallimastigomycota genera and species. However, the difficulties associated with the isolation and maintenance of Neocallimastigomycota strains has greatly complicated comparative studies to resolve inter- and intra-genus relationships. Here, we provide an updated outline of Neocallimastigomycota taxonomy. We critically evaluate various morphological, microscopic and phylogenetic traits previously and currently utilized in Neocallimastigomycota taxonomy, and provide an updated key for quick characterization of all genera. We then synthesize data from taxa description manuscripts, prior comparative efforts and molecular sequence data to present an updated list of Neocallimastigomycota genera and species, with an emphasis on resolving relationships and identifying synonymy between recent and historic strains. We supplement data from published manuscripts with information and illustrations from strains in the authors' collections. Twenty genera and 36 species are recognized, but the status of 10 species in the genera Caecomyces, Piromyces, Anaeromyces and Cyllamyces remains uncertain due to the unavailability of culture and conferre (cf.) strains, lack of sequence data, and/or inadequacy of available microscopic and phenotypic data. Six cases of synonymy are identified in the genera Neocallimastix and Caecomyces, and two names in the genus Piromyces are rejected based on apparent misclassification.

Utility of EST-SNP Markers for Improving Management and Use of Olive Genetic Resources: A Case Study at the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba.

Olive, the emblematic Mediterranean fruit crop, owns a great varietal diversity, which is maintained in ex situ field collections, such as the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba (WOGBC), Spain. Accurate identification of WOGBC, one of the world’s largest collections, is essential for efficient management and use of olive germplasm. The present study is the first report of the use of a core set of 96 EST-SNP markers for the fingerprinting of 1273 accessions from 29 countries, including both field and new acquired accessions. The EST-SNP fingerprinting made possible the accurate identification of 668 different genotypes, including 148 detected among the new acquired accessions. Despite the overall high genetic diversity found at WOGBC, the EST-SNPs also revealed the presence of remarkable redundant germplasm mostly represented by synonymy cases within and between countries. This finding, together with the presence of homonymy cases, may reflect a continuous interchange of olive cultivars, as well as a common and general approach for their naming. The structure analysis revealed a certain geographic clustering of the analysed germplasm. The EST-SNP panel under study provides a powerful and accurate genotyping tool, allowing for the foundation of a common strategy for efficient safeguarding and management of olive genetic resources.

The importance of being integrative: a remarkable case of synonymy in the genus Viridiscus (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae)

There are two predominant sources of taxonomically useful morphological variability in the diverse tardigrade family Echiniscidae: the internal structure and surface sculpture of the cuticular plates covering the dorsum (sculpturing) and the arrangement and morphology of the trunk appendages (chaetotaxy). However, since the appendages often exhibit intraspecific variation (they can be reduced or can develop asymmetrically), sculpturing has been considered more stable at the species level and descriptions of new echiniscid species based solely on morphology are still being published. Here, we present a case study in which a detailed analysis of the morphology and multiple genetic markers of several species of the genus Viridiscus shows that cuticular sculpture may also exhibit considerable intraspecific variation and lead to false taxonomic conclusions. In a population collected from the eastern Nearctic, in the type locality of the recently described species V. miraviridis, individuals with transitional morphotypes between those reported for V. viridissimus and V. miraviridis were found. Importantly, all morphotypes within the viridissimus–miraviridis spectrum were grouped in a single monospecific clade according to rapidly evolving markers (ITS-1, ITS-2 and COI). Given the morphological and genetic evidence, we establish V. miraviridis as a junior synonym of V. viridissimus. This study explicitly demonstrates that a lack of DNA data associated with morphological descriptions of new taxa jeopardizes the efforts to unclutter tardigrade systematics. Additionally, V. perviridis and V. viridissimus are reported from Lâm Đồng Province in southern Vietnam, which considerably broadens their known geographic ranges.

Molecular phylogeny and species delimitation of the genus Schizodon (Characiformes, Anostomidae)

The genus Schizodon is part of a group of headstanders and relatives (Family Anostomidae) that are widespread and ecologically important fishes in South American rivers. Schizodon includes 15 nominal species but their taxonomy has been challenging due to paucity of decisive characters to diagnose species. We present new molecular data to assess species boundaries or molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), and to infer phylogenetic relationships among species. Evidence from two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes was used in these analyses. Mitochondrial DNA data for 112 specimens (from 11 nominal species) supported 13 consensus MOTUs, six of which matched valid nominal species (Schizodon borellii, S. fasciatus, S. intermedius, S. isognathus, S. knerii and S. scotorhabdotus). The nominal species Schizodon vittatus, S. nasutus, and S. dissimilis were subdivided into two MOTUs each, revealing either cryptic species or strong population structuring. In contrast, S. platae and S. jacuiensis constituted a single MOTU, indicating a possible case of synonymy. Our phylogenetic analysis subdivided the genus Schizodon into two large clades that are compatible with observed color patterns and biogeographic distribution. The first clade includes species with three to four conspicuous dark vertical bars on the flanks that originated in the Amazonas region (S. borellii, S. dissimilis, S. intermedius, S. fasciatus, S. scotorhabdotus, S. vittatus, and a cryptic species, Schizodon aff. vittatus). The second clade includes species with a conspicuous dark caudal blotch on the caudal peduncle, with vertical bars absent or inconspicuous, with a biogeographic origin in the La Plata drainage (S. isognathus, S. jacuiensis, S. knerii, S. nasutus and S. platae). Our results reinforce the importance of using molecular analyses to accelerate the study of diversity, particularly in groups with a wide distribution, few variable meristic characters, and high morphological plasticity, which may hide still unknown or underestimated diversity.

Частный случай синонимии в экономическом дискурсе испаноязычной прессы

Частный случай синонимии в экономическом дискурсе испаноязычной прессы

Uncovering Olive Biodiversity through Analysis of Floral and Fruiting Biology and Assessment of Genetic Diversity of 120 Italian Cultivars with Minor or Marginal Diffusion.

The primary impetus behind this research was to provide a boost to the characterization of the Italian olive biodiversity by acquiring reliable and homogeneous data over the course of an eight-year trial on the floral and fruiting biology of 120 molecularly analyzed cultivars, most of which have either low or very low diffusion. The obtained data highlighted a considerable variability to almost all of the analyzed parameters, which given the uniformity of environment and crop management was indicative of a large genetic variability in the accessions under observation, as confirmed through the molecular analysis. Several cases of synonymy were reported for the first time, even among plants cultivated in different regions, whilst all of the varieties examined, with only one exception, showed very low percentages of self-fruit-set, indicating a need for the employment of suitable pollinator plants. Eventually, a fitted model allowed us to evaluate the clear effects of the thermal values on blossoming, particularly in the months of March and April, whereas the climatic conditions during the flowering time had only a modest effect on its duration.

Diversity Assessment of Algerian Wild and Cultivated Olives (Olea europeae L.) by Molecular, Morphological, and Chemical Traits

Algeria has several genetic resources on olive trees, mainly made up of small indigenous cultivars, and a very important wild heritage. Twenty olive samples including eight cultivars and twelve wild trees from the province of Bejaia (Algeria) are characterized, by combining molecular data (13 SSRs), fruit and pit morphological traits, fatty acids composition, and phenolic compounds of the extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs). The genetic results based on PCoA, UPGMA, and AMOVA analyses demonstrate that olive cultivars and wild trees are mixed, suggesting kinship relationships between cultivated and wild olive trees and even cases of synonymy between some cultivars. PCA analysis on morphological traits shows a good separation of the two olive botanical varieties, the wild olive trees producing smaller fruits than those of the cultivated ones. Significant differences are also found in terms of fatty acids and phenol compounds composition of the EVOOs. Wild olive oils show the highest contents on phenolic compounds, mainly oleocanthal, as well as a considerable richness on oleic acid. The comparison of pairwise distances between olive trees obtained by genetic, morphological, fatty acids and phenolic compounds contents data using Mantel's test indicates a significant correlation among morphological characteristics, DNA polymorphism, and phenolic compounds. The results obtained in the present work contribute to reveal the diversity existing in the cultivated and wild olive trees of the region of Bejaia, shedding some light on the importance of Algerian olives germplasm.Practical Applications: Cultivated and wild olive diversity are assessed by genetic, morphological, fatty acids and phenolic composition. SSR marker analysis demonstrates the presence of a high genetic variation between the analyzed samples. A significant correlation of morphological characteristics with DNA polymorphism and phenolic compounds is found. A significant diversity in the wild and cultivated olive trees is observed.Kinship relationships between wild and cultivated Algerian olive trees are demonstrated using SSR markers, while the morphological parameters allow a good distinction between the two taxa. Significant differences are found for fatty acids and phenol compounds composition for the EVOOs; the wild olive oils present an interesting composition compared to the cultivated form.

GBS-derived SNP catalogue unveiled wide genetic variability and geographical relationships of Italian olive cultivars

Information on the distribution of genetic variation is essential to preserve olive germplasm from erosion and to recover alleles lost through selective breeding. In addition, knowledge on population structure and genotype–phenotype associations is crucial to support modern olive breeding programs that must respond to new environmental conditions imposed by climate change and novel biotic/abiotic stressors. To further our understanding of genetic variation in the olive, we performed genotype-by-sequencing on a panel of 94 Italian olive cultivars. A reference-based and a reference-independent SNP calling pipeline generated 22,088 and 8,088 high-quality SNPs, respectively. Both datasets were used to model population structure via parametric and non parametric clustering. Although the two pipelines yielded a 3-fold difference in the number of SNPs, both described wide genetic variability among our study panel and allowed individuals to be grouped based on fruit weight and the geographical area of cultivation. Multidimensional scaling analysis on identity-by-state allele-sharing values as well as inference of population mixtures from genome-wide allele frequency data corroborated the clustering pattern we observed. These findings allowed us to formulate hypotheses about geographical relationships of Italian olive cultivars and to confirm known and uncover novel cases of synonymy.

Assessment of genetic diversity of Vitis vinifera local cultivars of northern Greece as a means for valorization of vine and wine territories

Grapevine cultivation and wine production occur in Greece since antiquity. Modern wineries have focused on the cultivation of international varieties; however, a marked trend to the revival of the local grapevine varieties has been noted in the last two decades underlying the confidence and the intention to invest on the local plant resources aiming to produce unique products. This brings up the urgent necessity to genetically identify the local varieties that constitute the Greek vineyard so as they will be available for further development. Simple-Sequence Repeats (SSRs) molecular markers, including those proposed by the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) as molecular descriptors, have been used to genotype: i) 12 wine producing varieties maintained in the ex-situ ampelographic collection of the Greek Gene Bank (GGB), ii) 30 varieties that have been collected from various sites of northern Greece in order to verify and confirm their identity, and iii) 11 international varieties that have been used as references. The final dendrogram displays the genetic closeness between the analysed varieties, bringing up cases of synonymies and homonymies.

Investigations on the identity of ‘Canaiolo bianco’ and other white grape varieties of central Italy

During research for the rescue and description of grapevine germplasm in central Italy, 28 white accessions were collected, 10 of them sharing the name ‘Canaiolo bianco’ but having different morphological and yield characteristics. ‘Canaiolo bianco’ is listed as essential in the specifications for some D.O.C.G. and D.O.C. Tuscan wines, but its correct identity is not clear. With the aim to identify and characterize our samples and to pinpoint what the true-to-type ‘Canaiolo bianco’ is, we described these accessions using a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing DNA analysis, ampelographic, phyllometric, phenological and yield descriptions. Moreover we collected as much historical information as possible about them. The 28 accessions investigated were grouped in 8 varieties with very distinct traits. The research has provided useful information for clarifying various cases of synonymy and homonymy. Moreover, we hypothesize that the true to type ‘Canaiolo bianco’ corresponds to the so called ‘Drupeggio’.

Ampelographic characterization of white grapevine cul-tivars (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Palestine

Abstract: In Palestine, grape culture consists of ecotypes and cultivars (also called local varieties), for which a large number of homonymous and synonymous designations exist as well as misnaming of cultivars. The present study is the first report using detailed ampelographic characterizations (39 informative traits) to assess genetic diversity and detect similarities among sixteen accessions collected from putative diverse grape genotypes In general, 30 descriptors presented highly and satisfactory divergent genotypes, whereas the remaining traits showed no or very little ampelographic variation. Based on the similarity matrix and the resulting dendrogram of these ampelographic data, distinguishable genotypes as well as some cases of synonymies and homonymies clearly exist. A synonymy case seemed to be in four genotypes including Jandali-Mfarad, Jan-dali-Mrazraz, Jandali, and Hamadani-Mattar, which indeed showed genetic distances of less than 0.5, sug-gesting their relatedness, and the possibility that they are the same genotype, but with different names. In addition, homonym cases also occur in the following pairs of “Marawi’s, Hamadani’s, and Zaini’s genotypes, in which each pair seems to be two distinctive genotypes. Finally, among the 16 examined genotypes, the Zaini-Baladi genotype tended to show the highest genetic distance values from the others and thus could be potentially incorporated into any further local or regional breeding programs as well as germplasm conservation.

Ampelographic characterization of white grapevine cul-tivars (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Palestine

Abstract: In Palestine, grape culture consists of ecotypes and cultivars (also called local varieties), for which a large number of homonymous and synonymous designations exist as well as misnaming of cultivars. The present study is the first report using detailed ampelographic characterizations (39 informative traits) to assess genetic diversity and detect similarities among sixteen accessions collected from putative diverse grape genotypes In general, 30 descriptors presented highly and satisfactory divergent genotypes, whereas the remaining traits showed no or very little ampelographic variation. Based on the similarity matrix and the resulting dendrogram of these ampelographic data, distinguishable genotypes as well as some cases of synonymies and homonymies clearly exist. A synonymy case seemed to be in four genotypes including Jandali-Mfarad, Jan-dali-Mrazraz, Jandali, and Hamadani-Mattar, which indeed showed genetic distances of less than 0.5, sug-gesting their relatedness, and the possibility that they are the same genotype, but with different names. In addition, homonym cases also occur in the following pairs of “Marawi’s, Hamadani’s, and Zaini’s genotypes, in which each pair seems to be two distinctive genotypes. Finally, among the 16 examined genotypes, the Zaini-Baladi genotype tended to show the highest genetic distance values from the others and thus could be potentially incorporated into any further local or regional breeding programs as well as germplasm conservation.

Identity, synonymies and homonynies of minor grapevine cultivars maintained in the portuguese ampelographic collection

Nineteen SSR were used to genotype twenty eight accessions from Portugal, France, Greece, and Spain, preserved at the Portuguese National Ampelographic Collection (international code - PRT 051). Some of these accessions have never been genotyped and are minor, underused cultivars. Eight cases of synonymies and one case of homonymy were detected. The identification of synonyms in underused cultivars increases de possibility of obtaining adequate plant material for certification purposes and commercialization. The new unique genotypes identified in this work will be proposed for inclusion in the list of authorized cultivars for wine production in Portugal. No certified plant materials exist for these cultivars.

Australian Sphingidae--DNA barcodes challenge current species boundaries and distributions.

Main ObjectiveWe examine the extent of taxonomic and biogeographical uncertainty in a well-studied group of Australian Lepidoptera, the hawkmoths (Sphingidae).MethodsWe analysed the diversity of Australian sphingids through the comparative analysis of their DNA barcodes, supplemented by morphological re-examinations and sequence information from a nuclear marker in selected cases. The results from the analysis of Australian sphingids were placed in a broader context by including conspecifics and closely related taxa from outside Australia to test taxonomic boundaries.ResultsOur results led to the discovery of six new species in Australia, one case of erroneously synonymized species, and three cases of synonymy. As a result, we establish the occurrence of 75 species of hawkmoths on the continent. The analysis of records from outside Australia also challenges the validity of current taxonomic boundaries in as many as 18 species, including Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758), a common species that has gained adoption as a model system. Our work has revealed a higher level of endemism than previously recognized. Most (90%) Australian sphingids are endemic to the continent (45%) or to Australia, the Pacific Islands and the Papuan and Wallacean regions (45%). Only seven species (10%) have ranges that extend beyond this major biogeographical boundary toward SE Asia and other regions of the Old World.Main ConclusionsThis study has established that overlooked cryptic diversity and inaccurate species delineation produced significant misconceptions concerning diversity and distribution patterns in a group of insects that is considered well known taxonomically. Because DNA barcoding represents a straightforward way to test taxonomic boundaries, its implementation can improve the accuracy of primary diversity data in biogeography and conservation studies.

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GRAPEVINE GERMPLASM COLLECTION HELD AT THE FONDAZIONE EDMUND MACH

Growing scientific interest in the genetic diversity of grapevine, together with the need to improve the organization of conserved materials and streamline manage-ment costs has given rise to a project aimed at characterizing all the germplasm maintained by FEM-IASMA. In an initial molecular analysis, one plant of each accession was tested at 10 microsatellite loci (SSR). Comparison of the profiles obtained allowed the genotypes present to be identified and hence the number of accessions to undergo further investigation to be reduced. The extension of genotyping to 12 other SSR loci confirmed the consistency of the collection?s gene pool. Using assignment experiments, comparisons with international databases and ampelo¬graphic verification, grape cultivars with the same SSR profile are attributed to cases of synonymy or denomination errors. The most interesting phenotypic variations amongst plants with an identical SSR genotype will be selected for conservation. The set of accessions with a non-redundant genotype is the collection?s main source of genetic diversity. Regarding this material, intense genotyping of hundreds of SNP loci is underway in order to identify appropriate core collections for future association studies. Some of the characteristics emerging from this study and other evaluations of the collection?s contents are presented.