Carriers For Drug Delivery Systems Research Articles

Investigating the Functional Performance of Plantago Ovate Plant as a Drug Carrier in a Targeted Drug Delivery System

The drug delivery systems that were used in the past were done without any control over the time, place and speed of drug release, and this caused the amount of drug released in the blood to fluctuate, that is, the concentration of the drug in the blood could vary from The therapeutic range will be exceeded and its side effects will also increase. Therefore, with targeted medicine, it is possible to control the place of drug release, its speed and time, and minimize the side effects caused by the drug. In this regard, in this research, the natural hydrogel extracted from the Plantago ovate plant as one of the drug carriers in the body environment in order to increase the efficiency and reduce the degradation of the drug, prevent the side effects caused by the use of the drug and increase the access to the drug and improve Its effect was investigated at the lesion site. In this context, after extracting the natural hydrogel from Plantago ovate plant, the swelling rate of Plantago ovate gel powder was investigated at different pH, the FT-IR spectrum obtained from Plantago ovate hydrogel and the swelling rate of Plantago ovate mucilage at different pH were investigated. Therefore, the obtained results indicate that natural polysaccharides can be used as a natural drug carrier in drug delivery systems due to their high biocompatibility in the body environment, non-toxicity and cheapness.

An Investigation into the Effects of Processing Factors on the Properties and Scaling-Up Potential of Propranolol-Loaded Chitosan Nanogels.

Chitosan-triphosphate (TPP) nanogels are widely studied drug delivery carrier systems, typically prepared via a simple mixing process. However, the effects of the processing factors on nanogel production have not been extensively explored, despite the importance of understanding and standardising such factors to allow upscaling and commercial usage. This study aims to systematically evaluate the effects of various fabrication and processing factors on the properties of nanogels using a Design of Experiment approach. Hydrodynamic size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency were determined as the dependent factors. The temperature, stirring rate, chitosan grade, crosslinker choice, and the interaction term between temperature and chitosan grade were found to have a significant effect on the particle size, whereas the effect of temperature and the addition rate of crosslinker on the PDI was also noteworthy. Moreover, the addition rate of the crosslinker and the volume of the reaction vessel were found to impact the encapsulation efficiency. The zeta potential of the nanogels was found to be governed by the chitosan grade. The optimal fabrication conditions for the development of medium molecular weight chitosan and TPP nanogels included the following: the addition rate for TPP solution was set at 2 mL/min, while the solution was then stirred at a temperature of 50 °C and a stirring speed of 600 rpm. The volume of the glass vial used was 28 mL, while the stirrer size was 20 mm. The second aim of the study was to evaluate the potential for scaling up the nanogels. Size and PDI were found to increase from 128 nm to 151 nm and from 0.232 to 0.267, respectively, when the volume of the reaction mixture was increased from 4 to 20 mL and other processing factors were kept unchanged. These results indicate that caution is required when scaling up as the nanogel properties may be significantly altered with an increasing production scale.

Impact of Cross‐Linking on the Physicochemical and Physiological Characteristics of Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) Grains Starch

Barnyard millet starch (Echinochloa frumentacea) has been investigated for its potential in drug delivery systems due to its unique properties. This study examined the physicochemical and physiological properties of cross‐linked barnyard millet starch (BMS) using varying concentrations of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Physicochemical and physiological properties of the cross‐linked starches are analyzed. Cross‐linking resulted in reduced swelling capacity and solubility of starch samples. Morphological analysis revealed rough surfaces with cavities and minute cracks in cross‐linked starches. Acute and sub‐acute toxicity studies in test animals indicated no adverse effects, with LD50 values within acceptable limits at 2000 mg kg−1. Hematological, biochemical, and lipid profiles showed no significant alterations compared to the control group. The study demonstrated a low acute toxicity level and favorable safety profile for STPP‐cross‐linked starch. These findings highlighted the potential of cross‐linked barnyard millet starch as a carrier in drug delivery system and for food applications. This study supports the potential of cross‐linked barnyard millet starch in pharmaceutical formulations.

Unveiling the vitamin E profile in rice bran extracellular vesicles: evaluation of extraction and preparation methods.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale entities secreted by various cells, encapsulating various nucleic acids and proteins that play important roles in cellular activities. Although rice bran is known for its richness in phytochemicals such as tocopherol and tocotrienol, the distribution of these compounds within EVs has not been extensively studied. The objective of this study was to detect and analyze the presence of vitamin E in EVs extracted from rice bran. We investigated several EV extraction methods, including rotation, vortex mixing, and ultrasonication, followed by post-extraction techniques such as ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, and lyophilization. Vitamin E in the EVs from rice bran was analyzed using LC-FLD. This study is the first to identify tocopherol and tocotrienol in rice bran-derived EVs. Our results indicate that ultracentrifugation followed by rotation is the most effective method for the preparation of rice bran-derived EVs. Notably, the vitamin E profile in EVs varies depending on the preparation method and differs from that in rice bran extracts. The pronounced presence of vitamin E in EVs suggests unique pharmacokinetics and underscores the potential of EVs as carriers for drug delivery systems. This study not only confirms the presence of vitamin E in EVs, but also underscores the potential of EVs and their phytochemical content for therapeutic applications.

Ferromagnetic and ohmic effects on nanofluid flow via permeability rotative disk: significant interparticle radial and nanoparticle radius

The significance of interparticle spacing and nanoparticle radius for the case of single-phase nanofluid flow has often been neglected. Tremendous applications of this phenomenon can be witnessed in different fields, especially in electron microscopes, heat exchange processes, and many others. This research highlights this vital aspect of Ohmic heating in nanofluid flow over a spinning disk. To ensure the novelty, a ferromagnetic nanoparticle (Manganese ferrite) has been incorporated to examine interparticle spacing and particle radius to explore the features of heat transfer. The ferromagnetic nanofluids are vital in carriers for drug delivery systems, in cancer treatment, design of systems for hyperthermia therapy, in microfluidic devices used for chemical synthesis, etc. The quantiles of dimensional equations are converted into dimensionless ones by adopting similarity transformations and to solve highly coupled nonlinear equations numerically, built-in bvp5c MATLAB tool is utilized. The effect of a few revealed factors, the velocity and temperature distributions, are examined via visualization. Furthermore, streamlined plots are also visualized. The outcomes produced showed excellent agreement with those made in the literature in the same direction by assuming some exceptional cases on different gradients. Further, the outstanding results are reported as; the permeability of the surface produces the suction velocity, and the enhanced suction velocity attenuates the fluid velocity in either of the case of pure and nanofluid. The increase in thermal radiation boosts up the heat transfer rate whereas the augmentation in the Eckert number retards it significantly.

Small extracellular vesicles loaded with carboplatin effectively enhance the cytotoxicity of drug-resistant cells from Y79 cells-in vitro

Drug resistance (DR) is one of the challenges in treating retinoblastoma (Rb) that warrants novel approaches. With the emerging evidence on the role of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) as a drug-delivery carrier system, in this study, we derived the drug-resistant (DR) clones of Y79 cells and evaluated the efficacy of sEVs-loaded with carboplatin (sEVs-CPT) to reverse the chemoresistance. Drug-resistant clones of Y79 cells (DR-Y79) were systematically developed through sequential exposure to carboplatin (CPT), showcasing a sixfold increase in inhibitory concentration when compared to parental Y79 cells (IC50: 41.4 µg/mL and 6.2 µg/mL) (P<0.0001). These DR-Y79 cells show higher expression of ABCG2 and higher expression of DR genes than parental Y79 cells (P<0.0001). The sEVs were isolated from the conditioned media of Y79 cells using ultracentrifugation (UC) and characterized. Further, the sEVs were loaded with CPT and achieved higher encapsulation efficiency at one hour, and drug release of sEVs-CPT was highest at ∼80% at pH 5.0. The cytotoxicity of sEVs-CPT on Y79 cells and DR-Y79 was higher when compared to the CPT (IC50: 3.5 µg/mL vs 6.2 µg/mL; 23.1 µg/mL vs 41.2 µg/mL) (p<0.0001). This study demonstrates that sequential exposure to CPT generates DR clones of Y79 cells, which could serve as an appropriate model to evaluate the efficacy of drugs. The sEVs-CPT were highly effective in enhancing cytotoxicity in DR-Y79 cells, and appear to hold promise as a novel complimentary drug delivery system.

Nanotechnological advances in cancer: therapy a comprehensive review of carbon nanotube applications.

Nanotechnology is revolutionising different areas from manufacturing to therapeutics in the health field. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a promising drug candidate in nanomedicine, have attracted attention due to their excellent and unique mechanical, electronic, and physicochemical properties. This emerging nanomaterial has attracted a wide range of scientific interest in the last decade. Carbon nanotubes have many potential applications in cancer therapy, such as imaging, drug delivery, and combination therapy. Carbon nanotubes can be used as carriers for drug delivery systems by carrying anticancer drugs and enabling targeted release to improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects on healthy tissues. In addition, carbon nanotubes can be combined with other therapeutic approaches, such as photothermal and photodynamic therapies, to work synergistically to destroy cancer cells. Carbon nanotubes have great potential as promising nanomaterials in the field of nanomedicine, offering new opportunities and properties for future cancer treatments. In this paper, the main focus is on the application of carbon nanotubes in cancer diagnostics, targeted therapies, and toxicity evaluation of carbon nanotubes at the biological level to ensure the safety and real-life and clinical applications of carbon nanotubes.

A pH/GSH Dual‐Responsive, Folic Acid Targeted Drug Delivery System Based on Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy

AbstractBovine serum albumin, based on its low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility, has great potential as a carrier for drug delivery systems. In this context, a pH/GSH dual‐responsive drug delivery system (ICG/DOX@Fe‐BSA‐FA nanoparticles) based on Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is constructed for tumor‐targeted multimodal therapy. In this study, doxorubicin (DOX) and indocyanine green (ICG) are co‐loaded after Fe3+ is coordinated with BSA, and the system is finally grafted with the targeted molecule Folic acid. DOX is used in chemotherapy, ICG is used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), and Fe3+ mainly provided sufficient raw material for the Fenton‐like reaction. The ability of ICG/DOX@Fe‐BSA‐FA (ID@FBF) nanoparticles to combine chemotherapy with CDT/PDT/PTT is demonstrated by several physical characterization. In vitro cell uptake assay and in vitro cytotoxicity assay demonstrated the excellent ability of ID@FBF to target 4T1 cells and kill tumor cells with the IC50 value of 0.75 µg mL−1. Therefore, chemotherapy combined with CDT/PDT/PTT therapy may result in satisfactory efficacy via ID@FBF, a potentially powerful and highly effective nanosystem.

Niosomes: A targeted drug delivery system

Niosomes are the multilamellar vesicles structure of non-ionic surfactant. Niosomes act as a drug carrier in drug delivery system. Niosomes improved the therapeutic performance of encapsulated drug molecules by protecting the drug from host biological environments resulting in their delayed clearance. In this present review article, we concentrate on the drug Niosomes which is a normal approach for drug delivery system. The niosomes have become the area of interest in the drug delivery system their advantage one liposomes in the field of drug delivery system for being non-toxic makes them more suitable for drug delivery system. Their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic, lipophilic drugs simultaneously has increased its demand in the present scenario. Niosomes are vesicles made up of non-ionic surfactant, which are biodegradable, nontoxic, more stable and inexpensive and have ability to substitute liposomes but they also flexibility in the route of administration Thus, in the present articles more focus is made on the development method of niosomes which is used as a novel approach in present scenario So, Niosomes as a drug carrier is of greater Importance in the pharmaceutical field

π-extended porphyrin-based near-infrared photosensitizers for mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy

Near-infrared (NIR) photosensitizers have great potential to develop various fields of photochemistry, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photocatalysts. Organelle-targeted PDT using NIR light attracts considerable attention to high-efficiency phototherapy. Although drug delivery system (DDS) carriers are often combined with NIR photosensitizers for effective PDT, the systematic correlations between the cargo and DDS carriers are still unclear. In this study, we develop NIR-photosensitizers from a π-extended porphyrin-type sensitizer (rTPA) that allows us to modify the structure and properties with a one-touch operation for the systematic study. Single-step amidations give five rTPA derivatives readily, facilitating comprehensive information about the properties according to their molecular structure and electric charge of the photosensitizer and DDS carriers prepared using a microfluidic device. One of the combinations, rTPA-NH2@MP, demonstrates the highest ability among the derivatives to kill pancreatic cancer cells, which are known to be highly lethal. The present study provides a guideline for inventing effective DDS-based NIR-PDT compounds for future photodrugs.

PH dependent biocompatible room temperature covalent organic polymers for selective chemotherapeutic drug delivery

Covalent organic polymers (COP) are a special class of two-dimensional and three-dimensional cross-linked polymeric networks with repeating organic units. They are ideally suited for drug delivery applications because of their large surface area, porous nature, and tunable properties. Furan-2,5-dicarbohydrazide and 1,3,5-triformylbenzene were used to synthesize pH-responsive hydrazone-linked furan-based spherical COP(FRT-COP) at room temperature. The formulated FRT-COP were later stabilized using hyaluronic acid (HA) and then encapsulated anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX), utilizing the porous structure of the synthesized COP. The newly developed FRT-COP have a pore size of 10 nm, and FRT-COP-DOX-HA exhibit drug loading capacity of 34.4 % and an encapsulation efficiency of 52.32 %. The 80 % viability of NIH 3T3 cells and 82.1 % viability of the CT2A cells, even at a higher concentration of 100 μg/mL of the carrier system, proves the outstanding biocompatibility of the carrier system for chemotherapeutic drug delivery administration. The FRT-COP-DOX-HA-treated NIH-3T3 normal cell line exhibits a viability of 80.59 % at a material concentration of 25 μg/mL. Furthermore, CT2A cancer cell lines show a viability of 33.1 % at a material concentration of 25 μg/mL. The in vivo results obtained from the experiments performed on male BALB/c nude mice also unequivocally demonstrated the exceptional suitability of the proposed drug delivery carrier system for antitumor chemotherapeutic drug administration.

Research Advances of Engineered Exosomes as Drug Delivery Carrier.

Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by living cells that have similar membrane composition to parental cells and carry a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Therefore, exosomes have certain biological activities and play an important role in intercellular communication. On the basis of its potential as a carrier for drug delivery systems, exosomes have been engineered to compensate for the shortage of natural exosomes through various engineering strategies for improving drug delivery efficiency, enhancing targeting to tissues and organs, and extending the circulating half-life of exosomes. This review focuses on the engineered exosomes loading drugs through different strategies, discussions on exosome surface modification strategies, and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different strategies. In addition, this review provides an overview of the recent applications of engineered exosomes in a number of refractory and relapsable diseases. This review has the potential to provide a reference for further research and development of engineered exosomes.

Niosomes for nose-to-brain delivery: A non-invasive versatile carrier system for drug delivery in neurodegenerative diseases

Niosomes for nose-to-brain delivery: A non-invasive versatile carrier system for drug delivery in neurodegenerative diseases

Preparation of pH-sensitive chitosan-magnetic graphene quantum dot bionanocomposite hydrogel beads for drug delivery application: Emphasis on effects nanoparticles

Chitosan-based bionanocomposite hydrogel beads have attracted much attention as carriers in drug delivery systems due to their inherent properties, such as excellent biocompatibility, high swelling, and high storage capacities. In this study, a combination of chitosan hydrogel with different amounts of MGQD was prepared and used for pH-sensitive controlled release of MTX. The successful synthesis was confirmed through various analysis methods. The fabricated CS, CS-MGQD 5%, CS-MGQD 10%, and CS-MGQD 15% hydrogel beads loaded about 84, 83, 77, and 64% of MTX, respectively. The results of the swelling behavior and drug release behavior showed that the hydrogel beads experience pH-dependent swelling and release of MTX. In addition, investigating the effect of MGQD concentration on swelling behavior and drug release showed that CS-MGQD 15% has favorable stability and controllable drug release in an acid environment. Also, the Weibull kinetic model was the best-fitting model for MTX release from CS-MGQD 15% bionanocomposite hydrogels at pH 5. These findings suggest that the prepared magnetic bionanocomposite hydrogel beads have good potential for implantable pH-sensitive drug delivery in the treatment of cancerous tissue.

Self-Assembling Polymers with p-Aminosalicylate Anions Supported by Encapsulation of p-Aminosalicylate for the Improvement of Drug Content and Release Efficiency.

Bioactive linear choline-based copolymers were developed as micellar carriers for drug delivery systems (DDSs). The polymethacrylates containing trimethylammonium groups with p-aminosalicylate anions (PAS-based copolymers: series 1) or chloride anions (Cl-based copolymers: series 2) differing in ionic content and chain length were selected for drug loading. The diverse structures of amphiphilic copolymers made it possible to adjust the encapsulation efficiency of a well-known antibiotic, i.e., p-aminosalicylate in the form of sodium salt (PASNa) or acid (PASA), providing single drug systems. Goniometry was applied to verify the self-assembly capacity of the copolymers using the critical micelle concentration (CMC = 0.03-0.18 mg/mL) and the hydrophilicity level quantifying the surface wettability of polymer film using the water contact angle (WCA = 30-53°). Both parameters were regulated by the copolymer composition, indicating that the increase in ionic content caused higher CMC and lower WCA, but the latter was also modified to a less hydrophilic surface by drug encapsulation. The drug content (DC) in the PAS-based polymers was increased twice by encapsulation of PASNa and PASA (47-96% and 86-104%), whereas in the chloride-based polymer systems, the drug was loaded in 43-96% and 73-100%, respectively. Efficient drug release was detected for PASNa (80-100% series 1; 50-100% series 2) and PASA as complete in both series. The strategy of loading extra drug by encapsulation, which enhances the drug content in the copolymers containing anions of the same pharmaceutics, provided promising characteristics, which highlight the potential of PAS-loaded micellar copolymers for drug delivery.

Electrospun metal–organic frameworks-loaded nanofibrous carriers for drug delivery systems

Electrospun metal–organic frameworks-loaded nanofibrous carriers for drug delivery systems

PH-responsive double emulsion system for targeted anticancer therapy based on polyacrylic acid-polyvinyl pyrrolidone containing carbon nanotubes for 5-fluorouracil as an anticancer medication

The second most significant cause of death among females is considered as breast cancer. Nowadays, many treatments are used to stop and control cancerous cells; among all, chemotherapy and anticancer medications have been applied to most patients for a long time. Although these methods successfully treat cancer, various harmful and unwanted side effects increase pain and suffering for the patients, including drug resistance, high toxicity, and non-targeting. Among different chemotherapy medications, 5-FU is one of the famous chemotherapeutic medications used to treat multiple tumors for over 70 years. With nanomaterials' help, intelligent drug delivery systems have been provided to carry different anticancer medications with minimal side effects. CNTs are well-known nanoparticles that could be used as carriers for smart drug delivery systems. Having an appropriate porosity, low toxicity, and transport, and regulating the amount of drug released make CNTs a suitable candidate as carriers in drug delivery systems. In this work, a combination of CNT nanoparticleswith PAA and PVP polymers was used to fabricate CNT/PAA/PVP nanocomposite as a drug delivery system, and 5-FU was encapsulated in the synthesized nanocarrier as an anticancer medication against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with double emulsion technique (W-O-W). FT-IR and XRD analyses have been used to investigate different physical interactions and the crystalline behavior of the nanocomposite particles, respectively. DLS and Zeta potential identified nanoemulsions' average size distribution and surface charge. FESEM images were used to investigate the morphology features of the nanocarrier. The encapsulation and loading efficiency in CNT-PAA-PVP@5-FU nanocomposite was around 88.00 % and 45.5 %, respectively. The release pattern of 5-FU in the nanocomposite in the neutral and acidic conditions followed Korsmeyer-Peppas and Higuchi kinetic models, respectively. The pattern also proved that the release was pH-dependent and controlled in various media. MTT test verified a good cytotoxicity for the nanocomposite, and flow cytometry showed that the apoptotic percentage against MCF-7 in the nanocarrier was higher than free 5-FU. In light of these findings, the CNT-PAA-PVP@5-FU drug delivery system can be used to transport pharmaceuticals to cancerous tumors with fewer side effects compared to old treatments.

Formulation Optimization and Evaluation of Nanocochleate Gel of Famciclovir for the Treatment of Herpes Zoster.

Herpes zoster is a viral infection triggered due to the reactivation of the varicella- zoster virus in the posterior dorsal root ganglion. Herpes zoster infections occur mostly in the facial, cervical and thoracic regions of the body, beginning with pain and resulting in the vesicular eruption. Recently, this infection was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic and also after the induction of mRNA-based vaccine for coronavirus at an extended level. Nanocochleates are cylindrical (cigarshape) microstructure lipid-based versatile carriers for drug delivery systems. Famciclovir is an antiviral agent employed for the treatment of Herpes zoster infections. The current research patent aims to develop a novel nanocochleate gel of Famciclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster infections with higher efficacy. The interaction studies using FTIR were carried out and indicated no such interactions between the drug and lipids. The nanocochleates were developed using hydrogel, trapping, liposome before cochleate dialysis, direct calcium dialysis and binary aqueous-aqueous emulsion methods, respectively. The 32 Box-Behnken design was applied by considering the concentration of lipids (phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol) and speed of rotation as independent factors, whereas particle size and entrapment efficiency as dependable factors. The developed nanocochleates were estimated for the particle size (276.3 nm), zeta potential (-16.7 mV), polydispersity index (0.241), entrapment efficiency (73.87±0.19%) and in vitro diffusion release (>98.8% in 10 h). The optimized batch was further converted into the topical gel using carbopol 940 as a gelling agent. The prepared gel was smooth, rapidly spreadable with a viscosity (5998.72 cp), drug content (95.3%) and remained stable during stability studies. A novel nanocochleate gel of Famciclovir was successfully developed for the treatment of infections associated with Herpes Zoster with sustained release action.

New liposome-radionuclide-chelate combination for tumor targeting and rapid healthy tissue clearance

Radionuclide imaging and therapy are promising methods for controlling systemic cancers; however, their clinical application has been limited by excessive radionuclide accumulation in healthy tissues. To minimize radionuclide accumulation in non-cancerous tissues while ensuring sufficient build up in tumors, we aimed to develop a method that controlled the in vivo dynamics of radionuclides post-administration. To this end, we describe a novel strategy that combines liposomes, a potent carrier system for drug delivery, with unique radionuclide-ligand complexes based on 111In-ethylenedicysteine.Conventional 111In-ligand-complexes-carrying liposomes delivered substantial amounts of radionuclides to tumors; however, they also accumulated in the liver and spleen. In contrast, 111In-ethylenedicysteine-carrying liposomes greatly reduced non-specific accumulation, while being retained selectively at high doses within tumors. Liposomes were rapidly broken down in the liver, releasing encapsulated 111In-ligand complexes. Among the chelates used, only 111In-ethylenedicysteine could escape from the liver and be excreted in the urine. Instead, most liposomes remained intact in tumors, retaining the radionuclide-ligand complexes within them. Therefore, high tumor accumulation was obtained regardless of the type of 111In-ligand complexes in the liposomes. In vivo single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging with 111In-ethylenedicysteine-carrying liposomes accurately revealed tumor-selective radionuclide retention with little background. Hence, our new strategy could greatly enhance tumor-to-healthy tissue ratios, improve diagnostic imaging, boost therapeutic efficacy, reduce toxicity to healthy tissues, and facilitate radionuclide imaging and therapy.

Lipid based drug delivery systems for oral, transdermal and parenteral delivery: Recent strategies for targeted delivery consistent with different clinical application

Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) are valuable and biocompatible nano-carriers for the vehiculation and potential delivery of various hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or amphiphilic compounds. LBDDS have the advantage of targeted drug delivery, as free drugs may have poor targeting, higher systemic toxicity, and possibilities of drug resistance. There is various type of lipid carrier systems for drug delivery based on the properties of drugs and clinical applications; nanoemulsion, microemulsion, lipid vesicles, and lipid nanoparticles. The era of targeted drug delivery is advancing from the superficial convention vesicles to the second generation of LBDDS by modulating the surface chemistry through modifying/surface functionalizing the lipid layer composition. The surfaces of lipid vehicles have been modified with small molecules, antibodies, peptides, and enzymes for targeted drug delivery and reduced toxicity. In this regard, polyethylene glycosylation (PEGylation) on the lipid surface was the first novel approach that improves blood circulation time and curtails opsonin resistance and clearance. However, multi-drug and multi-receptor strategies in the targeted-liposomal approach may be an innovative pathway to overcoming drug resistance while treating certain tumors. Several second-generation conventional drug delivery systems among liposomal formulations are at various stages of clinical trials. This review recapitulates the types of lipid formulations, characterization, and their applications in clinical aspects. Additionally, discuss the strategies for enhancement of disease targeting by surface functionalization with various entities to improve the drug delivery system.