Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT), a type II pyrethroid, is known to cause several side effects, including hepatorenal toxicity, despite its widespread use. This study investigates the protective effect of carvacrol (CVR) against LCT-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic pathway in the liver and kidney. Forty-eight male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to eight groups; the first two groups served as controls (negative and CVR). The third, fourth, and fifth groups received LCT at doses of 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg/day via gavage. The sixth, seventh, and eighth groups received a dose of CVR (50 mg/kg/day) during LCT exposure for 90 days. Co-treatment with CVR reduced the elevated levels of hepatic biomarkers (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT)), kidney markers (urea and creatinine), and various histopathological changes caused by LCT exposure. Additionally, CVR mitigated LCT-induced oxidative stress by lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increasing cellular antioxidant (glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR)), and upregulating the transcription of the Trx1 and Prx1 genes. Moreover, CVR decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) levels, along with the activation of apoptotic markers (p53, Bax, and caspase-3), and lowered Bcl2 levels. Furthermore, the in silico study confirmed that LCT interacts directly with the active cysteine residues of Trx1, Prx1, and Bcl2 proteins at high binding energies. In conclusion, sub-chronic exposure to LCT can induce hepatorenal apoptosis by inhibiting the Trx1/Prx1/Bcl2 pathway, an effect that is reversed by CVR’s antioxidant properties.

Carvacrol alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats: Targeting Cuproptosis pathway.

Despite the antineoplastic potential of carvacrol (CVC), a plant-derived essential oil, it confronts several challenges related to solubility, biocompatibility, and lower cytotoxicity. To address these challenges, pH-controlled carvacrol-loaded polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticle conjugated to TPGS (d-α-tocopheryl polyethene glycol 1000 succinate)-transferrin moiety was fabricated to develop a promising breast cancer therapeutic agent. Characterization of the synthesized CVC-PDA-TPGS-Tf nanoconjugate was validated through several techniques. The CVC-PDA-TPGS-Tf nanoconjugate exhibited high encapsulation capacity (74.69±7.3%), sustained release kinetics, and rapid cellular internalization capability. Cytotoxicity, surface morphological changes, chromatin condensation, flow cytometric cell cycle arrest, DNA strand breakage, generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, quantification of stages of apoptosis, and cytoskeleton deformation were investigated in estrogen-sensitive breast cancer MCF-7 cells to scrutinize the possibility of programmed cell death induction by the carvacrol nanoconjugate. The findings of the experiments validated the provocation of the fabricated CVC-PDA-TPGS-Tf nanoconjugate behind the oxidative assault-mediated apoptotic events in MCF-7 cells. To make a more suitable breast cancer therapeutic agent, it was essential to explore the overall biocompatibility and potential systemic toxicity of the fabricated nanoconjugate in both cellular and animal models. CVC-PDA-TPGS-Tf NPs treatment to Artemia nauplii and human lymphocytes was safe, and no significant cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were exhibited in the invitro cellular toxicity study. The nanoconjugate displayed no systemic toxicity and histoarchitectural alterations after repeated 28-day intraperitoneal administration at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight in Swiss albino female mice, enhancing the biocompatibility and antineoplastic potential of carvacrol.

The growing demand for sustainable food packaging has driven the development of active packaging systems using biopolymers like poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and natural antimicrobials. This study focuses on creating novel nanohybrids by loading carvacrol (CV) and trans-cinnamaldehyde (tCN) onto ZnO nanorods for incorporation into PLA/triethyl citrate (TEC) films. The CV@ZnO and tCN@ZnO nanohybrids were synthesized and characterized using XRD, FTIR, desorption kinetics, and by assessing their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. These nanohybrids were then integrated into PLA/TEC films via extrusion. The resulting active films were evaluated for their physicochemical, mechanical, barrier, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. The tCN@ZnO nanohybrid exhibited a stronger interaction with the ZnO surface and a slower release rate compared to CV@ZnO. While this strong interaction limited its direct antioxidant activity, it proved highly beneficial for the final film’s performance. Films containing 10% tCN@ZnO demonstrated the strongest antibacterial efficacy in vitro against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli and functioned as potent mechanical reinforcement fillers. Crucially, in a practical application, the PLA/TEC/10tCN@ZnO film significantly extended the shelf-life of fresh minced pork during 6 days of refrigerated storage. It effectively suppressed microbial growth (TVC), delayed lipid oxidation (lower TBARS values), and preserved the meat’s colour and nutritional quality (higher heme iron content) compared to control packaging. The developed tCN@ZnO nanohybrid is confirmed to be a highly effective active agent for creating PLA/TEC-based packaging that can enhance the preservation of perishable foods.

Carvacrol encapsulation system based on casein-chitosan coacervates: Stability regulation and mechanism of ultrasonication-assisted core-shell microcapsules.

Carvacrol alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum autophagy in dairy mammary epithelial cells.

Species diversity, benzimidazole resistance, and phytochemical synergy in gastrointestinal nematode nemabiomes from sheep farms in Portugal.

Damage in neural tissues poses a significant challenge in regenerative medicine, requiring scaffolds that support both biological and electrical functions. Conductive biomaterials offer promising solutions by promoting neural repair and integration. However, the development of multifunctional scaffolds that simultaneously provide electrical conductivity, antioxidant activity, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility remains limited. This study aims to develop and characterize a biofunctional conductive neural tissue scaffold. The incorporation of polyaniline (PANI) enhanced electrical conductivity, while the addition of carvacrol (CRV) improved antioxidant activity and biological function but slightly reduced conductivity in the layered structure. In the second-layer scaffold model, cell viability reached 140% thanks to carvacrol. The electrical conductivity of the chitosan/polyaniline film was measured as 1.429 x10−2 S/m using the four-point probe method. A second layer of polycaprolactone/carvacrol was formed onto the chitosan/polyaniline conductive film using electrospinning, and the conductivity was measured as 1.052 x10−3 S/m. The values obtained for both conductive scaffolds have been shown to provide good electrical conductivity in conductive tissue scaffolds used in neural tissue engineering studies. Polycaprolactone (PCL) contributed to mechanical strength, and chitosan (CHI) improved biocompatibility. The combination of these components resulted in a scaffold with suitable properties for neural tissue repair, particularly under neurodegenerative conditions.

The intrinsic hydrophobicity, high volatility, and instability of carvacrol (CAR) limit its preservation and practical applications. This study developed a bovine serum albumin (BSA) -chitooligosaccharide (COS) nanoemulsion-based carrier system to improve CAR encapsulation efficiency. The pH-dependent formation of BSA/COS complexes was systematically analyzed, demonstrating significantly enhanced electrostatic interactions between BSA and COS at pH 6.0, which promoted the formation of insoluble complexes with minimal hydrodynamic diameter. Both microscopic morphology and hydrodynamic diameter confirmed that BSA/COS complexes effectively stabilized the CAR-loaded nanoemulsion system. At a 1:1 BSA/COS mass ratio, the emulsion exhibited the most minor hydrodynamic diameter and optimal uniformity (< 200 nm). Furthermore, compared with other groups, the B1C1-4 M group showed better environmental tolerance, such as acid, heat, and salinity, as well as the highest encapsulation efficiency. For example, compared to the B2C1-4 M group and the B1C2-4 M group, the B1C1-4 M group had the lowest hydrodynamic diameter increase rate of 12.98% after being stored at 4°C for 30 days, demonstrating the strongest stability. The mass ratio of BSA/COS and CAR concentration significantly affected the emulsion's antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The B1C1-8 M group achieved the highest antibacterial activity and free radical scavenging rates (88.2% for ABTS and 89.3% for DPPH, respectively). This study presents an innovative approach for enhancing the stability and functionality of CAR in food-grade applications.

Synergistic antifungal effect of naturally-derived antimicrobials with penetration enhancer against Candida albicans biofilm at 5 °C and 22 °C.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of active clay nanocomposite packaging films based on linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) containing eugenol (EUG)/thymol (THY) or carvacrol (CRV) loaded layered montmorillonite (MMT) or tubular halloysite (HT) nanoclays on the natural microbial load (total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), total coliforms (TC), total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and total yeast-mold (TYM)) of kashar cheese, as well as on the presence/growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus niger, along with pH values. The results showed that when prioritizing the packaging materials with the greatest impact on the microbial populations of kashar cheese, the order observed was as follows: THY-HNT for TMAB; EUG-MMT, CRV-HNT and THY-HNT for LAB; and CRV-HNT and THY-HNT for TYM. Moreover, S. aureus was not found in any of the kashar cheese samples. Furthermore, CRV-HNT and EUG-MMT films exhibited fungicidal properties throughout storage, leading to a decrease in mold spore counts, whereas THY-HNT films showed fungistatic effects. Additionally, CRV-HNT and THY-MMT packaging samples effectively limited growth of L. monocytogenes. As well, the pH values (5.15-5.52) of the cheese samples fluctuated during the storage period except for the control samples. Overall, active nanocomposite films had the potential to extend the shelf life of kashar cheese.

This study developed antimicrobial composite coatings from gelatin (GL) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) functionalized with carvacrol (CA) as a natural alternative for the preservation of strawberries. Films incorporated with 0%, 1.5%, and 3% CA were characterized by their physical, mechanical, and structural properties. The addition of CA significantly improved opacity, tensile strength, elongation-at-break, and thickness, while reducing water vapor permeability, moisture content, and solubility (p < 0.05). Spectroscopy and microscopy also confirmed CA's uniform dispersion within the matrix. During 14 days of storage at 4 °C, strawberries coated with GL/CMCS/CA-3% significantly reduced weight loss (50.91%) and fungal contamination, improved firmness (79.31%), and maintained color and pH. Conversely, uncoated strawberries showed rapid declines in soluble solids, acidity, phenolics, anthocyanins, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity (p < 0.05). Microbial growth was effectively suppressed in coated fruits, while sensory profiles were drastically impaired in uncoated samples at the end of storage (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that GL/CMCS/CA coatings can effectively preserve strawberry quality and extend shelf life without synthetic preservatives.

In this study, the effect of cationic participation on the swelling behavior and pH-responsive release characteristics of polyelectrolyte hydrogel based on gelatin (Gel), sodium alginate (Alg), and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) was explored. The shell–core morphology of the cationic coordination hydrogels was prepared by introducing Na+, Ca2+, and Fe3+ into the crosslinking system, which significantly altered the inherent pH-responsive swelling properties of Gel/Alg-CMCS hydrogel. The modified hydrogel demonstrated a release resistance of carvacrol (CAR) under acidic conditions while facilitating rapid release under neutral conditions. Notably, the CAR release profile was substantially modified by the distinct anti-swelling properties of cationic coordination hydrogels. In particular, Gel/Alg-CMCS-Fe3+ hydrogel exhibited high accumulative release of 58.34% at pH 1.0 while maintaining a minimal release degree of merely 7% in weakly acidic and neutral environments. These intriguing findings provide valuable insights into intelligent active delivery for future applications.

Background Microglia are brain resident cells that control neural network maintenance, damage healing, and brain development. Microglia undergo apoptosis, cytokine production, and reactive free radicals of oxygen (ROS) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. TRPM2 is activated by LPS-induced oxidative stress, but it is inhibited by carvacrol (CARV) and N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid (ACA). Morphine (MRP), an opioid ligand, has the potential to be both an anesthetic and an antioxidant. Objective We investigated how MRP changed the TRPM2 signaling pathways to protect murine BV-2 microglia cells from LPS-induced ROS, cytokine production, and death. Materials and Methods We generated five primary groups in the cultured BV-2 cells: Control, MRP (50 μM for 24h), LPS (1 μg/ml for 24h), LPS + MRP, and LPS + TRPM2 blockers (ACA or CARV). Results The incubation of LPS increased the amounts of apoptosis, cell death (propidium iodide positive cell number), oxidants (ROS and lipid peroxidation), mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptotic markers (caspase −3, −8, and −9), cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), death cell waste (debris), cytosolic free Ca2+, Zn2+, and ADP-ribose-induced TRPM2 current densities, while the treatments of MRP and TRPM2 blockers reduced their amounts. The LPS-induced reductions in BV-2 viability percentage, BV-2 number, glutathione peroxidase activity, and glutathione levels were increased by the treatments. Conclusions MRP reduced the levels of LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis via inhibiting TRPM2 in the BV-2 cells. One possible treatment option for oxidative microglia damage and neurological disorders induced by LPS could be the MRP.

Comparative analysis of the effects of Origanum vulgare essential oil and carvacrol nanoemulsified and non-nanoemulsified forms against Salmonella Typhimurium strains.

Electrospinning PCL-CA packaging membranes with transmittance response to ethanol for monitoring grape freshness.

Tyramine-modified Ag nanoparticle loaded with carvacrol for antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant treatment of sepsis.

This study involved developing a Pickering emulsion system based on a composite material comprising zein colloidal particles (ZCPs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with the aim of exploring its potential application in fruit preservation by loading carvacrol (CAR). The system (CAR@ZCPE) consists of ZCP particles with an average size of approximately 317 nm in a composite with CNC particles of approximately 85 nm at an optimal mass ratio (ZCP/CNC = 1:3) to form stable particles encapsulating CAR. The results indicate that CAR@ZCPE is an O/W Pickering emulsion that can be diluted indefinitely in water and exhibits excellent environmental stability. Rheological analysis revealed that it exhibits shear-thinning properties and a gel-like network structure, which explains its good stability. Bioactivity evaluation revealed that CAR@ZCPE exhibited inhibitory activity against Botryosphaeria dothidea, with an inhibition rate of 63.60% at a concentration of 50 mg/L. Kiwifruit preservation experiments confirmed that CAR@ZCPE significantly reduced the degree of kiwifruit decay, and cell activity evaluations confirmed its biosafety. The total apoptotic rate of LO2 cells was 2.10%, indicating that the emulsion did not affect the cell growth cycle. This study successfully developed a CAR Pickering emulsion stabilized by ZCP-CNC composite particles. This emulsion system combines high stability, excellent antibacterial activity, and excellent biocompatibility. Kiwifruit preservation experiments validated its potential as a safe and efficient new preservative, providing an innovative method for preserving fruits using ZCP-CNC-composite-stabilized Pickering emulsions.

Carvacrol mitigates Mercury chloride induced neurotoxicity by regulation of NRF-2/HO-1/NF-κB expression.

Facile fabrication of ethyl cellulose/gelatin fibers incorporated with copper-based metal-organic frameworks as humidity-triggered release of carvacrol for blueberry preservation.