Public-private Partnership Case Research Articles

Battling chronic myeloid leukemia in a resource-constrained country: A case of public-private partnerships

Pakistan, where chronic myeloid leukemia constitutes around 80% of all myeloproliferative disorders, has been exploring multiple avenues in order to ensure the accessibility and affordability of imatinib and nilotinib. While most provinces of the country have joined hands with a pharmaceutical company to dispense free anti-CML medicines as part of a public-private partnership, the patients are still facing numerous challenges in the form of geographical disparity in the availability of these medicines, other out-of-pocket expenditures and most importantly, the uncertainty associated with the long-term continuation of this public-private endeavor due to procedural delays. In light of these predicaments, channeling resources towards research and development, fostering partnerships between government and NGOs and tapping into the domain of compulsory licensing appear to be the most sustainable solutions.

Social Construction of Institutional Complementation in Cross Sector Collaborations: An Empirical Exploration of a Public Private Partnership Case

Despite an increasing adoption of cross sector collaborative models, especially contractual Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), as an important public services delivery modality, PPPs continue to experience serious institutional gaps that challenge the course of their implementation. This paper utilizes the new institutionalism theoretical lens and draws on interview and documentary evidence from a concession-type Infrastructure Public Private Partnership Project to foreground the different mechanisms used to remedy contractual gaps that are, inadvertently, necessarily or strategically, left open by contracting partners due to the lack of sophistication in setting efficient and precise institutions at the contracting phase. The study discerns the primacy of three socially constructed institutions complementation mechanisms including (a) contract renegotiations and amendments, (b) the development of new regulatory guidelines and standards, and (c) the establishment of inclusive coordinating structures. Based on the evidence, the paper argues that when confronted by emergent and unique challenges unanticipated in the elaborate contractual provisions, there still remains viable opportunity through an ongoing, concerted, and in a collective manner for responsible actors to complement initial institutions in a way necessary to overcome challenges and stay the main cause of the partnership. Other implications relating to specific sector structures and sector regulation are highlighted along with insights for future work.

Social Construction of Institutional Complementation in Cross Sector Collaborations: An Empirical Exploration of a Public Private Partnership Case

Despite an increasing adoption of cross sector collaborative models, especially contractual Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), as an important public services delivery modality, PPPs continue to experience serious institutional gaps that challenge the course of their implementation. This paper utilizes the new institutionalism theoretical lens and draws on interview and documentary evidence from a concession-type Infrastructure Public Private Partnership Project to foreground the different mechanisms used to remedy contractual gaps that are, inadvertently, necessarily or strategically, left open by contracting partners due to the lack of sophistication in setting efficient and precise institutions at the contracting phase. The study discerns the primacy of three socially constructed institutions complementation mechanisms including (a) contract renegotiations and amendments, (b) the development of new regulatory guidelines and standards, and (c) the establishment of inclusive coordinating structures. Based on the evidence, the paper argues that when confronted by emergent and unique challenges unanticipated in the elaborate contractual provisions, there still remains viable opportunity through an ongoing, concerted, and in a collective manner for responsible actors to complement initial institutions in a way necessary to overcome challenges and stay the main cause of the partnership. Other implications relating to specific sector structures and sector regulation are highlighted along with insights for future work.

The role of public-private partnerships inextending public healthcare provision to irregular migrants: stopgap or foot in thedoor?

In this commentary to the paper “Ensuring HIV care to undocumentedmigrants in Israel: a public-private partnership case study” by Chemtob et al. wediscuss the role of public-private partnerships (PPPs) as a mechanism forintegrating previously excluded groups in public healthcare provision. Drawing onPPP case-studies as well as on Israel’s pandemic preparedness policies during theCovid-19 outbreak, we examine potential implications for the populations in questionand for health systems.In our view, Chemtob et al. describe an exceptional achievement, where aPPP served as a stepping stone for the subsequent integration of irregular migrants’in publicly funded HIV care. However, we argue that in many other cases PPPs areliable to undermine public healthcare and inclusionary claims. This view is informedby the fundamentally different concepts of healthcare that underlie PPPs and publichealthcare provision (namely, health care as a commodity vs. access to healthcare asa right) and existing evidence on PPPs’ role in facilitating welfare retrenchment.In contexts that are dominated by an exclusionary stance toward irregular migrants,such as contemporary Israel, we believe that PPPs will become stopgaps thatundermine health rights, rather than a first foot in the door that leads towardequitable provision of healthcare for all.

Challenging complacency in construction management research: the case of PPPs

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are joint ventures in which the private sector works in partnership with government bodies to deliver public sector projects with the intention to deliver them more quickly, efficiently and with better value for money. They are also one of the most contentious project delivery mechanisms to have been mobilised in recent decades. Research has demonstrated the lack of realised value within many such projects, yet construction management academics continue to examine ways of increasing, implementing and optimising this approach in practice, even encouraging its adoption worldwide despite growing social and political dissatisfaction. Here, we go beyond what we see as myopic construction management perspectives, placing our body of work firmly within wider economic, political and social contexts. We challenge uncritical academic compliance with a process that demonstrably contributes to economic inequalities, opportunism and exploitation. We confront the lack of criticality in construction management research of PPPs, and call for construction management academics to broaden their research focus and engage in more robust critique and analysis of construction systems, as they are realised in practice.

Ensuring HIV care to undocumented migrants in Israel: a public-private partnership case study

BackgroundUndocumented migrants in Israel, mostly originating from HIV endemic countries, are not covered by Israel’s universal healthcare coverage. We initiated a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) to handle this public health and humanitarian challenge. The PPP venture included the Ministry of Health (MoH), pharmaceutical companies, pharmacies, and specialized HIV clinics, the Israeli HIV Medical Society (from the Israel Medical Association), and non-governmental organizations. This study describes the national policy process in conceptualizing and implementing access to HIV services for undocumented migrants through a PPP, and analyzes the preliminary results.MethodsThis case study describes the process of creating a temporary Public-Private Partnership to provide HIV care for undocumented migrants based on institutional records of the Department of Tuberculosis and AIDS (DTA) and memories and reflections from partners.This case was analyzed according to the OECD-DAC criteria for development assistance (relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability and impact). Demographic and serological data of patients referred between 2014 to 2018 were collected to monitor progress. and analyze preliminary medical and biological outcomes. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ministry of Health.ResultsCreating a policy to extend HIV care to undocumented migrants was a 15 year process that confronted several challenges within Israeli and international discourse, particularly concerning governmental response to the migration crisis. The use of a PPP model involving numerous stakeholders provided a solid, local feasibility demonstration that extending HIV care as a matter of policy would have positive implications for public health in Israel. During the first 2 years of the program (2014–2015), the MoH funded medical follow-up and the pharmaceutical companies provided antiretroviral treatment (ART) free of charge for only 100 patients at any given time, in addition to ART provided by the MoH for pregnant women. Since 2016, the MoH has fully covered this service and integrated it within the Israeli health system; this constitutes the major success of the PPP program. As of December 2018, the national program has monitored 350 patients and treated 316 (90.3%). The most prevalent disease present upon referral was Tuberculosis.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this study documents the first example of a successful PPP with government partnership in a high-income country to address undocumented migrants’ lack of access to health services in general and HIV care in particular. In light of the intensification of North-South migration, this Israeli case study could be useful for other countries facing similar challenges. It also has lessons within Israel, as the country grapples with other health problems among uninsured communities.

The public-private partnership (PPP) disaster of a new hospital – expected political and existing business interaction patterns

PurposeOne of the most salient contemporary societal trends is the increasing amount of public–private collaborations. In spite of the increasing awareness of the need to scrutinise the promises of public–private partnership (PPP), there is an important but seldom-asked question: How does the assumed interaction pattern behind PPP correspond with the interaction pattern appearing in empirical studies of the content of business exchange? The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the discrepancy between the expected and actual pattern of interactions in PPPs.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents a specific PPP concerning the construction of a Nya Karolinska (NKS) hospital building, which ended up as an economic and functional disaster. With an interactive approach as point of departure (Håkansson et al. 2009; Waluszewski, Håkansson, Snehota, 2017), this paper investigates a) the interaction pattern of the business landscape expected by policy/politicians in the NKS construction case and b) how the assumed interaction pattern appears in relation to the interaction pattern of the business landscape outlined in empirical studies of exchange, in the business landscape in general and of the construction setting in particular.FindingsGiven that the public side is neglecting the interactivity and interdependency of the private business setting, the disappointment with the NKS PPP project does not appear as an odd deviation. Rather, as a natural consequence of a public side expecting autonomous actors able to deliver innovation, quality and cost control just because they are exposed to competitive forces – but in reality interfacing with private actors which interests are directed to interdependent investments in place; own and related suppliers’.Research limitations/implicationsThe investigation of the political expectations behind the NKS PPP case was concentrated on two types of data. Original reports expressing the political view of the interaction pattern of the private setting have been used. Four published studies focussing on different aspects of the NKS process, which discuss the political view of the private setting, was also used.Practical implicationsBe it private–private or public–private, to be beneficial for both sides of the exchange interface, both sides have to engage in the exchange – with representatives with knowledge and experiences of all direct and indirect related social and material resources that will be affected. The need to mobilise and involve representatives with extensive experiences of specific resource combinations of both sides of the exchange interface; the public as well as the private, does not disappear simply because it is assumed away.Social implicationsThe competitive forces of the private setting are by politicians and policy assumed to function in an automatic way; breeding cost efficiency, quality and innovation. Furthermore, there is also an assumption of speed and ease of change. With the trust in these characteristic sof the private setting at hand, politicians have a “cart blanche” to withdraw from direct involvement in the creation of producer-user interfaces.Originality/valueThe paper underlines that as soon as the public-private exchange concerns goods that cannot be transformed to or treated as homogeneous ‘commodities’, as most often is the case of in this type of processes, there are reasons to be extremely careful in the design of the interaction interface. There are differences both in resource and activity structures between the two sides of the exchange interface and these differences have to be actively dealt with.

Fatores críticos de sucesso das Parcerias Público-Privadas: aspetos político-institucionais. Estudo de caso das rodovias em Portugal

Resumo As Parcerias Público-Privadas (PPP) são arranjos institucionais que envolvem atores públicos e privados numa relação contratual de longa duração. Assumindo-se como contratos incompletos, propendem para o aumento dos custos de transação e estão associadas aos problemas típicos das relações de principal-agente. Neste contexto, a academia tem dedicado atenção ao estudo dos fatores críticos para o bom desempenho das PPP, entre os quais, os fatores de natureza política e institucional, a que dedicamos o artigo. Por meio de uma metodologia qualitativa, assente na realização de entrevistas em profundidade e numa criteriosa análise documental, o artigo propõe-se estudar o caso das PPP de infraestruturas rodoviárias em Portugal, com falhas já identificadas e atualmente sob forte escrutínio público.

Procurement of low carbon municipal solid waste infrastructure in India through public-private partnerships

Purpose The Low carbon (LC) agenda has captured interest across governments and research communities. But such focus is not addressed so far in the operation of municipal solid waste (MSW) infrastructure in India. The purpose of this paper is to draw focus on the promotion of low carbon infrastructure by improving the procurement process of the public–private partnership (PPP) approach. Design/methodology/approach The current study employed a case study methodology. This paper develops and validates a “five-fold framework,” comprising of selection, financial, operational, standards and targets measures, for integrating LC principles in the procurement of infrastructure projects. Findings The public sector fails to understand the importance of the need to incorporate climate change mitigation strategies due to poor procurement competencies. With respect to the operationalization of the framework, funding of viability gap in operations instead of construction, allowing renegotiation clauses to cater possible future LC technological improvements and incorporating emission reduction targets at the local and national levels were highlighted. Research limitations/implications LC principles presented in this paper are not exhaustive and are verified using a single Indian PPP case. Future research endeavor can focus on the relevancy and operationalization of these principles using a more elaborate set of indicators and extend the study to other sectors and countries. Originality/value This paper seeks to act as guidelines for governments on how to create and improve LC MSW PPP infrastructure projects to facilitate simultaneous achievement of both climate change mitigation and infrastructure delivery goals. The current study could add value to the current emphasis on LC transitions by policymakers, government agencies and regulators.

Environmental and social impact assessment of cultural heritage restoration and its application to the Uncastillo Fortress

The restoration of cultural heritage, like in other production sectors, requires an innovative approach to integrate the principles of sustainability into processes. The main purpose of this article is to demonstrate that an integrated environmental and social impact assessment of restoration works can be conducted through the use of an operational model, which for the first time is applied to a real case of public private partnership (PPP) in the cultural heritage sector. The evaluation of the proposed strategy is carried out through an approach based on life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, which takes into account environmental and social aspects. An environmental LCA analysis was conducted on a case study, assessing the effects of an intervention of a historical site that was restored to become a museum. The social effects arising from the intervention were then examined and evaluated with an approach based on the key points of the UNEP/SETAC S-LCA guidelines involving stakeholders, social topics, and performance indicators, thus defining a reference framework that can be adapted to the case study. The environmental LCA analysis identified the phases of the restoration with the most impact as those related to the reconstruction of materials and elements that was necessary when the originals were too damaged to be recovered. The use and periodic replacement of electronic equipment in the museum also had a significant impact in the use phase of the buildings. The evaluation method for the social aspects scored each social theme, outlining the benefits produced by the restoration. The results show that the restoration had several positive effects, particularly in terms of social issues related to the local community. The environmental LCA assessed the advantages and the hotspots in the recovery and reuse of heritage buildings. The framework developed from the guidelines for the S-LCA of products is a suitable tool for the evaluation of social aspects related to cultural heritage interventions, after adapting the methodology of S-LCA to the context and to the reference case study. In some cases, evaluations are based on subjective judgments, but the results provide a reliable overview of the social impact generated.

Cross-sectional comparison of public-private partnerships in transport infrastructure development in Nigeria

PurposeAlthough scientific research community has shown considerable interest in identifying critical success factors (CSFs) for public-private partnership (PPP) projects, yet effort at assessing and compare CSFs within similar PPP infrastructure projects received scant attention. The purpose of this paper is to identify, assess, and compare the CSFs in PPP transport infrastructure projects.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted literature review and three PPP case studies including structured interviews and review of documentary reports in each case study. The outcome of literature review provided a total list of 26 identified success factors, which was used to design a case study protocol using failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) technique. FMEA was conducted on each 26 identified success factor to assess their criticality in the three PPP case studies.FindingsThe results of FMEA revealed a total of ten CSFs in the concession of the road; four CSFs in the concession of the airport; and eight CSFs in the concession of the seaport. Also, the cross-case analysis showed the three prevalent CSFs, this includes government involvement by providing guarantees, political support, and project economic viability.Practical implicationsThe study findings including lessons learnt in each case study would positively influence policy development towards PPP transport infrastructure projects and the manner in which partners (i.e. public and private sector) go about the development of PPP transport projects.Originality/valueThis research would help PPP stakeholders to focus their attention and priorities in managing the identified CSFs in achieving long-term success in PPP transport infrastructure projects implementation.

SELECTED CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS (PPP) IN POLAND

Purpose. The aim of the article is to present selected conditions for the development of public-private partnerships (PPP) in Poland and factors which constitute a contribution and a hindrance to the development of this concept. Moreover, the present author attempts to describe issues related to public-private partnerships as a factor influencing the development of tourism in specific tourist destinations. Method. The research methodology is based on the application of the Desk Research method, including the verification of data obtained from generally available secondary sources (specialist literature, the Internet - Web Research). The desktop research data were of qualitative and quantitative nature and were created as primary or secondary sources. Modern methods of data collection were utilised: CATI (phone interviews), CAPI (computer-assisted interviews) and questionnaire forms. Findings. In general, the results of the research concern the possibility of applying the formula of public-private partnership in the development of local tourism economy. The study focuses on the examination of selected conditions which are favourable to this concept and those which act in an obstructive way. Research and conclusion limitations. The research was of diagnostic nature. The applied methods and research techniques allow to present selected conditions for the implementation of public-private partnerships in Poland, i.e. in the tourist industry, which is a frequently underappreciated branch of economy, much like the case of public-private partnerships but for other reasons. Practical implications. Starting cooperation and establishing relationships between entities from the public and private sectors should contribute to the propagation of the concept of public-private partnership and economic development of tourist regions by creating and expanding tourist infrastructure, and infrastructure in general. Furthermore, the tourist industry is one of the branches of economy which requires fast development. The growing demand and qualitative requirements of contemporary tourists create a necessity for modern solutions, the creation of tourist infrastructure and cooperation with organisations and entities from various sectors, the answer to which can be the concept of public-private partnerships. Originality. One important and original issue seems to be the need to determine the relation between the representatives of the private and public sectors, especially to answer the question: what type of atmosphere prevails in their relations, that of competition or cooperation, and what is their attitude towards joint cooperation? Type of paper: Article presenting the results of empirical research.

Legislation on the public private partnership as a factor in regional development

Highlights of the legislative basis: a/ Law on Public Private Partnership; b/ Regulations for implementing the Law on Public Private Partnership.  Public-private partnership (PPP) is a long-term contractual cooperation between one or more public partners on the one hand and one or more private partners, on the other hand, to carry out activities of public interest in achieving better value public input resources and allocation of risks between the partners.  PPP risks are shared between public and private partner. The distribution of risk is determined on a case of PPPs, depending on the capabilities of partners to evaluate, monitor and manage risks.  Public-private partnership is implemented through PPP contract. The term PPP contract can be from 5 to 35 years The exact length of the PPP contract is determined based on: financial and economic performance of the PPP project, including the time required of the private partner for recovery of money at the specified rate of return for the private partner; technical and / or technological features of the site, which operates in the public interest and / or of the activity of public interest.  Public partners are: ministers and heads of departments State PPP, which have the object of public interest activities carried out with objects of art. 4 para. 1 from Law for Public private partnership that are State property and/or which on power of normative act are assigned of body of central executive power; Mayors of municipalities – for Municipal PPP have for subject activities from public interest carried out with Objects art. 4 para. 1 from Law for Public private partnership that are property of relevant community and/or which by virtue of a normative act are assigned of bodies of local self-government or of Mayors of municipalities; state and Municipal publicorganizations for activities from public interest carried out with Objects art. 4 para. 1 from Law for Public private parntyorstvo that aretheir property and/or which are them provided with Law, act for their creation or with another act of competent authority.  Private partner Party PPP contract can be a capital company has an existing or newly established, subject to the requirements of this law. Not allowed equity company party PPP contract to issue bearer shares. The annual financial statements of the private partner is subject to inspection by a registered auditor under the Independent Financial Audit. The subject of this material are some basic legal principles characterizing the role of public-private partnership as a factor in regional development. PPP can be described not only as a factor but also as an important and effective mechanism in the regional development.This mechanism can find a broad scope for application, as both the European and already some examples from the Bulgarian practice show.

“Rules of engagement”

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate to what extent one can apply experiential learning theory (ELT) to the public-private partnership (PPP) setting in Russia and to draw insights regarding the learning cycle ' s nature. Additionally, the paper assesses whether the PPP case confirms Kolb ' s ELT.Design/methodology/approach– The case study draws upon primary data which the authors collected by interviewing informants including a PPP operator ' s managers, lawyers from Russian law firms and an expert from the National PPP Centre. The authors accomplished data source triangulation in order to ensure a high degree of research validity.Findings– Experiential learning has resulted in a successful and a relatively fast PPP project launch without the concessionary framework. The lessons learned include the need for effective stakeholder engagement; avoiding being stuck in bureaucracy such as collaboration with Federal Ministries and anti-trust agency; avoiding application for government funding as the approval process is tangled and lengthy; attracting strategic private investors; shaping positive public perception of a PPP project; and making continuous efforts in order to effectively mitigate the public acceptance risk.Originality/value– The paper contributes to ELT by incorporating the impact of social environment in the learning model. Additionally, the paper tests the applicability of ELT to learning in the complex organisational setting, i.e., a PPP.

Stakeholders Involvement or Public Subsidy of Private Interests? Appraising the Case of Public Private Partnerships in Pakistan

Government of Pakistan established several ‘publicly funded, privately managed’ companies based on the principles of Public Private Partnership. This paper analyses whether this unique PPP model protects the interests of both the public and private stakeholders, or is this just a means to public subsidizing of private interests? By drawing on evidence from primary and secondary sources, this paper finds that though some elements of PPP are present in these companies, they, as a whole, are not truly public private partnerships. They do, however, represent an innovative relationship between the public and private sectors.

The Formation of Cross-Sector Development Partnerships: The Role of Bridging Agents and Project Network Alliances

Cross-sector development partnerships (CSDPs) are project-based collaborative arrangements between business, government, and civil society organizations in support of international development goals such as sustainability, health education, and economic development. Based on the case of public private partnerships in development cooperation, we examine the important role of bridging agents in managing the institutional complexity around the formation of CSDP projects and longer-term project network alliances. We analyze bridging agency as a collective process involving both internal partner representatives and external intermediaries in initiating and/or supporting roles. We find that external intermediaries ease the formation of singular projects and longer-term alliances. However, projects that are initiated by intermediaries tend to be narrow and repetitive in scope, whereas projects initiated by internal partner representatives tend to explore novel project agendas. Yet, the longer-term pursuit of these agendas beyond singular projects may require external intermediaries in supporting roles. Findings help better understand micro-processes and collective practices of brokerage and alliance formation in transnational governance contexts and beyond.

The Impact of European Union Public-Private Partnership Regulations on the Efficiency of National Public Administration – Croatian Case

In Croatia, for the period from 2005 until 2009, a total of 32 public tenders for 43 Public-Private Partnership projects are announced, indicating great interest for Public-Private Partnership in Croatia. The European Union Public-Private Partnership regulations include the Guideline for Successful Public-Private Partnerships and the Resource Book on Public-Private Partnership Case Studies, which largely are taking into account the economics of Public-Private Partnerships and the achievement of Value for Money. In the Croatian Public-Private Partnership regulatory framework, harmonized with the European Union regulatory, specific guidelines or other legal documents taking into concern the economics of Public Private Partnership do not exist. Furthermore, empirical researches on Public-Private Partnership projects in the cities of Varaždin and Koprivnica have shown that a complete lack of project validation is present. That makes the achievement of Value for Money and a greater efficiency of the public administration in public service delivery in Croatia questionable. The urgent adoption of further regulations in the Croatian legislative, in order to ensure the achievement of Value for Money, is recommended.

The HM 'Treasure's Island': A Theoretical Analysis of Central Government Accounting Standards in UK

Since the nineties, UK has been progressively adopting a Governmental accounting reform purporting to interpret and mimic accounting standards and practices from the private sector. Since 2009, the UK set of accounting standards applicable to the whole of central government entities is based upon the international accounting standards (IFRS) initially designed for commercial enterprises, the latter standards having extensively inspired the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). This article summarizes the main pattern of this English accounting reform and analyses some theoretical and practical concerns raised by its application of a fair value accounting model to the public administration. Among others, these concerns are illustrated by the case of public private partnerships (PPP, PFI) that have been held off balance sheet (eluding then accounting and budgetary controls) notwithstanding their material impact on English public deficit and debt. The paper drives then relevant considerations and implications for representation and control of public deficit and debt in UK and in general.

Coercive Policy Diffusion in a Developing Country: The Case of Public-Private Partnerships in Sri Lanka

Over the last two decades, public-private partnership policy has been adopted in developing countries to a lesser degree than in industrialised countries. This paper argues that this policy has been diffused to developing countries like Sri Lanka with coercion from international aid-granting organisations through conditionalities attached to financial assistance. It details the country-specific challenges faced by Sri Lanka in responding to conditionalities as it has sought to implement this policy. Drawing on policy diffusion theory the paper develops a framework to be used in analysing the issues under investigation.

Impact of PPPs to broadband diffusion in Europe

PurposeBroadband access plays a major role for economic growth and for social and cultural development of urban and rural areas. A provision of broadband infrastructure and services in these areas is not attractive for private investments because of a low or even negative expected rate on return. The purpose of this paper is to identify different modes of public private partnership (PPP) funding and organizational models of collaborations among public and private partners to establish broadband infrastructures. Decision makers get insights about innovative financial and structural models to bring broadband into rural areas.Design/methodology/approachOrganizational and financial structures of PPP projects will be analyzed by six PPP case studies from the broadband sector in Sweden, Great Britain, and France. This research adopts a data triangulation approach.FindingsA comparative case study analysis about “broadband‐PPPs” from different countries depicts that the organizational and financial funding models differ from project to project. PPPs represent a good alternative to build a broadband infrastructure through mutual collaboration between public and private partners. The examined case studies verify that a PPP is an appropriate instrument to implement broadband infrastructures, especially in case of market failure.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is mainly based on case studies. Thus, the significance of the derived results is limited.Practical implicationsCompanies in the sector of telecommunication as well as decision makers learn about different financing models to implement broadband in rural areas and to increase broadband penetration.Originality/valueThis contribution shows that there are relationships among three key factors of PPPs: environmental conditions (risk, social structures, density of population, etc.), organizational model, and funding modes. This knowledge helps researchers and decision makers to measure different scenarios to bring broadband access into rural areas.