Thermal Energy Carrier Research Articles

Multiple energy planning in the energy hub considering renewable sources, electric vehicles and management in the daily electricity market with wind multi-objective optimization algorithm

This article presents a decision-making framework leveraging randomness to manage short-term intelligent energy hub (EH) within regenerated power systems integrating EH input electricity and natural gas. EH outputs, addressing electricity and heat needs, are managed via battery storage systems (BSS) and electric vehicle (EV) fleets in regulation markets. The energy hub operator optimizes decisions concerning natural gas and energy, minimizing costs in electricity supply and thermal energy carriers across day-ahead (DA) markets and regulations. Emphasizing the benefits of demand-side management planning in cost reduction, the model incorporates a conditional value at risk (CVaR) method to assess and manage uncertainties. Moreover, leveraging electric vehicle battery storage capacity is explored to mitigate wind and solar energy production uncertainties. An energy optimization strategy based on a Multi-Objective Wind-Driven Optimization (MOWDO) is proposed, demonstrating the effectiveness of the model and method across various system conditions and scenarios. Results indicate that increasing the number of EVs from 2000 to 10,000 reduces the expected cost by 1.5 % and the CVaR by 1.5 %. Additionally, optimizing the BSS discharge cost coefficient from $45/MWh to $15/MWh decreases the expected cost by 0.5 % and the CVaR by 0.3 %. The system achieves a 20 % reduction in peak-hour electricity purchases by leveraging the BSS and EV fleet during high price conditions. These findings underscore the positive impact of demand-side management programs in enhancing renewable resource utilization amidst uncertainty.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTALLATION TO REDUCE THE TEMPERATURE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES AND IMPROVE THEIR EFFICIENCY

. The main priority in photovoltaic panels is electricity production. The transformation of solar energy into electricity depends on the operating temperature in such a way that the lower the temperature is, the better the performance of the panels is. In the existing literature, different cooling techniques may be found. Most of them propose the use of air or water as thermal energy carriers. This paper is focused on the use of these cooling techniques in photovoltaic panels placed onto the roof of a greenhouse. So, the objective of this study is to ensure a low operating temperature which corrects and reverses the effects produced by high temperature on efficiency.

Molecular dynamics study of thermal transport across diamond/cubic boron nitride interfaces

The thermal transport properties at the interface of diamond and cubic boron nitride (c-BN) heterostructures significantly influence heat dissipation in high-power electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, a fundamental understanding of the various parameters modulating the interfacial thermal conductance is still lacking. In this work, we employ non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations to systematically investigate the effects of system size, temperature, and defect density on the interfacial thermal conductance across diamond/c-BN interfaces. The results indicate a positive correlation between system length and interface thermal conductance when below the phonon mean free path threshold, attributable to ballistic phonon transport regimes in smaller domains. Additionally, we observe an incremental enhancement in interface thermal conductance with increasing temperature, stemmed from intensified phonon-phonon interactions and reduced boundary scattering of thermal energy carriers. The introduction of vacancy and twinning defects is found to hinder interfacial thermal transport due to heightened phonon scattering processes that impede phononic transmission. The interatomic interactions and lattice dynamics are analyzed to provide insights into the underlying thermal transport physics at the atomistic scale. By tuning the system length from 4 to 16 nm, temperature from 300 to 500 K, and defect density from 0 to 0.4%, we achieve tunable control of the interfacial thermal conductance. Our study elucidates the multiscale mechanisms governing thermal transport across diamond/c-BN and provides potential pathways to actively tailor interfacial thermal properties through structural and temperature engineering. The fundamental understandings are valuable for optimizing heat dissipation and enabling thermal management solutions in next-generation power electronics leveraging these materials.

Desalinating a real hyper-saline pre-treated produced water via direct-heat vacuum membrane distillation

Membrane distillation (MD) is an emerging thermal desalination technology capable of desalinating waters of any salinity. During typical MD processes, the saline feedwater is heated and acts as the thermal energy carrier; however, temperature polarization (as well as thermal energy loss) contributes to low distillate fluxes, low single-pass water recovery and poor thermal efficiency. An alternative approach is to integrate an extra thermal energy carrier as part of the membrane and/or module assembly, which can channel externally provided heat directly to the membrane-feedwater interface and/or along the feed channel length. This direct-heat delivery has been demonstrated to increase single-pass water recovery and enhance the overall thermal efficiency. We developed a bench-scale direct-heated vacuum MD (DHVMD) process to desalinate pre-treated oil and gas “produced water” with an initial total dissolved solids of 115,500 ppm at a feed temperature ranging between 24 and 32 °C. We evaluated both water flux and specific energy consumption (SEC) as a function of water recovery. The system achieved a 50% water recovery without significant scaling, with an average flux >6 kg m–2 hr–1 and a SEC as low as 2,530 kJ kg−1. The major species of mineral scales (i.e., NaCl, CaSO4, and SrSO4) that limited the water recovery to 68% were modeled in terms of thermodynamics and identified by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In addition, we further developed and employed a physics-based process model to estimate temperature, salinity, water transport and energy flows for full-scale vacuum MD and DHVMD modules. Model results show that a direct-heat input rate of 3,600 W can increase single-pass water recovery from 2.1% to 3.1% while lowering the thermal SEC from 7,800 kJ kg−1 to 6,517 kJ kg−1 in an unoptimized module. Finally, the scaling up potential of DHVMD process is briefly discussed.

Transient non-Fourier thermoelastic fracture analysis of a cracked orthotropic functionally graded strip

In this work, the fracture problem of an orthotropic functionally graded strip containing an internal crack parallel to its surfaces subjected to thermal shocks is examined. To eliminate the paradox of infinite heat propagation speed and take the microstructural interactions of thermal energy carriers into account, the non-Fourier, dual-phase-lag theory is employed to investigate the transient heat conduction and the associated thermal stresses response. By utilizing Laplace transform and Fourier transform, the thermoelastic problems are finally reduced to the Cauchy-type singular integral equations, which are solved by the Lobatto–Chebyshev technique numerically. The temperature field and thermal stress intensity factors are evaluated by the numerical inversion of Laplace transform to illustrate the effects of two thermal lags and nonhomogeneous parameters. The results show the fracture risks accompanied by the dual-phase-lag heat conduction can be higher than the classical analysis and it would be more conservative to consider non-Fourier effects in designing the orthotropic functionally graded materials.

(Invited) The Interplay between Thermal and Mechanical Properties in Colloidal Quantum Dot Assemblies

The ongoing interest in colloidal quantum dot assemblies for real-world electronic and photonic devices necessitates that their thermal and mechanical properties be well understood. Large thermal conductivities are desirable because this minimizes the temperature rise during operation and thereby improves device performance and lifetime. In addition, large elastic moduli and hardness directly impact device durability.In this talk, I present my group’s findings on two separate correlation regimes between thermal and mechanical properties in colloidal quantum dot assemblies. These two correlation regimes correspond to (i) assemblies with weak inter-particle forces and (ii) assemblies with strong inter-particle forces.In the weak inter-particle force regime, thermal and mechanical properties intersect via the speed of sound. This stems from the speed of sound being linearly-related to thermal conductivity and quadratically-related to elastic modulus. In the strong inter-particle force regime, thermal and mechanical properties intersect via quantum dot diameter. We find that the quantum dot diameter primarily effects thermal conductivity via the mean free path of the thermal energy carriers. The interrelationship between diameter and mechanical properties in this regime is similar to an effective medium approximation, but with added subtleties. In particular, we find that the surface ligand properties and particle diameter can be intercoupled. This in turn has important impacts on the mechanical properties of the overall quantum dot assembly.In order to demonstrate the above thermomechanical relationships, I present my group’s combined experimental and modeling studies on three classes of colloidal particle assemblies. First, we use thermal processing methods to study the effect of native oleic acid ligands versus cross-linked oleic acid ligands. Second, we use single-domain superlattices and disordered thin films to study the effect of particle ordering. Lastly, we use ligand exchange methods to study the effect of organic versus inorganic ligands.

Dynamic modeling and coordinated multi-energy management for a sustainable biogas-dominated energy hub

Low renewable energy source (RES) accommodation and energy utilization efficiency impose great challenge to reliable energy supplies for rural residents. This paper proposes an optimal coordinated multi-energy conversion and management framework with a biogas-dominated hybrid renewable microgrid for multi-carrier energy supplies in off-grid remote areas. In this framework, multi-energy multi-timeframe couplings among biomass and other renewables are modeled based on biogas digesting thermodynamics for the coordinated interaction among electricity, biogas and thermal energy carriers, and a sustainable energy hub is formulated for mapping various renewables into diversified energy loads. The proposed energy hub can facilitate mitigating the fluctuating outputs of RES by harvesting hydro-wind-solar energies into the form of biogas, and an evaluation model is proposed based on hydrodynamic networking mechanisms to calculate the state of energy (SOE) in the biogas storage. Furthermore, a hierarchical multi-energy management strategy is presented to dynamically optimize the production, conversion, storage and consumption of multi-carrier energy flows for system energy-efficiency enhancement. Case studies on a stand-alone microgrid demonstration validate that the biogas yield can be improved by 31.75% with digesting thermodynamic effects, and the battery degradation cost can be reduced by at least 22.63% considering the SOE of biogas storage with hydrodynamic effects.

Research and Development of Mathematical Models of Elements of a Gas-Air Flow for Improvement of Automatic Control System of Organic Waste Processing Plant

Recycling of organic wastes is an extremely important and challenging environmental task. One of the promising trends in this field is the creation of multi-mode (combustion, pyrolysis and gasification) plants for processing organic wastes with production of such useful products as thermal energy and energy carriers (biocoal, bio-oil, pyrolysis resins, synthesis gas, etc.) and fertilizers. When creating such plants, the main problems include instability of the properties of a source material, its high water and ash content. This drives the developers to use non-standard equipment and atypical control algorithms, the creating of which requires a lot of experimental work to be done. At the same time, conducting field experiments is an expensive, difficult and long process that highlights the need for extensive use of mathematical and computer modeling. In this paper, mathematical models of elements of the gas-air path of the organic waste processing plant are obtained. The characteristics of the gas-air path of the plant as of an object of regulation for pressure in the lower and vacuum in the upper part of the combustion chamber are determined. The gas-air flow consists of the flue and the air ducts and serves to remove flue gases from the combustion chamber and supply air needed to maintain fuel combustion. When developing new automation systems, modeling allows assessing the applied solutions accurately, simplifying and reducing the cost of their development, solving the problems of system stability, optimizing transient processes, etc. The nonlinearity of the obtained mathematical models on the "the pressure at the inlet to the n-th section air-gas flow path — the pressure at the outlet of the n-th section of the air-gas flow path" channels, the nonstationarity of objects of control and dependence of their dynamic characteristics on operating mode of the plant are determined. Due to developed models, the two-way relationship of the gas and air paths has been revealed. When modeling, the gas-air flow of the plant is divided into several sections for which the mathematical models are obtained. They are required to synthesize controllers of flue gases vacuum in the upper part and the air pressure in the lower part of the combustion chamber.

Solar gasification of biomass in a dual fluidized bed

A new approach to conduct allothermal steam-gasification of biomass in a dual fluidized bed gasifier (DFBG), using concentrating solar energy and solid particles as thermal energy carrier and storage media, is presented. The advantage of this configuration is that the solar receiver and the reactor are uncoupled, while thermal integration is highly efficient since carrier particles are directly used in the reactor. A model of the proposed system is developed and used to theoretically analyze the performance of the solar DFBG (SDFBG) under various configurations. The circulation of solids and the solar heat supply to the system are compared for different arrangements. The separation and storage of char is identified as a method to provide the system with significant flexibility. Moreover, the operation under daily and seasonal weather variations throughout the year is studied by the developed model coupled to a solar field using hourly data from a specific location. Overall, the results indicate the huge scale-up potential of this new solar gasification technology in the short to medium term. Major challenges for developing the technology are identified and discussed.

Spark Plasma Sintering Effect on Thermoelectric Properties of Nanostructured Bismuth Telluride Synthesized by High Energy Ball Milling.

Thermoelectric properties of high energy ball milled nano structured bismuth telluride (Bi₂Te₃) have been reported. By high energy ball milling, alloyed bulk crystalline ingots crush into nanopowder and followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS), we have demonstrate high figure of merit (ZT) in bismuth telluride pellet samples. In this work systematic study carried out on three pellet samples of Bi₂Te₃, synthesized by high ball milling for the time period of 4 hours, 8 hours and 12 hours and followed by SPS at the same processing parameters. A peak value of dimensionless figure of merit of about 1.22 at the temperature of 473 K has been achieved for 8 hours ball milled pellet sample. This enhancement in ZT value is mostly due to decrease in thermal conductivity. Results of this study demonstrate that ball milling and SPS has a major effect in controlling the density of grain boundaries of Bi₂Te₃ nano particles, while the pressure exerted on the powder samples during SPS introduce stress at the boundaries of the crystallites. These disordered crystallite boundary regions exert scattering of thermal energy carriers which reduced the thermal conductivity of the materials.

Integrated Modelling and Enhanced Utilization of Power-to-Ammonia for High Renewable Penetrated Multi-Energy Systems

This paper proposes an integrated model of power-to-ammonia (P2A) to exploit the inherent operational dispatchability of nitrogen-ammonia (N2-NH3) cycles for high-renewable multi-energy systems. In this model, the steady-state electrolytic processis mathematically formulated into a thermodynamic system based on thermo-electrochemical effects, and the long-term degradation process of P2A is transformed as the short-term degradation cost to characterize its cost-efficiency. Furthermore, the enhanced utilization of P2A is explored to form a renewable energy hubfor coupled multi-energy supplies, and a coupling matrix is formulated for the optimal synergies of electrical, ammonia and thermal energy carriers. An iterative solution approach is furtherdeveloped to schedule the hub-internal multi-energy conversion and storage devices for high-efficiency utilization of available hybrid solar-wind renewables. Numerical studies on a stand-alone microgrid over a 24-hour scheduling periods are presented to confirm the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methodology over regularbattery and power-to-gas (P2G) storages on system operational economy and renewable energy accommodation.

Синтез автоматических систем регулирования технологических процессов газовоздушного тракта установки переработки органических отходов

A research team from ICT SB RAS is actively developing a system to control a pilot plant for processing organic waste automatically. The pilot plant can produce thermal energy and energy carriers (solid products, e.g. bio-coal, liquid products, e.g. bio-oil, and gaseous products, i.e. synthesis gas), for example, from biomass with different chemical composition and physical properties. The equipment can process "complex" types of waste characterized mainly by high moisture and high ash content. During tests of the pilot plant, the complexity of stabilizing the parameters of technological processes and ensuring the stability and reliability of operation of the equipment of the complex as a whole were identified. This is especially important when implementing high-temperature modes of biomass processing. In order to primarily solve these most important tasks, an automatic control system of the plant is being created. When a system for automatic control of technological parameters of the gas-air path of the pilot-industrial plant is developed, a mathematical model that describes the dynamic characteristics of the gas and air paths under various throughput rates of the plant was used. When determining mathematical models, a two-way relationship between the gas path and air path was identified (interchannel connections). When technologically complex real objects of control are being automated, in the inaccuracy of a priori information about the object, when the system operates in various uncertain external and internal situations, disturbing influences, a robust control method should be used. PID controllers were selected as corrective devices for stabilizing the technological parameters that characterize the operation mode of the gas-air path of the plant including pressure in the lower part and rarefaction in the upper part of the combustion chamber. The most appropriate method for determining the PID controller settings has been elected. Synthesis and simulation of the operation of the controllers of the pressure in the lower part and rarefaction in the upper part of the combustion chamber are performed. Basing on the results of mathematical modeling, the efficiency of the controllers of the pressure in the lower part and the rarefaction in the upper part of the combustion chamber for various loads of the plant has been shown, and their stability reserves by amplitude and phase are determined. The results of mathematical modeling of the stabilization contours of the technological parameters of the gas-air path of the plant are presented for two cases: without inter-channel connections and without the account of these connections. A simulation of the joint operation of the control circuits of the gas-air path of the plant is performed. Compensators for adjacent (interchannel) connections of the gas and air paths of the plant have been developed. The advantage of the proposed automation schemes is shown.

Liquid Metal Gallium in Metal Inserts for Solar Thermal Energy Storage: A Novel Heat Transfer Enhancement Technique

This paper investigates the heat transfer characteristics of a prototype latent heat energy storage (LHES) system with novel metal insert design configuration. The novel thermal energy storage (TES)system consist ofa vertical cylindrical shell, a helical coil and metalinserts (MI) withliquid metal gallium(Ga), designed for LHES capacity of ~13MJ. 25 kg of D-Mannitol(DM) is investigated as a phase change material (PCM) forenergy storage and property tests were conducted on DM. PCM was cycled 1000 times and checked for suitability for long term energy storage applications. Results confirmed that the addition of MI with Ga enhanced the thermal performance of the TES system. Moreover, the vertical orientation of the shell as well as the metal inserts supported natural convection during charging cycles and acted as a nucleation sites during discharging cycles, thereby assuring rapid charging and discharging of the TES system. High thermal conductivity, low specific heat of Ga and its liquid phase atroom temperatures helped Ga act as thermal energy carriers in TES unit. Maximum power output of 0.64 kW was obtained during solidification cycle and efficiency range of 87–89% for MI configuration. The presented novel LHES design can be used with a wide range of PCM and over a different temperature range of applications, mainly for water heating, high temperature industrial waste heat recovery and solar thermal applications.

Bond Strain and Rotation Behaviors of Anharmonic Thermal Carriers in ‐RDX

AbstractIn this paper, we examine how bond strain and rotation carry heat in the molecular crystal α‐RDX. We calculate anharmonic lifetimes and then rank order the phonons and their distortions to the lattice by their importance as carriers of thermal energy. The motions of the atoms that constitute the strain and rotation are determined using the phonon mode energy and mode shapes under the harmonic approximation. To draw the distinction between propagating and diffusive carriers, we additionally compare the thermal conductivity estimates from three microscale models: phonon gas model, Cahill‐Watson‐Pohl formula and Allen‐Feldman harmonic theory. We found that the modes that contribute substantially to the thermal conductivity are also the dominant contributors to the strain and rotation of all bonds in ‐RDX, among which N−N and N−O bonds were found to exhibit the largest strains and rotations. We also found that on average, the N−N bonds exhibit the largest deformation, more strain and more rotation than N−O bonds. Our calculations confirm that large straining of the N−N and N−O bonds results from relatively larger displacement of the nitrogen atom in the nitro group −NO2.

Single-Mode Phononic Wire.

Photons and electrons transmit information to form complex systems and networks. Phonons on the other hand, the quanta of mechanical motion, are often considered only as carriers of thermal energy. Nonetheless, their flow can also be molded in fabricated nanoscale circuits. We design and experimentally demonstrate wires for phonons by patterning the surface of a silicon chip. Our device eliminates all but one channel of phonon conduction, allowing coherent phonon transport over millimeter length scales. We characterize the phononic wire optically, by coupling it strongly to an optomechanical transducer. The phononic wire enables new ways to manipulate information and energy on a chip. In particular, our result is an important step towards realizing on-chip phonon networks, in which quantum information is transmitted between nodes via phonons.

Phonon Scattering in Silicon by Multiple Morphological Defects: A Multiscale Analysis

Ideal thermoelectric materials should possess low thermal conductivity $$\kappa $$ along with high electrical conductivity $$\sigma $$ . Thus, strategies are needed to impede the propagation of phonons mostly responsible for thermal conduction while only marginally affecting charge carrier diffusion. Defect engineering may provide tools to fulfill this aim, provided that one can achieve an adequate understanding of the role played by multiple morphological defects in scattering thermal energy carriers. In this paper, we study how various morphological defects such as grain boundaries and dispersed nanovoids reduce the thermal conductivity of silicon. A blended approach has been adopted, using data from both simulations and experiments in order to cover a wide range of defect densities. We show that the co-presence of morphological defects with different characteristic scattering length scales is effective in reducing the thermal conductivity. We also point out that non-gray models (i.e. models with spectral resolution) are required to improve the accuracy of predictive models explaining the dependence of $$\kappa $$ on the density of morphological defects. Finally, the application of spectral models to Matthiessen’s rule is critically addressed with the aim of arriving at a compact model of phonon scattering in highly defective materials showing that non-local descriptors would be needed to account for lattice distortion due to nanometric voids.

Asymptotic analysis of the Guyer–Krumhansl–Stefan model for nanoscale solidification

Nanoscale solidification is becoming increasingly relevant in applications involving ultra-fast freezing processes and nanotechnology. However, thermal transport on the nanoscale is driven by infrequent collisions between thermal energy carriers known as phonons and is not well described by Fourier's law. In this paper, the role of non-Fourier heat conduction in nanoscale solidification is studied by coupling the Stefan condition to the Guyer--Krumhansl (GK) equation, which is an extension of Fourier's law, valid on the nanoscale, that includes memory and non-local effects. A systematic asymptotic analysis reveals that the solidification process can be decomposed into multiple time regimes, each characterised by a non-classical mode of thermal transport and unique solidification kinetics. For sufficiently large times, Fourier's law is recovered. The model is able to capture the change in the effective thermal conductivity of the solid during its growth, consistent with experimental observations. The results from this study provide key quantitative insights that can be used to control nanoscale solidification processes.

Passive Residential Houses with the Accumulation Properties of Ground as a Heat Storage Medium

Solar radiation is the primary source of life energy on Earth. The irradiance of the upper atmosphere is about 1360 W/m2, and it is estimated that about 1000 W/m2 reaches the ground. Long-term storage of heat energy is related to the use of a suitable thermal energy carrier. It may be either artificial or natural water tank, or artificial gravel-water tank, or aquifer or soil. It is justified to store the generated energy in large heating systems due to the nature of solar thermal energy. Typically, in such a solution storage space is a large solar collector farm. The reason for this is the proportionally small unit profits, which only in the case of large number of units provides sufficient energy that can be accumulated. It should be noted that Poland, a country located in a temperate and less harsh climate such as Scandinavia and Canada, has a relatively high potential for solar revenue. In the last decade, it has caused mainly small and individual heating installations. However, much of the municipal and industrial economy continues to rely on energy from non-renewable resources. This is due not only to the lack of a high-efficiency alternative to non-renewable energy resources, but also to the thermal state of buildings throughout the country, where old buildings require thermomodernization. This has the effect of both polluting the environment and the occurrence of smog, as well as pollutants in water and soil. This directly affects the occurrence of civilization diseases and other societal health problems. Therefore, the surplus of thermal clean energy that occurs during the spring and summer period should not only be used on a regular basis, but also stored for later winter use. The paper presents the concept of housing estate, which consists of 32 twin housing units. The solid character of buildings consistently refers to passive construction, and the materials meet the requirements for the passive buildings.

Anti-icing of road surfaces using Hydronic Heating Pavement with low temperature

A traditional method to mitigate slippery conditions on a road surface is to spread out sand and salt. This method results in corrosion of the road infrastructures and damage to surrounding vegetation. A renewable alternative method for anti-icing the road surface is to use a Hydronic Heating Pavement (HHP). The HHP consists of embedded pipes in the road. A fluid as thermal energy carrier circulates through the pipe. The energy is harvested in summer and saved in seasonal thermal energy storages. The harvested energy, as the only source of energy, is released in winter for snow/ice melting. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-icing performance of the HHP system during cold periods. A two-dimensional numerical model was developed to investigate how different design options, such as distance between the pipes, affect the efficiency of the HHP systems. The annual required energy for anti-icing and remaining hours of the slippery conditions on the road surface were numerically calculated using a finite element model. The numerical model was validated for two cases: (i) for a road without pipes using a one year measured data of an existing road and (ii) for a road with embedded pipes using an analytical solution. The validation results for a road without pipes showed that the mean annual temperature difference of the road surface is 0.28°C with standard deviation of 3.53°C between the measured data and numerical calculation. The validation results for the road with embedded pipes showed that the maximum relative error associated with the thermal resistance between the pipes and surface is less than 1% between the numerical model and the analytical solution. In order to investigate the anti-icing performance of the HHP system, the climate data from Östersund, an area in middle of Sweden, were selected. The results revealed that the anti-icing performance of the HHP system improves when the pipes are placed closer, the depth of embedded pipes is reduced, large pipe sizes are used and when the road surface has a lower emissivity value. Among all options, the distance between pipes has the most significant effect on improving the anti-icing performance, so changing the pipe distances from 400mm to 50mm results in approximately four times shorter hours of the slippery conditions on the road surface.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННЫХ СИСТЕМ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ И СБОРА ДАННЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ТЕПЛОНОСИТЕЛЯ И ТЕПЛОВОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ НА ОСНОВЕ ТЕПЛОВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЕЙ «ВЗЛЕТ ТСРВ-026М» НА ПРИМЕРЕ «ОВОЩЕХРАНИЛИЩА, УПМ И ФОК-2» ФГБОУ ВО БГТУ ИМ. В.Г. ШУХОВА

The use of automated control systems and data collection parameters of the coolant and the thermal energy gives the effect of the introduction of the thermal energy consumer is the ability to control and monitor the heat consumption, to reduce the fee for heat energy, for generating an object has the ability to monitor consumption, identify the most energy inefficient consumers to quickly monitor emergency and commercial theft.
 Questions of accounting of thermal energy are regulated by the Federal law of november 23, 2009 № 261 FZ "On energy saving and on increasing energy efficiency and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation" (article 13), as well as the relationship between legal persons with each other "accounting Rules of thermal energy and heat carrier".