Cascade Cross Research Articles

Intelligent Detection of Dangerous Goods in Security Inspection Based on Cascade Cross Stage YOLOv3 Model

Intelligent Detection of Dangerous Goods in Security Inspection Based on Cascade Cross Stage YOLOv3 Model

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 2 contributes to electroacupuncture analgesia on lumbar disc herniation-induced radicular pain through activation of microglia in spinal dorsal horn.

To explore the mechanisms of dorsal root ganglia and spinal microglia cascade cross in electroacupuncture (EA) analgesia in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. A rat model of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) was established, EA was administered at Huantiao (GB30) acupoint 30 min once a day, for 3 d. Before and after modeling, and after EA, mechanical allodynia thresholds were detected. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 2 (HCN2) in dorsal root ganglia was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot. C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and activity of microglia in spinal cord was observed separately qPCR and immunofluorescence staining. The mechanical allodynia threshold of the right planta of model rats was significantly reduced ( < 0.01), EA increased the mechanical pain threshold of rats ( < 0.01), and decreased HCN2 mRNA, and protein expression, reduced the expression of CX3CL1 and the activation of microglia. ZD7288 (a blocker of HCN channel) reduced the analgesic effect of EA from 1.83 ± 0.84 to 0.74 ± 0.20 ( < 0.05), and the expression of CX3CL1 in the spinal cord decreased from 0.52 ± 0.11 to 0.15 ± 0.05 ( < 0.01). EA analgesia on the radicular pain of LDH is definite. EA reduced the expression of HCN2 channel in the dorsal root ganglion, thereby decreasing the noxious stimulation entered to microglia in spinal dorsal horn. Our work supports EA is an effective treatment for radicular pain of LDH.

SiamBC: Context-Related Siamese Network for Visual Object Tracking

The existing Siamese trackers have achieved increasingly results in visual tracking. However, the contextual association between template and search region is not been fully studied in previous Siamese Network-based methods, meanwhile, the feature information of the cross-correlation layer is investigated insufficiently. In this paper, we propose a new context-related Siamese network called SiamBC to address these issues. By introducing a cooperate attention mechanism based on block deformable convolution sampling features, the tracker can pre-match and enhance similar features to improve accuracy and robustness when the context embedding between the template and search fully interacted. In addition, we design a cascade cross correlation module. The cross-correlation layer of the stacked structure can gradually refine the deep information of the mined features and further improve the accuracy. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our tracker on six tracking benchmarks including OTB100, VOT2019, GOT10k, LaSOT, TrackingNet and UAV123. The code will be available at https://github.com/Soarkey/SiamBC.

Charm hadron azimuthal angular correlations in Au + Au collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 200$$ GeV from parton scatterings

The dynamic evolution of the charm hadron in hot quark matter was studied in the framework of a multiphase transport (AMPT) model. We first reproduced the open charm hadron $$D_0 p_{\mathrm{T}}$$ spectrum in Au + Au collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 200$$ GeV by triggering the $${\mathrm{c}} {\bar{\mathrm{c}}}$$ production in AMPT, and then the elliptic flow of charm hadrons was described with different parton cascade cross sections. Charm hadron azimuthal angular correlations were proposed, and they are affected by the different parton cross-section parameter applied in the model, which can facilitate our understanding of the loss of collision energy of charm quarks in hot quark medium and can stimulate further experimental studies.

Receiving nanostructural topocomposite coatings in terms of the cascade cross effect

The article considers physico-technological aspects of receiving nanostructural topocomposite coatings in terms of the cascade cross effect based on the special cathodic system, making possible ionic-plasma processing simultaneously with the use of three cathodes in a pulse mode. The authors carry out theoretical and experimental researches of forming concentration profiles of element distribution in surface layers of the bilayer “film-base” system. They determine the features of mass transfer processes developing in response to cascade cross effect. It is demonstrated that due to the mutual diffusion of the film and the base elements in the field of the phase boundary in the “film-base” system a transition area is formed. Its dimensions can be associated with the thickness of the nanofilm. The authors give an example of receiving a multilayer nanostructural composition in terms of cascade cross effect.

Toward Neuroproteomics in Biological Psychiatry: A Systems Approach Unravels Okadaic Acid-Induced Alterations in the Neuronal Phosphoproteome.

Neuroproteomics is an evolving field of postgenomic medicine, highlighting the convergence of psychiatry/neurology and proteomics, yet compared with neurogenetics, it has received little attention. This study in rat primary neuronal cultures provides an example of a neuroproteomic approach relevant to the study of psychiatric disease pathophysiology, focusing on Alzheimer's disease. In this context, okadaic acid (OA) is routinely used in experimental designs to investigate phosphorylation-mediated events. It is a potent protein phosphatase (PP) inhibitor, particularly of PP1 and PP2A. Typically, a single protein and its phosphorylation level are monitored upon OA exposure. Although useful, this can be misleading as protein phosphorylation-mediated events involve complex signaling cascades and an array of kinases, phosphatases, and substrates. Bearing in mind the involvement of multiple pathways and cascade cross talk, this study employed a systems approach to analyze OA-induced molecular responses through PP inhibition. We showed that upon OA exposure, the recovery rate of 245 phosphoproteins significantly increased, while that of 75 significantly decreased. The prominent biological processes affected included anatomical structural development, transport, cell differentiation, and signal transduction. The associated phosphointeraction networks identified nodes representing OA-responsive phosphoproteins. Many of these are key players of signaling cascades relevant to a range of pathologies. In summary, the data presented results from a neuroproteomic preclinical study offering an array of phosphoproteins as potential targets for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in biological psychiatry. We note, however, the nonspecificity of targeting PPs themselves and emphasize the need for future neuroproteomic approaches toward systems psychiatry.

Detailed documentation of dynamic changes in flow depth and surface velocity during a large flood in a steep mountain stream

Summary Understanding the discharge capacity of channels and changes in hydraulic properties during large storms is essential for prediction of flash floods. However, such information is limited for steep mountain channels because of their complex nature and the lack of measured data. Thus, we obtained detailed water-level and surface-velocity data during large floods of a steep mountain channel, and documented how complex channel morphology affected water flow during large storms. We installed water-level and surface-velocity sensors at a cascade and at a pool that was 10 m downstream at the Aono Research Forest of the Arboricultural Research Institute of the University of Tokyo Forests in Japan. We successfully obtained 1-min interval data for a major storm with total precipitation of 288 mm that fell over 59 h and a maximum rainfall intensity of 25 mm/h. During the storm, height of the water surface from the deepest point of each cross section ranged from 0.35 to 1.57 m and surface velocity ranged from 0.35 to 4.15 m/s. As expected, the changes in flow depth, surface velocity, and velocity profiles were complex and differed even between the cascade and adjacent pool cross sections. Dramatic changes in flow conditions first occurred at the cascade when discharge increased to a certain point, when water suddenly stagnated at the foot of the cascade and submerged flow might have occurred. Thereafter, the water level increased remarkably but surface velocity and the velocity profile stayed almost constant at the cascade cross section. At the downstream pool, where most rocks were submerged at a mean water depth of 0.7 m, surface velocity suddenly increased dramatically and the velocity profile changed as very slow flow developed in the lower portion of the profile, while water levels increased only slightly. When the rainfall diminished, first, the surface velocity markedly declined, then the velocity profile returned to its original state at the pool, and then submerged flow at the bottom of the cascade ceased. These temporally and spatially detailed flow measurements effectively document and characterize flow conditions during a large flood in a steep mountain channel. These field data confirm the long held hypothesis that marked changes in flow conditions occur when steps become submerged.

A study of palladium catalyzed intra/intermolecular cascade cross coupling/cyclizations involving bicyclopropylidene.

The compounds [3-(2-Bromocyclohex-2-enyloxy)prop-1-ynyl]-tert-butyl-dimethylsilane 3, [4-(2-bromocyclohex-2-en-1-yloxy)but-2-yn-1-yloxy]tert-butyldimethylsilane 5 and dimethyl 2-(2-bromocyclohex-2-enyl)-2-(3-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyl)prop-2-ynyl)malonate 9 were prepared and subjected to palladium-catalyzed intra-intermolecular cascade cross couplings incorporating bicyclopropylidene 10 under two types of conditions. In the presence of Pd(OAc)2, PPh3 and K2CO3 in acetonitrile at 80 °C, the products were indene analogues, cross-conjugated tetraenes 11, 12 and 13, respectively. The corresponding spirocyclopropanated tricycle 16 in dimethylformamide at 110 °C was obtained, albeit in low yield (24%), and observed as an equimolar mixture of diastereomers, whereas 14, 15 were not fully isolated.

An image encryption scheme using lightweight bit-level confusion and cascade cross circular diffusion

Recently, quite a lot of chaos-based image encryption schemes have been proposed. Most of them adopt the traditional permutation and diffusion operations. The drawbacks are: (1) the architecture is not sensitive to changes in the plain-image; (2) they are insecure upon chosen/known plain-image attack. Due to the favorable properties of bit-level permutation, we propose a lightweight bit-level confusion and cascade cross circular diffusion to enhance the security of the cryptosystem and to reduce the computation redundancy in traditional architectures. Simulations have been carried out and the results demonstrate the superior security and high efficiency of the proposed scheme.

Measurements of branching ratios from the 7.12-MeV state inO16and theC12(α,γ)O16reaction cross section

Gamma-ray branching ratios of the 7.12-MeV state in {sup 16}O have been measured using the {gamma}-{gamma} coincidence technique. The extrapolations of several components of the important {sup 12}C({alpha},{gamma}){sup 16}O cross section to helium-burning energies are dependent upon the 7.12{yields}6.92 MeV branching ratio. An experimental upper limit has been placed on this transition; the 7.12{yields}6.13 MeV branching ratio has also been measured. Relative cross sections and {gamma}-ray angular distributions have been measured for the {sup 19}F(p,{alpha}{gamma}) reaction at several energies near E{sub p}=2 MeV, leading to the 6.13-, 6.92-, and 7.12-MeV states of {sup 16}O. Monte Carlo simulations of the various detectors have been developed and the simulated detector efficiencies have been compared and adjusted to experimental measurements. The available experimental data relating to the {sup 12}C({alpha},{gamma}){sup 16}O cross section have been fitted with the R-matrix formalism. The new upper limit on the 7.12{yields}6.92 MeV branching ratio impacts the extrapolation of both the E2 ground-state cross section and the cascade cross section through the 6.92-MeV state.

Cascade cross modulation due to the nonlinear interaction of elastic waves in samples with cracks

The phenomenon under study consists in that, in an inhomogeneous material with nonlinearity caused by the presence of soft defects (the so-called “nonclassical” nonlinearity), cascade nonlinear effects are fairly strong and may even become comparable to the first-order effects. Similar cascade effects in media with a common nonlinearity of the crystal lattice are much weaker. This difference can be used as an important diagnostic indicator in nondestructive testing. Experimental data obtained for samples with cracks, which exhibit both ordinary modulation and cross-modulation effects, as well as a cascade cross modulation, are presented. The origin of the enhanced level of cascade effects is explained by modeling with the use of a simple model of nonlinearity of an inhomogeneous material containing soft Hertzian contacts.

Radiative cascade transitions and the12C(α,γ)16OE2cross section to the ground state of16O

The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle width of the 6.917 MeV, ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}{=2}^{+}$ state in ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ is the most uncertain value in the determination of the $E2$ radiative ground state transition of the astrophysically important ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma}{)}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ reaction at energies relevant to stellar helium burning. As discussed previously in literature it is possible in principle to derive a precise value of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ width of the 6.917 MeV state by measuring the $E2$ direct capture into this state. Here the theory based on the R-matrix formalism connecting the cascade direct capture and the $E2$ ground state transition is described in more complete form than hitherto and resulting direct capture cross sections are estimated. In addition, conditional fits are made to existing data and the resulting value of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle width is discussed. From these considerations the cascade cross sections are found to be of the order of 10 nb in an extended energy range proposed to be measured. Angular distributions for the primary $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transition are also given. Conclusions for future experiments are then drawn. The branching ratio of the $7.\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{1}6.9\mathrm{MeV}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transition should also be measured.

Electron-impact cross sections of Ne

Electron-impact absolute emission cross sections were measuredfor the 3p→3s transitions of Ne. Excitation functions ofthe 3s→2p first resonance lines were measured in theenergy range from the threshold to 1000 eV by apolarization-free optical method and relative cross sectionswere normalized to the absolute values, (41.0±5.4)×10-19 cm2 for the 73.6 nm line and (7.1±1.0)×10-19 cm2 for the 74.4 nm line, which weredetermined at 500 eV. The integrated level-excitation crosssections of Suzuki et al for the 1s2 and 1s4 levels were combined withthe corresponding 3p→3s cascade cross sectionsobtained in this paper to give absolute emission crosssections for the resonance lines. The level-excitation crosssections of the 1s2 and 1s4 states in Paschennotation were determined from the threshold to 1000 eV bysubtracting 3p→3s cascade cross sections from thecorresponding 3s→2p emission cross sections of theresonance lines. A large cascade contribution is found in theemission cross section of the resonance lines. It is 28.5% forthe 73.6 nm line and 49.6% for the 74.4 nm line at 40 eV, and17.0 and 61.8%, respectively, at 300 eV.

Measurement of electron-impact excitation into the3p53dand3p55slevels of argon using Fourier-transform spectroscopy

Cross sections for direct electron-impact excitation from the ground level into the ${3p}^{5}5s$ and ${3p}^{5}3d$ levels are measured for incident electron energies from threshold to 200 eV. The optical cross sections for the ${3p}^{5}5\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{s}{3p}^{5}4p$ and ${3p}^{5}3\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{d}{3p}^{5}4p$ emissions yield the apparent excitation cross sections. The cascade cross sections are obtained by measuring the emission intensities for transitions into ${3p}^{5}5s$ and ${3p}^{5}3d$ from the higher levels, and are subtracted from the apparent excitation cross sections to give the direct excitation cross sections. Most of the emission lines are in the infrared region, requiring the use of Fourier-transform spectroscopic techniques. The general trends of the cross-section results are discussed. Excitation cross sections for the ${3p}^{5}4f$ levels are also reported. Because our experiments do not extend to the vacuum ultraviolet, the direct excitation cross sections for the levels optically connected to the ground state were not obtained.

High-resolution far ultraviolet emission spectra of electron-excited molecular deuterium

The high-resolution (full width at half maximum = 0.11 Å) emission spectrum of the deuterium molecule produced by electron-impact excitation at 100 eV has been measured in the wavelength range 1200 - 1660 Å. In conjunction with the experimental measurement, transition probabilities of and D band systems are calculated. Synthetic spectra based on the calculated transition probabilities are in very good agreement with the optically thin experimental spectra. While centrifugal effects on the overall Lyman band emission intensity in D2 and H2 are similar, the effect of rotation-vibrational perturbations between the B 1u+ and C 1u+ states on spectral intensities is found to be less significant in D2. Excitations via isotropic ( J = 0) and anisotropic ( J = ±2, and 0) interactions for the dipole forbidden E, F 1g+-X 1g+ transition are inferred from the measured spectra. Excitation cross sections of the B 1u+-X 1g+ and C 1u-X 1g+ bands, along with the estimated E, F 1g+-B 1u+ cascade cross section, for D2 are obtained.

Electron excitation out of the metastable level of He into high- n triplet levels

We report cross section results for electron excitation out of the metastable level of He into the , , , , , , , , and levels for energies from onset to 18 eV. For each level, we use the optical method to measure the apparent cross section, which equals the sum of the direct excitation cross section and the cascade cross section. The direct cross section is then determined for each level by subtracting the measured cascade cross section from the apparent cross section. The shape of the excitation function is similar for levels of the same L and different n, but different for the S, P, and D families. The characteristic shapes for these three families closely resemble the corresponding ones for excitation out of the ground state of the Na atom. Trends of cross section versus principal quantum number, n, are also analysed and compared with theoretical predictions.

Measurement of electron-impact excitation into the3p54plevels of argon using Fourier-transform spectroscopy

To experimentally determine electron-impact excitation cross sections with the optical method, it is necessary to measure all transitions out of a level (the apparent cross sections), as well as the cascades into the level. In the case of the ten ${3p}^{5}4p$ levels of argon, the emissions to lower levels lie in the visible and near infrared (660\char21{}1150 nm) and are hence observable with a monochromator\char21{}photomultiplier-tube (PMT) system. A Fourier-transform spectrometer (FTS) allows us to measure the previously uninvestigated cascades that lie in the infrared. For the incident electron energy range between onset and 300 eV, we have measured the apparent cross sections with a monochromator-PMT system, and the cascade cross sections with a weak emission FTS system. The magnitude of both the apparent and cascade cross sections increases with target gas pressure due to radiation trapping effects. By subtracting the cascade contributions from the apparent cross sections, we have determined the direct cross sections and verified that they do not vary with pressure in the 0.5\char21{}4-mTorr pressure range considered here.

Electron-impact emission cross sections of Ar

Electron impact emission cross sections of Ar were measured for the , and transitions from the threshold to 1000 eV by a polarization-free method. Two different methods were used in determining absolute emission cross sections for the first resonance lines. The first method is to measure the cascade cross sections to the 4s state by detecting visible to near-infrared radiation and the total cascade cross section was then combined with the level excitation cross section to the 4s state to give the emission cross section for the resonance line. The second method is to measure the vacuum ultraviolet sensitivity of the apparatus and an absolute emission cross section for the resonance line was obtained by comparing its spectral intensity with that of the Lyman- radiation produced from by electron impact. The two results showed good agreement within the experimental errors. The level excitation cross sections to the and states were obtained by subtracting the total cascade cross section to these levels from the corresponding emission cross sections.

Absolute cross sections for D2 Lyman and Werner band excitation by controlled electron impact

We have studied the Lyman [Formula: see text] and Werner [Formula: see text] band emissions produced by 20–500-eV electrons incident on molecular deuterium, D2. Emission cross sections of (3.7 ± 0.9) × 10−17 cm2 for the B → X and (3.54 ± 0.74) × 10−17 cm2 for the C → X system have been determined at 100-eV impact energy. Cascading did not play an important role in the [Formula: see text] emission, but it was shown to affect the [Formula: see text] emission seriously, particularly for impact energies below 50 eV. We estimate the cross section for direct excitation of the [Formula: see text] state and the cascade cross section to be 2.95 × 10−17 and 0.75 × 10−17 cm2, at 100 eV respectively. The cascade cross section is 20 ± 10% of the total B → X emission cross section, and is essentially constant in the energy range 300–50 eV, but increases significantly for lower impact energies, e.g., to 40 ± 15% at 27.5 eV. The cross section for the atomic 2p → 1s Lyman α emission from D2 has also been measured and the value of 1.00 × 10−17 cm2 at 100 eV is 20% smaller than the cross section for Lyman α emission from H2.

Simultaneous Ionization and Excitation of Neon by Electron Impact

The simultaneous ionization and excitation cross sections by electron impact for the $3p$, $3d$, and $4s$ levels in neon of the $^{3}P$, $^{1}D$, and $^{1}S$ cores have been examined. The excitation functions were quite broad. In all, over 100 optical cross sections have been measured and over 50 excitation functions from threshold to 1000 eV were obtained. The cascade lines from the $3d$ and $4s$ levels of the various cores were very weak, with some at the limit of detectability. The error of these cascade cross sections ranges from 10 to 50%. The direct-excitation cross sections were obtained for the $3p$ levels of the three cores. Polarization effects were examined and only three levels exhibited any polarization; these were less than 10%. There are no previous experimental measurements of these cross sections. The branching ratios obtained by experiment and calculation have been compared with those yielded by our work. These branching ratios, the lack of strong lines between doublet and quartet levels, and the general tendency of the quartet excitation functions to be more peaked than the doublets leads us to accept the $(^{3}P)3p$ levels as being well designated by $\mathrm{LS}$ coupling. In conjunction with this and the exceptionally broad excitation functions, it appears that the ionization cross section influences the energy dependence of the simultaneous ionization and excitation cross section. The high-energy portion of the excitation functions tended to bear this out as well. The sudden-perturbation approximation has been applied to several of the $3p$ levels; its numerical values for the cross sections were two or three times greater than the experimental values. The cross section of most observed levels falls off with electron energy $E$ as ${E}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Theory tends to indicate a $\frac{(\mathrm{ln}E)}{E}$ dependence at high energy.