Case Of Adult-onset Still's Disease Research Articles

Occurrence of adult‐onset Still's disease after coronavirus disease 2019 BNT162B2 vaccination in a patient with ulcerative colitis: A case report and review of literature

Key Clinical MessageWe report an extremely rare occurrence of adult‐onset Still's disease (AOSD) in a patient with ulcerative colitis. The possibility of autoinflammatory conditions such as AOSD should be considered when evaluating or treating symptoms suspected as side effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination, regardless of the associated comorbidities.SummaryA woman in her 50s with a history of stable ulcerative colitis (UC) for 20 years, managed using salazosulfapyridine, presented with migratory rashes, spiking fever, edema, and joint pain that started 1 week after receiving the BNT162B2 mRNA vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Laboratory tests revealed extremely high serum ferritin levels. The patient was diagnosed with adult‐onset Still's disease (AOSD) based on the relevant classification criteria after ruling out other diseases. Detection of high levels of interleukin‐18, an inflammatory cytokine related to AOSD, supported the diagnosis. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug monotherapy alone resulted in significant improvements in both the abovementioned symptoms and the elevated inflammatory marker levels. AOSD in a patient with UC is extremely rare. Only one case of AOSD with UC was reported before the coronavirus disease 2019 era. This case indicates that SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination can trigger a hyperinflammatory response, classified as AOSD, in a patient with UC, which is extremely rare.

Comprehensive description of adult-onset Still's disease after COVID-19 vaccination

Cases of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) have been reported after COVID-19 vaccination. Here we provide a comprehensive description and analysis of all cases of AOSD reported in the literature and in pharmacovigilance databases through April 2022. Disproportionality analyses of pharmacovigilance data were performed in order to further explore the association between vaccination and AOSD. We included 159 patients, 144 from the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database and 15 from the literature. Detailed clinical characteristics were described for the cases from the literature and from the French pharmacovigilance database (n = 9). The cases of AOSD after COVID-19 vaccination concerned women in 52.2% of cases. The median age was 43.4 years. More than 80% of AOSD reports occurred during the first three weeks and concerned mostly the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. We identified 14.5% of disease flare with a median time-to-onset of AOSD flare-up significantly shorter than for the new onset form. More than 90% patients received steroids. Although all cases were considered serious and required hospitalization, most cases presented a favorable outcome (67.1%) with a good response to corticosteroid therapy with a mean time to recovery of 7.2 days. Disproportionality analyses suggested that AOSD was associated with COVID-19 vaccines as well as other vaccines. AOSD was nearly five times more frequently reported with COVID-19 vaccines than with all other drugs. Clinicians should be informed about the potential risk of AOSD onset or flare following COVID vaccines and the importance of its early detection to optimize its management.

Adult-Onset Still Disease After ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 Vaccination.

We report a case of adult-onset Still disease (AOSD) after ChadOx1 nCOV-19/AZD1222 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine (AstraZeneca).A 51-year-old female received her first AZD1222 vaccine in spring of 2021.

Adult-onset Still's disease after mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.

Adult-onset Still's disease after mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.

Fever of unknown origin and hyperferritinemia: A case of adult-onset Still disease

Fever of unknown origin and hyperferritinemia: A case of adult-onset Still disease

Still ou Pseudo-Still : difficultés et pièges du diagnostic de maladie de Still de l’adulte

Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic auto-inflammatory disorder whose diagnosis is difficult. In typical cases of AOSD, four cardinal signs are associated in a patient in a patient older then sixteen: high (39–40°C) hectic fever, skin rash occurring during peaks of temperature, arthralgia or arhtitis, hyperleukocytosis≥10,000cells/mm3 with neutrophils≥80%. A lot of other of symptoms can be associated to these signs. However, no clinical or biological manifestation is specific of the disease. Before finally diagnosing AOSD, it is thus essential to first rule out neoplastic, infectious or inflammatory conditions that can mimic the disease. Classification criteria can help the clinician to raise the diagnosis. However, AOSD is a heterogeneous disease, and atypical forms are not rare. The disease can be life threatening, because of the predominant involvement of one organ or of systemic complications with multiple organ failure from the outset, while the diagnosis isn’t clearly confirmed. The articular signs may often fall by the wayside because of the gravity of the complications of such clinical forms, which can contribute to misdirect the clinicians who are not familiar with AOSD. The objective of this article is to remind briefly the manifestations of the typical clinical forms of the disease, but also to alert the rheumatologist to atypical and misleading situations that should evoke the diagnosis of AOSD. In this complex diagnostic approach, it is advised to contact one of the reference centers for auto-inflammatory disorders.

Adult onset Still's disease-The evidence that anti-interleukin-1 treatment is effective and well-tolerated (a comprehensive literature review).

The literature contains many reports of the use of commercially available anti-IL-1 agents (anakinra/Kineret®, canakinumab/Ilaris®, or rilonacept/Arcalyst®) in treatment-resistant adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD). These have been widely summarized in many review articles, but a full account of all reports with each of the agents used is not available. This literature review includes all reports of treatment outcomes in patients treated for AOSD with any commercially available anti-IL-1 agent (excluding cases of unconfirmed or atypical AOSD or treatments only for rare AOSD complications). The summary makes use of tabular formats, to identify the available reports and to provide data for compiling and comparison to classical therapies. For each anti-IL-1 agent used, a table shows the frequency of remission during treatment and the frequency of stopping or reducing steroid use, which were reported in almost all articles. A brief textual summary is used to describe other relevant but less often described efficacy aspects and any safety information. The compiled data show that treatment with all anti-IL-1 agents is effective in AOSD, indicating that IL-1 has a central role in the pathogenesis of AOSD. Rates of full or partial remission with each agent were similar to each other (91-100%) and superior to the outcomes published for classical therapies. Primary treatment failures were rare, but efficacy was lost over time in some cases. Of note, the newer anti-IL-1 agents with longer half-lives may show prolonged efficacy. An articular involvement seems to be less responsive than systemic features of disease. However, long-term follow-up shows that efficacy may persist for many years. There is substantial evidence that anti-IL-1 agents have a strong steroid-sparing effect and considerable evidence that the use of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs can also be reduced or stopped. Thus, the use of anti-IL-1 agents may reduce the side-effects of co-treatment. The high response rate to anti-IL-1 agents, especially in refractory AOSD cases, suggests that their appropriate use in a timely manner can slow disease progression and reduce treatment side-effects.

Adult-onset Still's disease with atypical cutaneous manifestations

The diagnosis of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) can be very difficult. There are no specific tests available, and diagnosis is usually based on a symptom complex and the well-described typical evanescent rash seen in the majority of patients. However, in recent years, other atypical cutaneous manifestations of AOSD have been reported. These atypical skin eruptions often present in addition to the typical evanescent rash but may also be the only skin manifestation, resulting in delayed diagnosis because of under-recognition.In this study, we present 3 new cases of AOSD with atypical cutaneous manifestations diagnosed during a 30-year period in our department and review 78 additional cases previously reported (PubMed 1990–2016). These 81 patients form the basis of the present analysis.The overall prevalence of atypical cutaneous manifestations in our AOSD population was 14%. These manifestations may appear at any time over the course of the disease, and usually occur in patients who have persistent and severe disease, with a considerable frequency of clinical complications (23%), including serositis, myopericarditis, lung involvement, abdominal pain, neurologic involvement, and reactive hemophagocytic syndrome.The most representative and frequent lesion among the nonclassical skin rashes is the development of persistent pruritic papules and/or plaques. Interestingly, these lesions show a distinctive histological pattern. Other, less frequently observed lesions include urticaria and urticaria-like eruptions, generalized or widespread non-pruritic persistent erythema, vesiculopustular eruptions, a widespread peau d’orange appearance of the skin, and edema of the eyelids mimicking dermatomyositis without any accompanying skin lesion.The great majority of these patients required medium or high doses of glucocorticoids (including intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy in some cases) and, in nearly 40%, a more potent or maintenance immunotherapy with immunosuppressant drugs and/or biologic agents (mainly anakinra or tocilizumab) to control or manage symptoms because of a polycyclic or chronic course. The development of atypical cutaneous manifestations seems to be associated with a potentially worse prognosis, with a mortality rate reaching 8% primarily because of infectious complications related to immunosuppressive therapy.In conclusion, the appearance of atypical cutaneous manifestations is not uncommon in AOSD. Recognition of this clinical variant is crucial for the early diagnosis of AOSD, as it might imply persistent disease activity and the need for more aggressive treatment.

Clinical characteristics and follow-up analysis of adult-onset Still's disease complicated by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

We evaluated clinical characteristics and prognosis for adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) complicated by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). We retrospectively identified cases of AOSD with (n = 10) and without (n = 305) HLH complications. We reviewed their medical records, completed follow-up through outpatient clinic and telephone interviews, and analyzed their clinical symptoms, signs, laboratory test results, treatments, and prognosis. More AOSD patients with HLH developed hepatomegaly, bleeding, serositis, and neurologic symptoms than those without HLH, and they more commonly presented with leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, severe anemia, severe liver function abnormalities, decreased fibrinogen, elevated immunoglobulin, and bone marrow hemophagocytosis. The ten patients with AOSD complicated by HLH were treated with high-dose steroids or pulse steroid therapy, and eight of them also received cytotoxic drugs, while biological agents showed poor response. Follow-up results indicated that AOSD patients overall had good prognosis, while those with HLH showed worse prognosis, including higher relapse and readmission rates and increased mortality. In patients with AOSD, unexplained decreased blood cells, severe liver dysfunction, and/or hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow should be considered as signs of HLH complication. Patients with AOSD complicated by HLH have worse prognosis and higher relapse rates compared to AOSD patients without HLH complications. Thus, these patients should undergo frequent and careful follow-up.

Two cases of adult-onset Still's disease treated with tocilizumab that achieved tocilizumab-free remission.

There have been many previously reported cases of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) which were successfully treated with tocilizumab (TCZ). However, the efficacy and safety of TCZ therapy for AOSD-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), and the optimal duration of TCZ therapy, remain unclear. We herein report two cases of refractory AOSD, one of which was associated with MAS. These two patients were treated with TCZ, and the withdrawal of TCZ was planned according to the serum interleukin-6 level, which resulted in TCZ-free remission.

Adult-onset Still's disease: Clinical cases

The annual incidence of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) worldwide is 0.16 cases per 100,000 persons. Its leading symptoms are joint involvement, fever, skin rash, and neutrophilic leukocytosis in the absence of rheumatoid factor and anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in serum and synovial fluid. In its initial stage, there may be monoarthritis more commonly of the wrist, hip, or knee. Then the lesion assumes the pattern of oligo- or polyarthritis. Musculoskeletal involvement appearing as arthralgia, arthritis, and myalgia is noted in all patients. In the majority of patients, articular involvement progresses and destructive polyarthritis develops. Symmetric involvement of the carpophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints is frequently detected. Skin lesion manifests itself as maculopapular or roseolous rashes on the chest, back, shoulders, occasionally on the legs, or in the areas of mechanical irritation. A sore throat with the signs of pharyngitis is a characteristic early symptom of the disease. There may be involvements of the liver, cardiovascular system, lung, as well as lymphadenopathy, or splenomegaly. The chronic course of the disease is more frequently noted. The paper describes two cases of AOSD. One case demonstrates that the physician has no experience in diagnosing and managing patients with AOSD, resulting in the misinterpretation of the increase in disease activity when the subclinical doses of methotrexate (MT) are used, which has been regarded as a therapeutic complication. The use of the adequate dose of MT could achieve a clinical and laboratory remission and discontinue glucocorticoids (GC). In the other case of recurrent AOSD and mild clinical symptoms, the unreasonable use of high GC doses gave rise to adverse reactions.

Persistent pruritic papules and plaques associated with adult‐onset Still's disease: Report of six cases

Typical skin rash, which appears and disappears along with respective rise and fall of fever, is well-known, and included as one of the major criteria of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) (Yamaguchi's criteria). In addition, various skin lesions are occasionally observed in association with AOSD. Persistent pruritic eruptions present with some clinical features, such as urticarial erythema, flagellate erythema, erythematous, slightly scaly or crusted papules, and/or plaques on the trunk and extremities. These lesions show unique histological features such as dyskeratosis with a peculiar, distinctive distribution in the upper epidermis and cornified layers with focal hyperkeratosis. We describe herein six cases of AOSD, which presented with skin lesions of persistent pruritic papules and plaques. All six cases were female, and three of them were elderly women. The patients presented with linear erythematous streaks, scaly erythema, keratotic papules, infiltrative plaques and irregular coalesced erythemas. By contrast, histological features were characteristic, and dyskeratotic cells were found in the horny layers as well as in the upper layers of the epidermis. Persistent pruritic eruption is an important cutaneous sign for the diagnosis of AOSD.

A novel therapeutic approach in pulmonary arterial hypertension as a complication of adult‐onset Still's disease: targeting IL‐6

Adult-onset Still's Disease (AOSD), often though as the adult variant of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), has an incidence of 1-3 cases per 1 million. Cardinal manifestations include fever, arthritis, skin rash, sore throat, hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Prolongation in diagnosing this disease results from its similarity to infectious, malignant and rheumatic diseases and lack of biomarkers. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare pulmonary complication of AOSD, and we are aware of only six cases reported in literature to date. Here we present a patient with AOSD who has developed pulmonary hypertension as a complication. We report a case of AOSD complicated by PAH treated successfully with tocilizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to human interleukin (IL)-6 receptor. A Pubmed and Medline search for evidence of pulmonary hypertension in AOSD and use of IL-6 inhibition in management was performed. Data for this study was collected from the patient's chart records. No infectious or neoplastic cause of her disease was identified and after extensive diagnostic workup, the patient was diagnosed with AOSD fulfilling Yamaguchi criteria. After initiation of IL-6 therapy the patient was followed over time to monitor the hemodynamic changes in pulmonary vasculature. Following treatment with Tocilizumab, the patient showed dramatic improvement in her clinical symptoms and remains in remission, through combination of tocilizumab (8 mg/kg), methotrexate and prednisone. Improvement of systemic symptoms, right heart catheterization (RHC) findings and the VECTRA-DA score served as a measure of treatment response. Tocilizumab has been effective in demonstrating marked improvement in both the clinical and laboratory parameters. Tocilizumab is an effective novel treatment for AOSD with PAH. This is the first documented report of successful use of tocilizumab in AOSD patients presenting with PAH. Prospective comparative studies could help validate its efficacy and safety.

Unremitting pyrexia, pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and extreme hyperferritinemia

Unremitting pyrexia, pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and extreme hyperferritinemia

Granulomas Formation in Lymph Nodes, Liver and Spleen in Adult-Onset Still’s Disease: A Case Report

Tissue granulomas formation in adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) is extremely rare. We describe a case of AOSD associated with formation of granulomatous lesions in lymph nodes, liver and presumably spleen. The high dose steroid-dependent nature of our patient’s illness, characterized by disease relapses when methylprednisolone dose was reduced below 10 mg/d, was overwhelmed with institution of anakinra (100 mg/d). The histologic finding of granulomas formation in lymph nodes, liver or spleen should not deter the consideration of AOSD as a potential diagnosis in a compatible clinical context; however, other more common etiologies of tissue granulomas formation should be first excluded.

Successful treatment of adult-onset Still’s disease with tocilizumab monotherapy: two case reports and literature review

Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Recently, it has been reported that quite a few cases of refractory AOSD were successfully treated with tocilizumab (TCZ) and corticosteroids were withdrawn in some of these patients. We report two AOSD patients who were treated successfully with TCZ monotherapy; thus, avoiding corticosteroid treatment. Because both of the patients refused to take corticosteroids, we planned to treat them with 8mg/kg of TCZ monotherapy at weeks 0, 2, 6 and subsequently every 4weeks. The efficacy of TCZ was assessed by patients' clinical symptoms such as fever, arthralgia, skin eruptions, and laboratory markers such as serum levels of CRP, ferritin, and IL-6. We also reviewed 14 previous case reports including 30 cases who had been treated with TCZ for AOSD. Our patients responded rapidly and have been maintained in clinical remission without corticosteroid treatment. In the literature review, concomitant corticosteroid treatment described in 13 cases was successfully tapered in 7 and discontinued in 6 cases. TCZ monotherapy can be a candidate for the first-line therapy for some AOSD patients.

Adult-onset Still's Disease Complicated by Autoimmune Hepatitis: Successful Treatment with Infliximab

A 17-year-old woman was previously diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) by liver biopsy. Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) was subsequently diagnosed on the basis of high fever, arthralgia, erythema, leukocytosis (>80% granulocytes), cervical lymph node swelling, splenomegaly, and hyperferritinemia. Her symptoms and liver dysfunction improved with prednisolone of 60 mg daily and subsequently methotrexate was added. However her symptoms and liver dysfunction relapsed when prednisolone was tapered to 20 mg/day. Therefore infliximab was introduced additionally and her symptoms and liver dysfunction subsided. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of AOSD with AIH diagnosed by liver biopsy.

Urticaria and dermographism in patients with adult-onset Still’s disease

Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) patients typically present with arthralgia, fever, lymphadenopathy and a transient salmon maculopapular rash. Only approximately 25 cases of AOSD with urticaria were described in the literature. In this article, the authors report three additional cases of AOSD with urticarial and dermographic lesions who had a good clinical response to glucocorticoid and antihistamines. A review of the literature concerning this issue is also herein written.

Malattia di Still nell’adulto, la più internistica delle patologie reumatiche: concetti attuali e nostra esperienza con sei pazienti

Summary Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown origin. It is characterized by spiking fever, evanescent rash, arthralgia/arthritis, and leukocytosis. The differential diagnosis includes a number of other conditions, and management is complicated by the lack of course predictors and the risks associated with complications and treatments. This report examines recent advances in our understanding of adult-onset Still's disease (pathogenesis, diagnosis, complications, treatment). Current research in this field is focused on the significance of serum ferritin in AOSD, mechanisms underlying the hemophagocytic syndrome, and use of biologic therapies in patients who are refractory to conventional treatment. Six cases of AOSD diagnosed by our staff between 2002 and 2009 are also analyzed and compared with other cases reported in the literature. This analysis showed that Still's rash and serum ferritin levels were not essential elements for diagnosis. In addition, the course of the disease showed little relation to the severity / characteristics of the presenting picture, but the evolution worsened with the age of the patient at diagnosis.

A case of refractory adult-onset Still’s disease successfully controlled with tocilizumab and a review of the literature

Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is an uncommon systemic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology. Up to 80% of AOSD cases can be controlled with corticosteroids; however, reports on those unresponsive to corticosteroids, conventional disease modifying drugs and biological agents, including anti-IL1 inhibitors, are emerging. We present a case of AOSD with severe poylarthritis unresponsive to corticosteroids, methotrexate, anakinra and etanercept, but successfully stabilised with a humanized monoclonal anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab, administered once monthly. Thereafter, we compare our case with case reports available in the literature and suggest that for anakinra refractive AOSD patients with arthritis, tocilizumab could be the drug of choice.