Case Of Papilloma Research Articles

Dupilumab-Associated Bilateral Conjunctival Papillomas and Corneal Perforation.

We report a unique case of significant human papillomavirus-associated conjunctival papillomas and severe corneal ulceration leading to corneal perforation in a patient treated with dupilumab for atopic dermatitis. This study is a case report and literature review of severe corneal side effects related to dupilumab. A 27-year-old man with severe atopic dermatitis and no ocular history was administered dupilumab 300 mg via subcutaneous injections every 2 weeks with an excellent response. Following the onset of treatment, the patient developed conjunctivitis, conjunctival papillomas, and dry eyes, which were initially treated with lubricating eye drops. Fourteen months after commencing dupilumab, he had a rapid onset of painful visual loss in the OD accompanied by severe bilateral conjunctival injection and was found to have a central corneal ulcer and diffuse papillomas on the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva. Despite management with intravenous methylprednisolone and topical dexamethasone, the patient's corneal ulcer progressed to a corneal melt, resulting in perforation 2 months after diagnosis, which necessitated a corneal graft. We present the third reported case of dupilumab-associated corneal perforation and the first case to our knowledge of dupilumab-associated conjunctival papillomas. As dupilumab usage increases, awareness of these potential complications among prescribers is essential.

Clinical analysis of resection and dura skull base reconstruction of cranionasal communication tumor in 31 cases

Objective:To explore the methods of resection, dura and skull base repair and reconstruction of cranionasal communication tumor. Methods:Data of 31 patients with cranionasal communication tumor who underwent dura and skull base reconstruction after tumor resection from 2018 to 2022 were collected. Follow-up lasted for 3 to 41 months. Results:A total of 31 patients were enrolled, including 20 males and 11 females. The ages ranged from 19 to 74 years, with a median age of 57 years old. There were 17 benign lesions（one case of hemangioma, one case of Rathke cyst, one case of squamous papilloma, one case of craniopharyngioma, two cases of meningocele, two cases of varus papilloma, two cases of meningioma of grade Ⅰ, three cases of schwannoma, four cases of pituitary tumor） and 14 malignant lesions（one case of osteosarcoma, one case of poorly differentiated carcinoma, two cases of varus papilloma malignancy, two cases of olfactory neuroblastoma, two cases of adenocarcinoma, two cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma, four cases of squamous cell carcinoma） . Sixteen cases underwent nasal endoscopy combined with craniofacial incision and 15 cases underwent nasal endoscopy surgery alone. Complete resection of the mass and dura and skull base reconstruction were performed in all 31 patients, and free graft repair was performed in 8 cases（fascia lata in 5 cases and nasal mucosa in 3 cases）. Twenty-three cases were repaired with pedicled flaps（septal mucosal flap alone in 11 cases, septal mucosal flap combined with free graft in 6 cases, and cap aponeurosis combined with free graft in 6 cases）. Eight out of 31 patients underwent skull base bone repair. Postoperative cerebral hemorrhage occurred in 1 case, cerebrospinal fluid leakage in 1 case, intracranial infection in 2 cases. All patients were successfully treated without severe sequelae. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage and intracranial infection occurred in one patient after radiotherapy, who recovered after conservative treatment. All 17 patients with benign lesions survived. Thirteen out of 14 patients with malignant lesions received radiotherapy after surgery, nine survived without recurrence, five cases recurred, of which 2 survived with tumor, one underwent reoperation and 2 died. Conclusion:Cranionasal communication tumors are high-risk diseases of anterior and middle skull base, and various surgical repair methods could be selected after complete resection of the tumor. Successful reconstruction and multidisciplinary cooperation are crucial for treatment outcome.

Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma: A Case Report from Mali

Inverted papilloma (IP) or also called Schneiderian Papilloma is an unusual and rare type of nasal tumor. Generally benign, but can have osteolytic powers and the possibility of transformation into malignancy during its evolution. Several hypotheses emerge in the literature, however the most frequent remains viral origin with the involvement of human papillomavirus (HPV). This is a case of bilateral inverted papilloma in a 60-year-old male patient at the Reference Health Center of the VI commune of the Bamako-Mali district. The symptoms appeared about 14 months ago, marked by a bilateral anterior rhinorrhea, of gradual appearance, associated with nasal obstruction, epistaxis, headaches and anosmia. Thus the diagnosis was made using physical examination and additional examinations such as the scanner of the facial massif, the anatomopathological examination of the operating room, and the test of the human papillomavirus, which turned out to be positive for HPV16 and HPV18. The management consisted of endonasal surgery, with the complete macroscopic removal of the mass and an average meatotomy accompanied by two years of follow-up after the surgical procedure. Since the PI is an aggressive tumor, its management must require long-term surveillance due to the possibility of recidivism and malignant degeneration finally to act early for these eventualities.

Recurrent conjunctival papilloma: Case report

Papilloma is a histopathological term describing specific morphology of tumors. Conjunctival papilloma is a benign growth that arises from the stratified squamous epithelium of the conjunctiva. Two cases of recurrent conjunctival papilloma who were operated and adjunctive therapy given are presented here. Both the cases had history of recurrence of conjunctival papilloma following excision. The extent of papilloma was different in both the cases. One case has minimal symptoms and lesion the inferior quadrant while the other was symptomatic in form of diminution of vision, watering, forgien body sensation, photophobia and blepharospasm with alesion extending 270 degrees of limbal area and covering whole of the cornea. The management was same in both the cases : excisional biopsy in both the eyes under local anaesthesia, intraoperative crotherapy and use of mitomycin C and post operative use of chloramphenicol and mitomycin c eye drops. Various treatment modalities have been described for management of conjunctival papilloma. These comprise conservative management, topical use of interferon alpha 2b, excisional biopsy and use of adjunctive treatment such as carbon dioxide laser, cryoablation and application of mitomycin C to prevent recurrence. This patient was managed with excisional biopsy along with adjunctive treatment in form of cryoablation and mitomycin c application to prevent recurrence.

Sinonasal (Schneiderian) Tumors in the Temporal Bone: Case Series and Systematic Review.

Neoplasms derived from the sinonasal epithelium are a rare finding in the temporal bone, and their origins are controversial. To review the characteristics of sinonasal epithelial (previously known as Schneiderian) tumors occurring in the temporal bone. This was a 2-center case series and systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Web of Science through May 2021. Patients with clinicopathologic evidence of temporal bone involvement by neoplasms of sinonasal epithelial origin were selected, with or without a history of prior primary sinonasal epithelial tumors. Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic data were extracted. The systematic review included 56 studies and our 8 unpublished cases, totaling 76 cases of papillomas or squamous cell carcinomas in the temporal bone. Of these, 51% occurred secondary to sinonasal tumors, and 49% occurred primarily. Secondary tumors were usually metachronous (77%), with a median delay of 1 year from sinonasal-to-temporal bone tumor diagnosis. Most cases were unilateral (90%); bilateral temporal bone involvement occurred only as secondary ("trilateral") tumors. Unilateral secondary tumors had ipsilateral (81%) or bilateral (19%) sinonasal counterparts. Secondary tumors were more likely to be malignant (OR, 6.7, P < .001). The review was based on case reports and small case series, which are subject to reporting bias. The observed tumor patterns support the hypothesis that the Eustachian tube facilitates the spread of sinonasal epithelium-derived neoplasms from the sinonasal cavity to the temporal bone. Transtubal spread of sinonasal epithelium-derived neoplasms should be considered among the rare causes of middle ear masses.

Oncocytic Sinonasal Papilloma A Rare Case Report

Oncocytic sinonasal papilloma, also known as oncocytoma or oncocytic Schneiderian papilloma is a rare benign tumor that typically arises from the Schneiderian epithelium lining the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. There are three types of papillomas, of which oncocytic papillomas are the least common. It constitutes 3–5% of all the papilloma cases. Here we present a rare case report of a patient who was an 85-year-old female presented with shortness of breath and a slight obstruction in the nasal cavity, which she felt on the right side. She was examined clinically as sinonasal mass. A CT scan was performed, and surgical excision was suggested. After surgical removal tissue was sent for histopathological evaluation and a diagnosis of oncocytic papilloma was made.

Primary subglottic inverted papilloma: An exceptional localization.

Inverted papillomas are predominantly seen in the sinonasal region. Extra-sinonasal lesions are considered to be heterotopic. We present a case of primary laryngeal inverted papilloma with an unusual subglottic localization. An 84-year-old female patient presented with dyspnea on exertion. In the endoscopic examination, a subglottic vegetative lesion was observed. Radiological examination revealed a well-circumscribed, solid mass involving the anterior commissure and extending to the subglottic region. Total excision of the mass was performed with the CO2 laser surgery. Histopathologic examination revealed endophytic growth of round-oval nests of transitional hyperplastic epithelium. The patient was diagnosed with primary laryngeal inverted papilloma. Primary laryngeal inverted papillomas are extremely rare. This is the fifth case and the only the second with a subglottic localization. Due to its rarity, it is difficult to predict the underlying cause and clinical course. However, cases with an atypical localization must be followed up like those in the sinonasal region.

S2719 An Unusual Case of Squamous Papilloma Masquerading as Esophageal Malignancy

S2719 An Unusual Case of Squamous Papilloma Masquerading as Esophageal Malignancy

Posterior Fossa Tumors: Special Issue

This edition of APN is entirely dedicated to posterior fossa tumors. Very common in the daily routine of pediatric neurosurgeons, these tumors remain one of the most challenging pathologies we must face. The importance and complexity of the anatomical structures of the posterior fossa, associated with the enormous histological variety of neoplastic lesions in this region, make its therapeutic approach difficult and even more challenging. The degree of surgical resection plays a determining role in the prognosis and cure possibilities for the children with posterior fossa tumors; on the other hand, gross total resection is related to the much feared cerebellar mutism syndrome, related to serious cognitive and behavioral sequelae. Every pediatric neurosurgeon's nightmare, this subject deserves special attention in our edition. Ballestero and Juca review the literature, discuss the concepts of mutism, predisposing factors, pathophysiology, and available treatments.&#x0D; However, mutism prevention after surgical resection is essential. In addition to excellent mastery of microneurosurgery techniques and in-depth anatomical knowledge of the structures of the posterior fossa, pediatric neurosurgeons must use all the most advanced technologies to protect their patients and obtain the best results. Therefore, Kodangeski and Pinheiro discuss the use of electrophysiological monitoring during resection surgeries for posterior fossa tumors. Ahmed also emphasizes the importance of neuronavigation in these surgeries, as a significant tool to reduce morbidity and mortality.&#x0D; Around 70 to 90% of posterior fossa tumors present with hydrocephalus. The treatment of hydrocephalus before, during or after tumor resection is a very controversial subject, with different approaches among groups. Mandic retrospectively applies the success scores of endoscopic third ventriculocysternostomy in a group of patients with posterior fossa tumors and analyzes its efficiency.&#x0D; Costa pays special attention to posterior fossa ependymomas. Despite the explosion of genomic and epigenomic knowledge of these tumors in recent decades, surgery still plays an essential role in their treatment because the main objective as gross total resection represents a great technical challenge for the neurosurgeon.&#x0D; Besides to medulloblastomas, astrocytoma and ependymomas, more rarely other histological types can involve the posterior fossa and should be considered as differential diagnosis of these lesions. Therefore, Lopez presents clinical cases of choroid plexus papilloma and Rabelo Rodrigues reviews the cases of hemangioblastomas found in the literature.&#x0D; Even though posterior fossa tumors are predominant in children of preschool and school age, Dassi presents a series of cases in patients under two years of age, highlighting the histological characteristics and treatment strategies in this age group.&#x0D; The final result of this edition is a set of articles that highlight the complexity of posterior fossa tumors and the challenges of their treatment. Although these are the most common intracranial tumors in childhood and are part of the routine of every pediatric neurosurgery service, the war against those tumors has not been definitively won. We still lack greater understanding, and the exchange of experiences is increasingly necessary. We hope these articles can help all readers in their daily battles.&#x0D; Our special thanks to all the authors who worked on this edition and to the editorial staff who, with all their dedication, made it possible.&#x0D; Have an excellent read!

Key Genes and Endoscopic Radical Surgery in Primary Middle Ear Oncocytic Papillomas.

Papillomas originating from the Schneiderian epithelium within the middle ear are extremely rare and may be associated with a high rate of recurrence and malignant transformation. Oncocytic papillomas represent the rarest pathological subtype of such tumors. The current investigation aimed to determine whether there exists a distinct mechanism underlying the incidence of oncocytic papillomas arising primarily within the middle ear, and to explore potential treatment strategies to ensure complete removal and prevent recurrence. Search of the English literature for cases of middle ear papilloma and RNA sequencing analysis of three samples from one new case presenting at the Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University (Shanghai, China), with recurrent middle ear oncocytic papilloma, along with two normal mucosal samples. Academic, tertiary referral hospital. The patient underwent open mastoidectomy and endoscopic tympanoplasty twice in 6 years. Histopathology confirmed oncocytic papilloma in middle ear. The patient has been free of the disease at 18 months of follow-up without radiation, whereas the RNA-seq analysis of the samples in endoscopic operations remained nonmalignant. Only four cases of primary middle ear oncocytic papillomas have been reported. Recurrent masses usually originate from around the eustachian tube, which may explain the pathogenesis of this lesion. RNA-seq analysis was used to identify 1,317 (UP, 239; DOWN, 1078) differentially expressed genes between papillomas and normal mucosa. The involvement of some hub proteins (e.g., FN1, CXCL8, L10, JUN, and FOS) in the pathogenesis of primary middle ear papillomas was found to align with the observed clinical features. The middle ear oncocytic papillomas were extremely rare and remained incompletely understood. The findings of this first RNA-seq analysis of this rare tumor may serve to enhance comprehension of and aid in the management of middle ear papillomas.

Rare Case of Hemorrhagic Atypical Choroid Plexus Papilloma of Fourth Ventricle in Adult: A Diagnostic Dilemma

Choroid plexus papillomas are highly vascular tumors, and such tumors causing subarachnoid hemorrhage have been reported in literature. Similarly, few articles have reported atypical fourth ventricular choroid plexus tumors in adults. However, such an atypical tumor presenting with grossly hemorrhagic transformation without any acute symptoms could not be found in the literature.

Endoscopic Excision of Third Ventricle Choroid Plexus Papilloma

Abstract Introduction Choroid plexus papilloma is a rare intraventricular tumor in children. Its management poses a challenge. Here we describe such a case of third ventricular choroid plexus papilloma and its endoscopic excision through a single burr hole. Case Description A 1-year-old child presented with headache, vomiting, and a large head with sunset sign and tense fontanel. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging brain plain and contrast revealed dilated ventricles with a frondlike mass in the third ventricle with intense contrast enhancement, suggestive of choroid plexus papilloma of the third ventricle. The lesion was excised completely using an endoscope placed through a single burr hole at the right Kocher's point. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. The child was relieved of his symptoms. CT scan revealed complete removal of the lesion. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of choroid plexus papilloma. Results and Conclusion We document our surgical experience and present an edited video of the surgery. The key steps and nuances are described in the audio timeline. The authors acknowledge the feasibility of performing this complex surgery via a minimally invasive method, which has not been accepted routinely for this pathology.

A Case of Inverted Papilloma in the False Vocal Fold Coexisting With Fungiform Papillomas of the True Vocal Fold

Inverted papilloma is a pathologic subtype of papilloma that mainly occurs in the sinonasal tract. Laryngeal inverted papilloma is extremely rare, and only a few cases have been reported so far. A 78-year-old male visited our clinic complaining of voice change that lasted five months. The rigid laryngoscopy showed multiple exophytic papillomatous masses in both vocal folds, and the left false vocal fold showed slight protruding appearance without a definite mass shadow. We performed laryngeal microsurgery with CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; laser. While the masses in both true vocal folds were pathologically diagnosed as fungiform papillomas, the left false vocal fold was diagnosed as an inverted type. We report this very rare and unique case of laryngeal papilloma with a relevant literature review.

Human papillomavirus expression in relation to biological behavior, Ki-67 proliferative marker, and P53 prognostic marker in Schneiderian papilloma.

Various malignant and benign tumors can arise in the sinonasal cavity, including inverted papilloma (IP), a benign neoplasm with unique clinical characteristics. However, the mechanisms involved in the recurrence, occurrence, and malignant transformation of IP remain debatable. This study aimed to investigate the impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections on IP by comparing the number of infections in cases with epithelial tissue dysplasia and explore the predictive role of proliferative and prognostic markers in dysplasia. Tissue blocks from 35 cases of sinonasal papilloma, collected between 2015 and 2021 from the laboratory archives of the Medical City of Ghazi Al-Hererri Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, were immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to detect Ki-67 and p53. A quantitative immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to analyze the results. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect HPV genotypes 16/18 and 6/11 in the tissues. There was an insignificant increase in Ki-67 and p53 expression in inverted papillomas with dysplasia. HPV11 was the most prevalent genotype in 34.3% of the patients, followed by HPV16 and HPV18 in 31.4% of the patients for each virus. The least common virus detected was human papillomavirus 6 (8.6%), which did not show any significant association with the degree of dysplasia. Viral detection proliferation and apoptosis had no impact on tumor dysplasia amongst all the patients, showing no relationship with the evaluated cases.

Clinicopathologic Features of Noninvasive Inverted Urothelial Papillary Tumor.

Clinicopathologic features and recurrence rates of inverted noninvasive urothelial papillary tumors have been poorly characterized to date with few larger studies evaluating long-term outcomes. The spectrum of histomorphology, clinical features, and prognosis of inverted lesions of the urinary bladder are retrospectively reviewed. Archived paraffin-embedded urothelial tumor samples from patients diagnosed with inverted urothelial papillary lesions between January 2005 and June 2020 were collated. A matched control population of patients with exophytic papillary lesions of the urothelium diagnosed during the same time period was randomly selected. The conventional clinicopathologic features of inverted urothelial papillary tumor were evaluated retrospectively and patient demographics, tumor characteristics, recurrence, and survival information were recorded. Lower recurrence rates were observed for inverted papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (IPUNLMP) relative to papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential and for low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma with an inverted growth pattern (LG-PUCI) relative to low-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas. No recurrence was found among the inverted urothelial papilloma cases. The 2- and 5-year disease-free survival rates were 100.0% and 85.2% for IPUNLMP patients; 94.4% and 80.4% for papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential; 89.5% and 82.0% for LG-PUCI; 73.7% and 54.6% for low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma; 40.0% and 20.0% for high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma with an inverted growth pattern patients and 26.7% and 26.7% for high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma. Multivariate Cox regression analysis of IPUNLMP and LG-PUCI/high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma with an inverted growth pattern indicated that tumor number (hazard ratio=4.356; 95% CI: 1.145-16.570; P =0.031) was a powerful prognostic factor for disease-free survival. Noninvasive, papillary urothelial lesions of the bladder tend to have lower recurrence and a better outcome if an inverted growth pattern is shown.

Inverted Papilloma in a 61-year-old Man: A Case Report

Introduction: Inverted papilloma is a benign epithelial tumor of cavum nasi and paranasal sinuses that originates on the mucosal surface of the sinonasal tract. The etiology of this tumor remains unknown although chronic sinusitis, allergy, and viral infections are suspected. Although it is a benign tumor, it has a tendency toward malignancy. We aim to present the report as a case of sinonasal inverted papilloma with clinical manifestations, and radiological and histopathological features in a 61-year-old male patient. Case Presentation: A 61-year-old man presented to the Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT), Bali Royal Hospital on 17 January 2023 with left nasal obstruction 5 years ago, and getting worse over 3 months. Due to the obstruction, he felt his sense of smell diminished. He also often sneezed had headaches and felt his left nose was bigger than his right. On examination, a grey-white mass with an irregular, slippery surface, and soft consistency were found. The mass did not bleed easily, was not painful when touched, and filled almost the entire cavum nasi sinistra. CT scan revealed rhinosinusitis of maxillary dextra et sinistra, ethmoidal dextra et sinistra, and frontalis sinistra with polyp shape and concha nasi sinistra protruding posteriorly. Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) and extirpation under general anesthesia (GA) were planned. An excisional biopsy was sent for histopathological examination. Based on clinicohistopathologic, it suggests of final diagnosis of inverted papilloma. Conclusion: Due to the signs and symptoms of inverted papilloma are not specific, a CT scan and biopsy are needed to confirm the diagnosis. To reduce the recurrence of these tumors, complete tumor removal with an endoscopic approach is recommended. Long-term follow-up is also necessary to prevent the recurrence

Malignant transformation of a solitary tracheal papilloma in the absence of human papillomavirus infection in a patient with 48, XYYY syndrome: case report

The diagnosis and management of tracheobronchial papilloma is challenging due to its rarity, and non-specific presenting symptoms. Small percentage undergoes malignant transformation. Herein, we report an unusual case of tracheal papilloma initially misdiagnosed as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 36-year-old male with triple Y syndrome. It was successfully treated with local debridement and brachytherapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of brachytherapy for such a condition.

Exophytic Papilloma

Schneiderian papillomas are papillomas arising in the sinonasal tract, which is lined with Schneiderian epithelium, ectodermally derived respiratory mucosa [1,2]. This distinctive epithelium can give rise to three histologically unique types of papillomas: exophytic (fungiform, septal, and squamous), inverted (inverting), and oncocytic (cylindrical cell and columnar) papillomas. Exophytic papillomas almost exclusively arise from the nasal septum with rare cases arising from the vestibule or middle turbinate. In this paper a case of Exophytic papilloma in 52 year old male is presented.

CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF BENIGN ORAL CAVITY LESIONS

Background:Oral lesions can closely resemble one another and hence it is important for the clinicians to be able to recognize the various conditions and if possible obtain a biopsy for a confirmatory pathological diagnosis. Aim:To study the type of common benign lesions of the oral mucosa and to evaluate the concordance of clinical and histopathological diagnosis. Materials And Methods:A retrospective study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in South Bangalore during the period of two years from June 2016 to May 2018. The study included 50 cases of benign lesions of the oral cavity. The following parameters were analyzed age and sex distribution of the lesion, site of the lesion, clinical presentation and histopathological diagnosis. Data collected were analyzed. Results:Among the 50 cases, the age ranged from 6 to 70 years with a mean of 30.3 years. Most of the patients were females (68%) in their 3rd decade. The sites of involvement of various lesions were labial mucosa with lower lip more commoner than upper lip, followed by tongue, buccal mucosa and maxillary alveolus. The various clinical diagnosis of the lesions were mucus retention cyst, papilloma and pyogenic granuloma. Excision biopsy of these lesions confirmed most cases of mucus retention cyst, pyogenic granuloma and few cases of papilloma on histopathological examination. Rest of the cases were extravastion cyst, fibromyxoma, actinomycosis, lobular capillary hemangioma, hamartoma, angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophils and keratosis without atypia. Conclusion:Benign lesions of the oral cavity mimic each other. Histopathological typing of the lesions is mandatory to rule out malignancy and for a definitive and a confirmatory diagnosis.

Urothelial Papilloma of Urethra: Mimickers

Urethral neoplasms are relatively rare, considering the diversity of pathological diseases in the urethral region. From the perspective of a urologist or a pathologist, benign urethral lesions may mimic cancer. However, due to the rarity of urethral neoplasms, it can be challenging to finalise the definitive diagnosis. We presented the case of a 53-year-old gentleman, a chronic smoker with a history of painless haematuria for three weeks associated with incomplete voiding and urinary frequency. Cystoscopy revealed fluffy, polypoid tissues over the prostatic urethra. Clinically, urothelial carcinoma cannot be excluded. Interestingly, the histopathological assessment revealed a case of urothelial papilloma. An illustration of the diagnostic approach based on solitary polypoid lesions and papillary neoplasms from the urethra was elaborated. The salient features of each disease spectrum were also highlighted. A pathological approach in conjunction with clinical and radiological findings may help correctly recognise urethral pathology.