Carrot Root Extract Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Herbal Lip Balms Formulated Using Various Natural Bases

TThe demand for natural cosmetics, including lip balms, has increased in recent years. Studies on the physicochemical characteristics of the designed lip balms are scarce, though. As a result, this comparative study aims to develop lip balms with carrot root extract as a coloring pigment using various natural bases and test the physicochemical characteristics of developed lip balms in order to prepare the best formulation. Four distinct softening agents (White soft paraffin, mango butter, avocado butter, and kokum butter) and two distinct hardening agents (Candelilla wax bees wax) were combined in varying amounts to prepare eight different lip balm formulations. The formulations were subjected to various physicochemical evaluation studies such as melting point, breaking point, spreadability, water resistance and organoleptic evaluation like color and texture. According to this study, carrot root extract may be used as a natural coloring agent in lip balm formulations because of its antioxidant properties. The results showed that the four formulations with mango butter:bees wax (1.5:1), white soft paraffin:Candelilla wax(2:1), Mango butter:Candelilla wax(2:1) and Kokum butter: Candelilla wax(2.5:1) were the best when compared to standard. The research study’s findings suggested that in the future, candelilla wax and mango butter can be effective alternatives for others as hardening and softening agents, respectively.

Experimental determination of the conditionally therapeutic dose of a new combined hypolipidemic agent based on carrot root extract and quercetin on the model of acute hyperlipidemia

Experimental determination of the conditionally therapeutic dose of a new combined hypolipidemic agent based on carrot root extract and quercetin on the model of acute hyperlipidemia

Study of the influence of ingredients on biopharmaceutical factors and pharmacological activity of a medicinal product with carrot extract and rutin

Aim. The work aimed to study the influence of the components of a soft rectal medicine with carrot root extract and rutin on biopharmaceutical parameters and its pharmacological activity.
 Materials and methods. The objects of the study were samples of soft pharmaceutical forms made on different bases. Pharmacological, biopharmaceutical, physicochemical and pharmacotechnological research methods were used in the study.
 The results. According to the data of organoleptic studies, determination of colloidal stability, and determination of pH, it was established that the studied samples were stable during the entire observation period. According to the data of rheological studies, it was established that all systems are thixotropic. However, the recovery time of the system is different, which is related to the physicochemical properties of auxiliary substances included in the samples. The performed spectral analysis of dialysate solutions of experimental samples of soft medicine indicates the possibility of quantitative determination of the number of flavonoids in dialysates in terms of rutin. The components of the base of the samples and the thick extract of carrot roots do not interfere with the determination of rutin in dialysates with pH 6.8 by the absorption spectrophotometry method at a wavelength of 352 nm. The analysis of the obtained results of the study of the release of rutin from samples into a phosphate buffer solution by dialysis through a semipermeable membrane shows that the complete release is provided by auxiliary substances used in the preparation of sample No. 4, which is an emulsion of the first kind. The obtained data from pharmacological studies on the dynamics of planimetric indicators on the model of stencil wounds in rats demonstrated a wound-healing effect in all the studied samples and the reference agent - Hemorol suppositories. However, using sample No. 4 in the treatment of a stencil wound promotes faster healing, which in clinical use can contribute to reducing the risk of infection, the spread of infection, and reducing the area of ​​the wound defect.
 Conclusions. According to the results of the complex studies, moderate advantages of sample No. 4 over the comparison drug and other samples have been established, determining the perspective of further research

Vitamin A and Daucus carota root extract mitigate STZ-induced diabetic retinal degeneration in Wistar albino rats by modulating neurotransmission and downregulation of apoptotic pathways.

The objective of our study was to explore the deleterious effects of diabetes on the visual functions of the retina and to address whether the administration of vitamin A and carrot root extract (CE) confer retinal protection in hyperglycemic rats via modulation of oxidative stress, biochemical alternations, and retinal neurotransmission. Fifty male Wistar albino rats weighing 180±12.41g were randomized into five groups (n=10): controls, diabetic group (injected with 40mg/kg dissolved in 0.1 sodium citrate buffer), diabetic group treated with vitamin A (2,500IU/kg, low dose), diabetic group treated with vitamin (5,000IU/kg, high dose), and diabetic groups administered CE (200mg/kg/every other day). Our findings showed that, compared to controls, diabetic rats showed a significant decrease in their retinal thickness, increased apoptotic ganglion cells, and a noticeable degeneration of their synaptic layers. The inner retina displayed increased activity of neovascularization; however, the outer retina exhibited vacuolar degeneration of the photoreceptor cell layer. Our biochemical assessments showed reduced levels of CAT, SOD, and GST along with increased lipid peroxidation. Concurrently, cellular angiogenic and stress markers were significantly elevated associated with increased apoptotic activities as evidenced by increased expressions of annexin-V and PARP. Furthermore, the neurotransmitter content of the retina was altered in diabetic rats compared to controls and diabetic-treated groups. Paradoxically, vitamin A and CE supplementation attenuate these retinal insults in diabetic animals and normalized aforementioned assayed parameters; evidencing that both treatments exerted ameliorative impacts and restored visual functions by diminishing oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Diabetes is a complex disease that involves various physiological perturbations especially visual functions. In our study, we showed that vitamin A and carrot root extract (CE) confer remarkable protection against retinal degeneration in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Our findings showed that the chemical and phytochemical ingredients of the vitamin A and CE substantially attenuated the histopathological changes, oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, and cellular death in diabetic rats. These favorable changes are attributable to the high content of retinoic acid, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds that effectively regulates the production of visual pigments, increases the antioxidant defense system, and diminishes the pro-inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. Thus, the nutritional values of vitamin A and CE represent promising therapeutic choices to mitigate the retinal-induced diabetic insults.

Physiological Impact of Seed Priming with CaCl2 or Carrot Root Extract on Lupinus termis Plants Fully Grown under Salinity Stress

SEEDS of Lupinus termis (cv. Gemmeza R2) were primed by presoaking for six hr in 100% aqueous extract of carrot roots or 10mM CaCl2 solution, sown and left to grow for 30 days on clay-sandy soil (2:1 w/w). Seven-day-old seedlings grown from primed and unprimed seeds were exposed to salinity stress at 150mM NaCl. Salinity stress caused decreases in lengths, fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots, leaf water content and photosynthetic pigments. Total soluble sugars, proteins, alkaloids, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and peroxidase activities and ascorbate content were elevated by salinity stress. Priming of lupine seeds with CaCl2 or carrot root extract reversed all of the previous mentioned decreases and increases. Transmission electron microscope results revealed that salinity caused detachment of the plasma membrane from cell walls, degeneration of chloroplast membranes, disorganization of grana, disappearance of some nucleoli and the appearance of some abnormal nuclei. Seed priming preserved the intact cell wall structure, integrity of chloroplast membranes, normal grana organization and nuclear structure with well-defined nucleoli, comparable to those of the control seedlings.

Comparison Between the Physiological Role of Carrot Root Extract and β-carotene in Inducing Helianthus annuus L. Drought Tolerance

Comparison Between the Physiological Role of Carrot Root Extract and β-carotene in Inducing Helianthus annuus L. Drought Tolerance

Anaphylactic shock induced by Codonopsis lanceolata, traditional Chinese medicine in a patient with allergic rhinitis

Codonopsis lanceolata (CL) contains various active components including tannins, saponins, polyphenolics, alkaloids, essential oils and steroids. Therefore, it has been prescribed as a traditional folk medicine to treat several inflammatory diseases (1, 2). To date, there have been no published reports of allergic reactions to CL. In this report, we present a serious anaphylactoid reaction following ingestion of CL roots in an 18-year-old student who had suffered from allergic rhinitis symptoms including runny nose, nasal itching, sneezing and nasal obstruction from childhood. He visited our clinic after he had experienced serious systemic reactions following the ingestion of raw CL roots. His symptoms included dizziness, sweating, chest tightness, angioedema and generalized urticaria. The results of a skin prick test (SPT) showed strong positive reactions to numerous common inhalants and food allergens including CL extract. The extract used was prepared in our laboratory as described previously (3). Results are expressed as the ratio of the mean wheal diameter of allergens to histamine: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, 5.0; birch, 3.5; mugwort, 9.12; carrot, 1.17; celery, 1.8; and CL, 2.0. Based on our SPT results, the patient may have mugwort–celery–carrot syndrome (4, 5). Although he was sensitized to other food allergens such as celery and carrot, he had never experienced any allergic reactions after ingesting celery or carrot roots. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed high serum specific IgE level to mugwort pollen; however, specific IgE levels to CL, celery, and carrot root extracts were undetectable compared to 11 nonatopic healthy controls (data not shown). A basophil histamine release (HR) test was performed in order to further clarify the mechanisms regulating his response. We found that HR was remarkably increased when the patient s basophils were incubated with 15 lg/ml of CL extract (72.1%, Fig. 1). In contrast, minimal HR was noted in basophils from three normal healthy controls. Increased HR was also noted when the basophils were incubated with anti-IgE antibodies (69.57% at 10 lg/ml) and calcium ionophore (82.35% at 3 lM). An open oral challenge with CL root was also performed. The dosage of CL root began at 5 g and then was doubled until an allergic reaction occurred. Severe systemic reactions including hypotension (90/40 mmHg), chest discomfort, dyspnea, diaphoresis and generalized urticaria developed within 30 min following ingestion of 20 g of CL. Therefore, the patient was confirmed as having an anaphylactoid reaction due to CL root ingestion, probably through a direct histamine releasing mechanism. Codonopsis lanceolata belongs to the Family Campanulaceae. Mugwort is in the same family; therefore, the patient may be displaying cross-reactivity with mugwort pollen. However, when we performed an IgE-ELISA inhibition test using mugwort pollen as an antigen and CL extract as an inhibitor, no cross allergenicity was suggested (data not shown). Open oral challenge tests with 25 g of celery and 25 g of carrot showed negative responses. Therefore, we speculate that CL itself can lead to a severe Codonopsis lanceolata can induce severe food allergies, including anaphylaxis, through direct histamine releasing mechanisms.

Determination of polyacetylenes in carrot roots (Daucus carota L.) by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection

A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method with diode array detection was developed for the separation and simultaneous determination of the carrot polyacetylenes falcarindiol (FaDOH), falcarindiol 3-acetate (FaDOAc) and falcarinol (FaOH) in carrot root extracts. The optimal chromatographic conditions were achieved on a C18 column with a linear gradient elution of water and acetonitrile as mobile phases, at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. All calibration curves of the three carrot polyacetylenes showed good linear regression (R2 > 0.998) within the test ranges. The developed method showed good precision for quantification of all polyacetylenes with overall intraday and interday variation of less than 3.3% and with average recovery rates of 99.2, 96.8 and 99.7% for FaDOH, FaDOAc and FaOH, respectively. The LOD (S/N = 3) and LOQ (S/N = 10) were less than 0.19 and 0.42 microg/mL, respectively, for all analytes. The established method was successfully used to determine the spatial distribution of FaDOH, FaDOAc and FaOH in six carrot genotypes (Bolero, Independent, Line 1, Mello Yello, Purple Haze and Tornado) by analysing peeled carrots and the corresponding peels for these polyacetylenes.

Sucrose, Glucose, and Fructose Extraction in Aqueous Carrot Root Extracts Prepared at Different Temperatures by Means of Direct NMR Measurements

Solutions obtained by heating carrot roots in water (stocks) are widely used in the food industry, but little information is available regarding the metabolites (intermediates and products of metabolism) found in the stock. The effect of treatment temperature and duration on the sugar composition of stocks was investigated directly by quantitative (1)H NMR spectroscopy, to understand the extraction mechanism when processing at 100 degrees C. Stocks prepared at three different temperatures (50, 75, and 100 degrees C) were investigated for up to 36 h. Three sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) were detected and quantified. The concentrations of these three sugars reached a maximum after 9 h when the temperature of treatment was 50 or 75 degrees C. At 100 degrees C, the sucrose concentration reached a maximum after 3 h, whereas the concentration of glucose and fructose was still increasing at that time. Comparison of the kinetic composition of these carrot stocks with that of model sugar solutions leads to the proposal that the changes in stock composition result from sugar diffusion, sucrose hydrolysis, and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation.

Component‐resolved in vitro diagnosis in carrot allergy: Does the use of recombinant carrot allergens improve the reliability of the diagnostic procedure?

In Europe, pollen-related food allergy is the most frequent form of food allergy in adults. Reliability of current diagnostic procedures, however, is poor and therapeutic options are not available. In the present study, we created a panel of recombinant allergens from carrot and evaluated its potential in component-resolved in vitro diagnosis of carrot allergy. Recombinant (r) Dau c 1.0104, Dau c 1.0201 and Dau c 4 were cloned by a polymerase chain reaction strategy, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Carrot lipid transfer protein (LTP) was expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Sera from 40 carrot-allergic patients were investigated. Twenty-one birch pollen-allergic subjects with negative open provocation to carrot and 20 non-allergic subjects were included as controls. IgE binding to recombinant allergens as well as to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) was measured by ELISA. Cross-reactivity between Dau c 1 isoforms and Bet v 1 was assayed by ELISA inhibition. Biological activity of the recombinant carrot allergens was assessed by histamine release assay and peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulation. Ninety-eight percent of the carrot-allergic patients were positive to at least one recombinant allergen; 98% reacted to rDau c 1.0104, 65% to rDau c 1.0201, 38% to rDau c 4 and 20% had IgE against CCD. Specificity using the recombinant allergens was high when compared with non-allergic controls, but low compared with birch-sensitized subjects without carrot allergy. Sensitization to Dau c 1.0201, however, proved to be highly specific for clinically relevant sensitization. Inhibition assays indicated the absence of LTP in carrot root extract, and epitope diversity between Dau c 1.0104, Dau c 1.0201 and Bet v 1. Our panel of recombinant allergens from carrot can provide a standardized tool for in vitro diagnosis of carrot allergy, and for epitope studies.

A Semiselective Medium and Procedures for Isolation and Enumeration ofChalara elegansfrom Organic Soil

Recovery of Chalara elegant from soils with high organic matter content (76-80%) and with a high population of general microbes (fungi and bacteria) was compared using three described media. Modifications were made to a basal medium composed of carrot root extract and yeast extract by adding (in milligrams per liter): ampicillin, 200; chloramphenicol, 250; nystatin, 50; oxgall, 1,000; penicillin G, 60; rose bengal, 25; dicloran, 6; metalaxyl, 45; and pentachloronitrobenzene, 750. The recovery of pathogen propagules from artificially infested soil on this semiselective medium (TBM-2RBA) was about 80%

The polyglutamate nature of plant folates

Folylpolyglutamates were extracted from a variety of higher plant tissues and cleaved to p-aminobenzoyl polyglutamates by acid-base and ZN-HCl treatments. After purification as azo dyes and reconversion to p-aminobenzoylpolyglutamates these derivatives were separated according to their glutamyl chain lengths by HPLC on Partisil SAX. Polyglutamate concentrations were calculated by reference to standard calibration curves. Tomato leaf extracts contained relatively high folate contents (7.55 nmol/g fr. wt) and these were mainly hexa- (23%) and heptaglutamates (30%). Carrot root extracts had low folate contents (0.22 nmol/g fr. wt) with diglutamates accounting for 69% of the folate recovered after chromatography. Carboxypeptidase treatments of broccoli floret extracts indicated that the folylpolyglutamates principally contained γ-glutamyl linkages. [ 3H]Glutamate and [ 14C] p-aminobenzoate were incorporated into the polyglutamates of broccoli seedlings but equilibrium of the label with the endogenous pools was not attained after a 48 hr pulse feeding. Difrerential, oxidative cleavage of broccoli leaf folates into three polyglutamate pools showed that the formyl- and methylfolates were mainly (80%) diglutamyl derivatives. The methylene and unsubstituted folates of this tissue were principally (78%) hexaglutamates.

Inhibitory effect of hena (Lawsonia inermis leaves) and carrot root on aflatoxin production byAspergillus parasiticus

Experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effect of some natural products (hena, and carrot root) on growth and aflatoxins production byAspergillus parasiticus FRR 2752. Powdered hena (0.5 and 5%) inhibited mycelial growth and delayed 1 sporulation ofA parasiticus during 7 days.The inhibition of growth was increased with increasing the added amount. Aflatoxins production byA parasiticus was reduced with 40-100% in the presence of hena (Lawsonia inermis leaves). Carrot root extract stimulated the fungal growth and aflatoxin production, whereas carrot root fibers slightly enriched fungal growth, inhibited aflatoxins production (B1, G1, and G2), but there was no inhibition of aflatoxin B2 production byA parasiticus.

6-Hydroxymellein synthetase as a multifunctional enzyme complex in elicitor-treated carrot root extract

Synthetic activity of a polyketide compound 6-hydroxymellein was induced in elicitor-treated carrot root tissues. The activity was significantly inhibited by an antiserum raised against the acyl carrier protein (ACP) of fatty acid synthetase, suggesting that the enzyme(s) for 6-hydroxymellein synthesis require(s) a functional unit similar to ACP. However, the synthetic activity was not stimulated by the addition of ACP purified from Escherichia coli and was not lost even after fractionation by gel-filtration chromatography. The active fraction obtained by gel-filtration (136 kDa) was subjected to immunoblot analysis, and a 128 kDa polypeptide in the fraction was found to cross-react with anti-ACP serum. These observations suggest that the biosynthesis of 6-hydroxymellein in carrot cells is catalyzed by an enzyme consisting of a single peptide chain.

Genetic and molecular analyses of picA, a plant-inducible locus on the Agrobacterium tumefaciens chromosome

picA is an Agrobacterium tumefaciens chromosomal locus, identified by Mu d11681 mutagenesis, that is inducible by certain acidic polysaccharides found in carrot root extract. Cloning and genetic analysis of a picA::lacZ fusion defined a region of the picA promoter that is responsible for the induction of this locus. Furthermore, we identified a possible negative regulator of picA expression upstream of the picA locus. This sequence, denoted pgl, has extensive homology to polygalacturonase genes from several organisms and inhibited the induction of the picA promoter when present in multiple copies in A. tumefaciens. DNA sequence analysis indicated at least two long open reading frames (ORFs) in the picA region. S1 nuclease mapping was used to identify the transcription initiation site of picA. Mutation of ORF1, but not ORF2, of the picA locus was responsible for an increased aggregation of A. tumefaciens, forming "ropes" in the presence of pea root cap cells. In addition, a potato tuber disk virulence assay indicated that a preinduced picA mutant was more virulent than was the wild-type control, a further indication that the picA locus regulates the surface properties of the bacterium in the presence of plant cells or plant cell extracts.

PicA, a novel plant-inducible locus on the Agrobacterium tumefaciens chromosome

We used the transposon Mu dI1681 to identify genes on the Agrobacterium tumefaciens chromosome that are inducible by extracts from carrot roots. One such locus (picA, for plant inducible chromosomal), harbored by A. tumefaciens At156, was inducible 10- to 50-fold by these extracts. Mutation of picA had no detectable effect upon bacterial growth or virulence under laboratory assay conditions. However, A. tumefaciens cells harboring a mutated picA locus aggregated into long "ropes" when incubated with pea root tip cells. Such aggregation was not displayed by the parental strain A. tumefaciens A136. A preliminary characterization of the inducing compound in the carrot root extract suggests that the active substance is an acidic polysaccharide that is most likely derived from the pectic portion of the plant cell wall.

INHIBITION OF AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION BY CARROT ROOT EXTRACT

ABSTRACTThe worldwide incidence of aflatoxin contamination of carrot roots is rare. This study was conducted to determine the potential of carrot root to support Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production. Raw carrot tissue did not support the germination of A. parasiticus spores. Autoclaved (121°C, 15 min) carrot tissue supported germination, growth, sporulation, and aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus. There was no measureable difference in water activity before or after autoclaving the carrot tissue. There was an increase in water extractable carbohydrate and protein as a result of autoclaving the carrot tissue. Chloroform extracts of carrot tissue contained a compound that inhibited differentiation and aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus in both synthetic and semisynthetic media. The inhibitor was optimally active within a pH range 3.5—4.0. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract at pH 4.5 and at 28°C in minimal salts medium containing 6% glucose and 1.7 × 105A. parasiticus spores was 3.84g equivalent weight of tissue/ml assay medium.

Phosphofructokinase of carrot roots

Phosphofructokinase was partially purified from carrot root extracts. Monovalent cations stimulated carrot phosphofructokinase activity. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by P-enolpyruvate and this inhibition was relieved by NACl or KCl. Pi inhibited the enzyme at pH 7.9 but was stimulatory at pH 6.6.

Removal of IAA-oxidase Inhibitors from Carrot Root Extracts by Grinding with Insoluble Polyvinylpyrrolidone

When storage and side roots of carrot plants, healthy and infested with a root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla Chitw., were extracted with phosphate and insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) there was no lag period in the destruction of IAA by IAA-oxidase. The lag period was typical for crude buffer extracts of the enzyme. Chlorogenic acid (ChA) was identified as the main compound responsible for the induction of the lag period. The content of ChA and of other o-dihydroxyphenols rised in plants infested with M. hapla , and this led to a marked prolongation of the lag period, if IAA-oxidase was extracted without PVP. PVP did not completely remove o-dihydroxyphenols from solutions. However, PVP more efficiently decreased the content of ChA than of total phenols in tissue extracts. It seems that PVP removes IAA-oxidase inhibitors, whereas monophenolic co-factors of the enzyme remain in the extracts. PVP did not affect the protein content in extracts of mature carrot, and decreased it in the extracts of young carrot plants. Despite of this fact, the total activity of IAA-oxidase extracted in the presence of PVP was not lowered, whereas the specific activity of the enzyme was 2-3 fold enhanced. Hydrated PVP, in a dose of 5 g per g fr wt of tissue, may decrease the efficiency of extraction of peroxidase from the secondary phloem of a storage root of young carrot plants.