Cases Of Multiple Personality Disorder Research Articles

Раздвоение личности с позиций психологии и лингвистики

The article analyzes cases of multiple personality disorder (dissociative identity disorder) and their reflection in fiction. The purpose of the article is to classify various situations and identify the causes and prerequisites for this phenomenon. The process of splitting consciousness is accompanied by certain changes in the individual’s speech. This concerns the choice of words and grammatical forms (especially forms of the person’s category). The collected material (texts of novellas, short stories, poems, and screenplays) gives grounds for some conclusions. The main prerequisites for dissociative identity disorder are the versatility of the personality, the ability to look at it “from the inside” and “from the outside,” as well as the individual’s tendency to constantly evaluate his thoughts and actions. Past violence, severe stress, internal discomfort, etc. can act as a cause (“triggering mechanism”) of the phenomenon under study. The author shows cases of endoscopic and exoscopic disintegration of identity using literary facts. In the latter case, there is a connection with the Freudian concept of the “Ideal I”, which includes an observer. The topic of doubles, which is immensely popular in art, and the relationship between the author of a literary work and his pseudonym are also touched upon.

Murakami Haruki and the cultural materialism of multiple personality disorder

The execution of serial murderer Miyazaki Tsutomu in 2008 ended the local media obsession with Japan's most famous case of multiple personality disorder, but the riddle remains why fictional representations of MPD are so common in Japan, as well as the United States. Reviving the late Raymond Williams’ concept of ‘structure of feeling’ to explore MPD/DID's suggestive relationship with late-model capitalism, this essay analyzes the dissociative motifs in Murakami Haruki's The wind-up bird chronicle (Nejimaki-dori kuronikuru, 1992–1995) as emblematic of everyday life in contemporary Japan.

T reg Cells in Cancer: A Case of Multiple Personality Disorder

Foxp3(+) RORγt-expressing T cells expand in colorectal cancer and contribute to pathogenesis in a mouse model of polyposis.

Book Review: Dissociative Disorders: The Bifurcation of the Self: The History and Theory of Dissociation and its Disorders

Dissociative Disorders The Bifurcation of the Self: The History and Theory of Dissociation and Its Disorders Robert W Richer. New York (NY): Springer; 2006. 324 p. US$69.95. Reviewer rating: Good Robert W Rieber is a professor of psychology at Fordham University with interests in the history of psychology and psycholinguistics. In this book, he has 3 main objectives. The first is to establish a history and theoretical structure for dissociative disorders, the second is to demolish belief in the case of the famous multiple personality Sybil, and the last is to outline 14 additional seminal cases and their relation to dissociation. Rieber provides a competent introduction, giving an account of the earlier hypnotists, from Mesmer to Janet, and a discussion of their theoretical and philosophical significance. Much of this has been told before, but the sample of information varies somewhat from other texts and remains interesting. Whether it provides a solid foundation for dissociative disorders is questionable. The second part of his book makes it difficult to believe in dissociative disorders at all. It consists of a devastating expose of Sybil, the famous alleged case of multiple personality disorder (MPD) who became the subject of a book and film (and now currently another film). Rieber's aim was, in fact, accomplished in November 1993 by Herbert Spiegel, who told the CBC's Fifth Estate that he had seen the original patient Sybil and concluded that she did not have more than one personality. She was referred to Spiegel by Dr Cornelia Wilbur, the original proponent of Sybil as a case of multiple personality, and she went to see Spiegel for additional hypnotic sessions while Wilbur was away. In the course of these sessions, Sybil asked Spiegel if he wanted her to the personalities she was talking about. Spiegel asked her why she said that and Sybil explained that at different phases of discussion, Wilbur wanted her to express herself as different individuals. Spiegel reassured her that this was unnecessary, and she did not bother with it until she returned to Wilbur. The various personalities only appeared after Wilbur began to use hypnosis, and the book itself clearly establishes the overt iatrogenic etiology of Sybil's multiple personalities. Spiegel told Flora Schreiber, the journalist who wrote up the case from Wilbur's records, that he did not think it was a case of MPD. She said that the book would not sell well unless it was presented as such. Spiegel said that both women were very angry when he did not wish to be associated with a book written in that way. Rieber was friendly with Schreiber, who gave him several tapes made by her and Wilbur, as well as by Sybil and Wilbur. Three of these recordings provide a rather choppy and incomplete appendix to the book, essentially because of transcription difficulties with old tapes. However, buried in them is a statement, apparently made by Wilbur, that the alter personalities only emerged after she started to give Pentothal to the patient. …

The Case of Sybil in the Teaching of Psychology

What do psychology professors today typically tell their students about the case of Sybil (F R. Schreiber, 1973}—once considered the classic case of multiple personality disorder (MPD), until gradually revealed to be afraud by new evidence (R. W Rieber, 1998)? A 14-item survey was completed by a national sample of 125 college psychology teachers. It was found that a sizable minority of teachers discussMPD (35%) or Sybil (23%) in their classes, 40% continue to regard Sybil as a classic case of MPD, and83% report being only slightly or not at allfamiliar with new revelations about the Sybil case. Psychology teachers are offered 5 guidelines for accurately teaching about Sybil today.

Abstracts & Reviews : A Case of Multiple Personality Disorder by Jun-Suk Lee & Jung-Hyun Nam, Mental Health Research, 1995,14, 163-171 [Korean

Abstracts & Reviews : A Case of Multiple Personality Disorder by Jun-Suk Lee & Jung-Hyun Nam, Mental Health Research, 1995,14, 163-171 [Korean

Marie: A single case study of multiple personality

There is reason to believe that multiple personality disorder (MPD) is as frequent in Europe as it is in North America and that the core symptoms are the same. Dissociation is a defence mobilized against the pain and helplessness caused by traumatic experiences. Trauma experienced by dissociative disorder patients is more severe and has started at earlier ages than among patients with other psychiatric disorders. Dissociative symptoms are often covert and have to be inquired for in a systematic fashion; otherwise they may go undetected. Several instruments have been developed to help clinicians diagnose dissociative disorders. The most widely spread ones are the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D). This article describes a case of multiple personality disorder. The patient had multiple sclerosis and a multitude of symptoms of somatization, posttraumatic stress, and dissociation. She was treated with hypnosis and ego-state...

The dissociative character: a reconsideration of "multiple personality".

The author has interviewed and reviewed the cases of over 100 patients with a suspected diagnosis of multiple personality disorder (MPD). He finds it clinically useful to think of a continuum of character pathology in which dissociative and defensive altered states predominate. At one end of this continuum is MPD, which he considers a lower-level dissociative character. He redefines dissociation as a defensive altered state, due to autohypnosis, which augments repression or splitting. Depending on the degree of integration of the ego, it may result in a broad range of disturbances of alertness, awareness, memory, and identity. Four vignettes are presented which illustrate a transient hypnoid state, "characterological" dissociation in an upper-level dissociative character, and two cases of MPD, including one emerging in analysis.

Confirmation of childhood abuse in child and adolescent cases of multiple personality disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified.

The diagnostic validity of multiple personality disorder (MPD) and its association to trauma have been questioned because corroboration of child abuse in studies of patients with MPD is scant. The purpose of this study was to determine on a retrospective basis whether external corroboration of child abuse could be found in a group of patients with MPD and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified. A group of child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients and outpatients was chosen because of the extensive number of collateral records collected on them in a tertiary care setting. This group was also chosen because of the intense interest paid by child protective services and courts to child abuse during the past 15 years. This retrospective chart review confirmed child abuse in eight of nine patients with MPD and in all 12 cases of dissociative disorder not otherwise specified. This study provides further evidence of the association of severe dissociative disorders with trauma, particularly child abuse. Future studies should be prospective and blinded to avoid the possibility of investigator bias, and should include a control group for comparison of base rate of child abuse.

Treatment of multiple personality disorder: a survey of current practices

Reported cases of multiple personality disorder have increased dramatically in the last decade. Few data are available on the treatment of multiple personality disorder. Current recommendations are based on the experience of individual clinicians rather than on systematic research. A questionnaire study of 305 clinicians representing a spectrum of mental health professionals was conducted to survey the types and relative efficacy of treatment modalities currently used with cases of multiple personality disorder. Individual psychotherapy facilitated by hypnosis was uniformly endorsed as the primary treatment by all practitioner groups. The average patient was in twice-weekly psychotherapy facilitated by hypnosis for 3.8 years. Antidepressant and anxiolytic medications were reported to be moderately useful adjunctive treatments. These findings support current impressionistic treatment recommendations for multiple personality disorder regarding the primacy of psychotherapy and the moderate benefits of psychopharmacology with antidepressant and antianxiety agents.

Sociological theory: A case of multiple personality disorder

Theory, as a distinct specialty in sociology, is characterized by multiple, often isolated, and mostly dysfunctional personalities. Most of these personalities appear largely irrelevant to sociologists who do not define themselves as "theorists," and to students required to study them. Much good theory, however, is produced by scholars who do not label themselves as such or affiliate with the theory organs of the discipline (e.g., the ASA Theory Section, the ASA journal, Socio logical Theory, and theory annuals such as Current Perspectives in Social Theory.) The results are that our discipline fails to provide adequate theoretical training for students; cumulative theoretical development is impeded as we constantly reinvent an often four-sided wheel by a multitude of different names; and research is substantially atheoretical (albeit dressed up with the requisite "theoretical discussion"). At least five different personalities coexist, often uncomfortably and usually unprofitably, within the beast called "sociological theory": 1) the Talmudic exegesis of classics by long dead scholars and their minor revisions to fit more contemporary concerns (e.g., what did Marx, Weber, Parsons, etc. "really mean?" or, how can their ideas be stretched to relate to each other or something else?); 2) the paraphrasing ("showing the relevance") of contemporary, mostly European, in evitably pretentious, often incomprehensible and typically "anti-positivistic" metatheories (e.g., Postmodernism, Poststructuralism, Semiotics, Hermeneutics, Discourse and Critical Theory); 3) abstract epistemological and ontological na vel-gazing (e.g., the relationship between agency/micro and structure/macro, theory as discourse, text as reality, all the "how to theorize about" papers); 4) conceptual development and (sometimes) application; and closely related to this, 5) substantive, explanatory theory. I am sufficiently antediluvian to take seriously the word "science" in "social sciences." I accept as a matter of working faith (in practice, if not as a matter of TRUTH) the possibility that we can develop relatively general, abstract ex planations of why and how empirically observed regularities in the social world occur. Moreover, these explanations are amenable to some form of empirical testing, to some manner of deciding that a given set of ideas is more credible

Four Cases of Supposed Multiple Personality Disorder: Evidence of Unjustified Diagnoses

Four cases are presented in which an unjustified diagnosis of multiple personality disorder was made. These cases are used to illustrate the concern that some cases of multiple personality disorder may be the result of misdiagnosis by both patients and clinicians.

Rorschach indicators of Multiple Personality Disorder.

The increase in reported cases of Multiple Personality Disorder underscores a great need to differentiate clearly this from other psychiatric disorders and from simulation of Multiple Personality Disorder. Two sets of Rorschach signs have been advanced as clinical markers by their developers, namely Barach and also Wagner, Allison, and Wagner. As the Wagner signs are prevalent in much of the research on Rorschach responses in Multiple Personality Disorder, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate these signs using Wagner's administration and the resulting Rorschach protocols of 16 Multiple Personality Disorder patients and 16 psychiatric controls. Analysis indicated that this system was deficient in correctly classifying these 32 protocols. A new marker, the Splitting Response, emerged, however, which was more useful. This response, in combination with at least one Dissociative response, produced an accuracy rate of 94%. These new criteria may be useful aids in the detection of Multiple Personality Disorder from Rorschach protocols. Replication is urged.

Introject and identity: structural-interpersonal analysis and psychological assessment of multiple personality disorder.

Revisions of the diagnostic nomenclature have contributed to renewed interest in multiple personality disorder (MPD). Identity and self-organization in MPD are assessed using a sophisticated structural-interpersonal measurement system, Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB). Two important features of the SASB model applied to MPD are the assessments of interpersonal perceptions of childhood initiators of abuse and of the introject or self-organization of host and secondary personalities. SASB findings from a clinical series of six cases of MPD are analyzed to illustrate the use of this assessment technique. Host personalities and abused secondary personalities differed in their identity and self-organization. Host personalities evidenced internalization of abuse dynamics related to self-destructive trends. Secondary personalities, despite having experienced abuse, did not manifest such dynamics. Implications for understanding personality processes in MPD and for further research are discussed.

RORSCHACH INDICATORS OF MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER

The increase in reported cases of Multiple Personality Disorder underscores a great need to differentiate clearly this from other psychiatric disorders and from simulation of Multiple Personality Disorder. Two sets of Rorschach signs have been advanced as clinical markers by their developers, namely, Barach and also Wagner, Allison, and Wagner. As the Wagner signs are prevalent in much of the research on Rorschach responses in Multiple Personality Disorder, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate these signs using Wagner's administration and the resulting Rorschach protocols of 16 Multiple Personality Disorder patients and 16 psychiatric controls. Analysis indicated that this system was deficient in correctly classifying these 32 protocols. A new marker, the Splitting Response, emerged, however, which was more useful. This response, in combination with at least one Dissociative response, produced an accuracy rate of 94%. These new criteria may be useful aids in the detection of Multiple Personality Disorder from Rorschach protocols. Replication is urged.

Abuse Histories in 102 Cases of Multiple Personality Disorder

The authors interviewed 102 individuals with clinical diagnoses of multiple personality disorder at four centres using the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule. The patients reported high rates of childhood trauma: 90.2% had been sexually abused, 82.4% physically abused, and 95.1% subjected to one or both forms of child abuse. Over 50% of subjects reported initial physical and sexual abuse before age five. The average duration of both types of abuse was ten years, and numerous different perpetrators were identified. Subjects were equally likely to be physically abused by their mothers or fathers. Sexual abusers were more often male than female, but a substantial amount of sexual abuse was perpetrated by mothers, female relatives, and other females. Multiple personality disorder appears to be a response to chronic trauma originating during a vulnerable period in childhood.

Child Abuse as an Antecedent of Multiple Personality Disorder

Until recently, few cases of multiple personality disorder were diagnosed in children. Today, the number of cases is increasing at an alarming rate and appears to be most closely associated with repeated sexual and physical abuse. This paper focuses on reports of childhood multiple personality disorder in the literature, the etiology of this disorder, family dynamics, the differences between childhood and adult multiple personality disorder, credibility problems in children, reasons for failure to diagnose multiple personality disorder in children, treatment, and signs and symptoms to look for in the clinical setting.

Structured interview data on 102 cases of multiple personality disorder from four centers

Patients with multiple personality disorder (N = 102) at four different centers were interviewed with the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule. The presenting characteristics of the patients at all four centers were very similar. The clinical profile that emerged included a history of childhood physical and/or sexual abuse in 97 (95.1%) of the cases. The subjects reported an average of 15.2 somatic symptoms, 6.4 Schneiderian symptoms, 10.2 secondary features of the disorder, 5.2 borderline personality disorder criteria, and 5.6 extrasensory experiences; their average score on the Dissociative Experiences Scale was 41.4. The results indicate that multiple personality disorder has a stable, consistent set of features.

Schneiderian symptoms in multiple personality disorder and schizophrenia

We report structured interview data from a series of 102 cases of multiple personality disorder (MPD) diagnosed in four centers. Schneiderian first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia were equally common in all four centers. The average MPD patient had experienced 6.4 Schneiderian symptoms. When these 102 cases are combined with two previously reported series of MPD cases, an average of 4.9 Schneiderian symptoms in 368 cases of MPD is noted. This compares with an average of 1.3 symptoms acknowledged by 1,739 schizophrenics in 10 published series. Schneiderian symptoms are more characteristic of MPD than of schizophrenia.

Suicide and parasuicide in multiple personality disorder.

Multiple personality disorder (MPD) has been diagnosed with increasing frequency in the 1980s: according to one estimate 6,000 cases have now been diagnosed in North America (Coons 1986). The diagnosis of MPD can be difficult because patients usually present in a polysymptomatic fashion, and the specific features of their dissociative disorder may be difficult to elicit (Kluft 1985a, 1987). One of the most common presenting features consists of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Putnam et al. (1986), for instance, noted suicidality as a presenting symptom in nearly 70% of 100 cases of MPD reported to them by 92 clinicians throughout North America. We have collected a series of 236 cases of MPD reported to us by 203 clinicians throughout North America. Our results show that 72% of the patients attempted suicide. The purpose of this report is to compare 48 cases of MPD from this series with no previous suicide attempts to 167 cases that have attempted suicide to determine features that differentiate the patients who attempt suicide from those who do not.