Carrier Sense Research Articles

Research on AUV Multi-Node Networking Communication Based on Underwater Electric Field CSMA/CA Channel

To address the issues of high attenuation, weak reception signal, and channel blockage in the current electric field communication of underwater robots, research on autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) multi-node networking communication based on underwater electric field Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) channel was conducted. This article, first through simulation, finds that the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol has a smaller routing packet delay time and higher reliability compared to the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol on underwater electric field CSMA/CA channels. Then, a 2FSK underwater electric field communication system was established, and dynamic communication experiments were carried out between two AUV nodes. The experimental results showed that within a range of 0 to 3.5 m, this system can achieve underwater dynamic electric field communication with a bit error rate of 0 to 0.628%. Finally, to avoid channel blockage during underwater AUV multi-node communication, this article proposes a dynamic backoff method for AUV multi-node communication based on CSMA/CA. This system can achieve dynamic multi-node communication of underwater electric fields with an error rate ranging from 0 to 0.96%. The research results have engineering application prospects for underwater cluster operations.

Hybrid vehicular access protocol and message prioritization for real-time safety messaging

Real-time safety services rely on the exchange of messages to enhance the operations of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). These safety messages convey vital information about traffic conditions, enabling drivers to take necessary measures to prevent accidents. The timely and reliable delivery of these messages is essential, necessitating efficient channel access. Vehicular Deterministic Access (VDA) is employed as a channel access scheme with distinct priorities and stringent timing guidelines, particularly for urgent safety warnings. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach that combines VDA and Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocols, along with a message prioritization algorithm, to ensure efficient and reliable communication of safety messages in vehicular networks. Our approach leverages the strengths of both VDA and CSMA/CA to avoid message collisions; VDA is more efficient under high traffic loads, while CSMA/CA is better suited for low traffic loads. Additionally, the incorporation of the message prioritization algorithm ensures strict deadline guarantees for high-priority messages, such as Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages (DENMs). We evaluate our proposed solution using the Artery simulation framework. Our results show over a 93% delivery rate for DENM exchanges while maintaining low collision probability across various traffic loads. This research provides practical guidance for the development of efficient and reliable communication systems for CAVs. It also offers a detailed analysis of the trade-offs among different access protocols and message prioritization strategies in vehicular networks.

Mathematical analysis of busy tone in full-duplex optical MAC for hidden node mitigation

This article provides the mathematical analysis of carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) media access control (MAC) protocol of IEEE 802.15.7 optical wireless communication (OWC). While the prior works have performed the OWC CSMA/CA mathematical analysis using the Markov models, deviation from the simulation results has been observed. We address this by improving the Markov model calculations, which display a mere 0.2% throughput deviation, nearly matching the simulation results. Furthermore, we work on the hidden node problem of the OWC networks. This problem is solved in literature by using various full-duplex communication methods, such as bi-directional data transmission and the busy tone signal; the latter is employed in our previous work on full-duplex optical MAC (FD-OMAC). These techniques increase the coverage area of the nodes by utilizing an access point (AP) as a relay node. However, the AP response is delayed by the processing time, causing an unexpected network behavior. The quantitative effect of this delay remains unexplored, which is critical for optimizing the OWC network. We bridge this gap by extending the proposed Markov analysis to model CSMA/CA and the aforementioned full-duplex techniques. This work equips readers with mathematical insights for future OWC MAC layer enhancements.

Adaptive MAC Scheme for Interference Management in Ad Hoc IoT Networks

The field of wireless communication has undergone revolutionary changes driven by technological advancements in recent years. Central to this evolution is wireless ad hoc networks, which are characterized by their decentralized nature and have introduced numerous possibilities and challenges for researchers. Moreover, most of the existing Internet of Things (IoT) networks are based on ad hoc networks. This study focuses on the exploration of interference management and Medium Access Control (MAC) schemes. Through statistical derivations and systematic simulations, we evaluate the efficacy of guard zone-based MAC protocols under Rayleigh fading channel conditions. By establishing a link between network parameters, interference patterns, and MAC effectiveness, this work contributes to optimizing network performance. A key aspect of this study is the investigation of optimal guard zone parameters, which are crucial for interference mitigation. The adaptive guard zone scheme demonstrates superior performance compared to the widely recognized Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) and the system-wide fixed guard zone protocol under fading channel conditions that mimic real-world scenarios. Additionally, simulations reveal the interactions between network variables such as node density, path loss exponent, outage probability, and spreading gain, providing insights into their impact on aggregated interference and guard zone effectiveness.

Analytical and Empirical Insights into Wireless Sensor Network Longevity: The Role MAC Protocols and Adaptive Strategies

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become essential in various fields, such as corporate industries, environmental monitoring, military defense, and healthcare, due to their ability to monitor and transmit data from remote locations. However, the battery-powered nature of WSN nodes necessitates a strong emphasis on energy conservation to extend network lifespan. This paper evaluates the impact of different Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols on WSN performance, focusing on energy efficiency and data transmission reliability. We explore various MAC protocols, including contention-based protocols like Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), schedule-based protocols like Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and hybrid protocols that combine both approaches. The methodology integrates analytical modelling, empirical data collection, and expert interviews to comprehensively assess the performance and longevity of WSNs under different MAC protocols. Analytical models were developed to simulate WSN behavior, considering factors such as node density, traffic load, and energy consumption. Empirical data from real-world deployments and experimental setups were analyzed to validate the models and provide practical insights. Expert interviews further highlighted the challenges and considerations in MAC protocol design and implementation. This paper underscores the importance of context-specific MAC protocol selection and the potential of adaptive strategies, including machine learning, to enhance WSN efficiency and reliability. These insights can guide the development of more sustainable and high-performing WSN applications.

Delay sensitive and energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol using enhanced agglomerative hierarchy algorithm with time‐controlled jellyfish optimization

AbstractWireless sensor networks have sensing functions which made up of small sensor nodes that are processing and communication capabilities. However, the traditional approach of designating a single sensor node as the cluster head often leads to a faster depletion of its energy resources than another node. So, periodic reassignment of the cluster head role among different sensor nodes is crucial to extend operational lifetime and ensure sustained performance. Therefore, this research proposes an Enhanced Agglomerative Hierarchy Algorithm based on the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (EAHALEACH) protocol, coupled with an enhanced time‐controlled optimization algorithm, to enhance energy efficiency by selecting the optimal cluster head from a candidate pool. The proposed method enhances energy efficiency by optimally selecting cluster heads, which reduces energy consumption and extends the lifespan of the network. Additionally, a lightweight energy‐aware cluster head rotation algorithm is introduced to efficiently rotate the cluster head role within the sensor node network, minimizing unnecessary data transmissions and extending the network lifetime. A hybrid approach combining Carrier Sense and Time Division Multiple Access (CSTDMA) optimizes packet forwarding by dynamically allocating time slots, reducing collisions and contention to improve packet forwarding efficiency. Comparative analysis with existing techniques demonstrates that the hybrid clustering‐based LEACH protocol achieves superior performance in terms of throughput 4600 bps by 2000 rounds, energy consumption 50 J, latency as 1 ms and network lifetime in 1000th node attains 3500 s. These advancements contribute to prolonged operational efficiency and sustained performance in wireless sensor network deployments.

Load-adaptive MAC protocol for frontier detection in Underwater Mobile Sensor Network

This work proposes a load-adaptive Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for the frontier/boundary detection application of underwater phenomena using Underwater Mobile Sensor Network (UWMSN). A leader-follower architecture of a swarm of underwater vehicles is proposed here. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) traverse a random mobility pattern beneath one Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) (leader) in the proposed network. ASV has to guide multiple-follower AUVs in the event of interest. The vehicular swarm aims to explore the frontiers in the event to build the map. Load-adaptive MAC protocol is therefore proposed and implemented in this hybrid multi-vehicular network to ensure seamless vehicular communications. The ASV has navigational capabilities to aid the AUVs in navigation and data collection. The proposed MAC protocol can adjust the dynamic mobility and load in the network. The protocol aims to provide dynamic Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) slots for the AUVs wirelessly linked in the vicinity of the ASV. These slots are used for ranging/navigation and data transmission. Additional urgent data from any AUVs can be transmitted in open Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) protocol following the TDMA duration. Results have been generated by comparing protocols like CSMA, ALOHA, and TDMA with the proposed Load-Adaptive MAC protocol. The protocols have been compared to the throughput vs number of nodes and throughput vs simulation time. It has been observed that the proposed MAC can perform better than ALOHA and CSMA protocols. Nevertheless, it can produce comparable results for TDMA protocol while supporting the dynamic mobility and load in the network meantime supporting urgent data transmission for nodes in demand.

Measurement-Based Estimation of Carrier Sense Behavior for Simulation Modeling

Measurement-Based Estimation of Carrier Sense Behavior for Simulation Modeling

Multi-Disjoint Path opportunistic networks with Hidden Markov Chain modeling

Advancing the efficiency and reliability of wireless sensor networks is a paramount pursuit in modern networking research. In this context, we introduce a groundbreaking approach based on Hidden Markov Chain (HMC) modeling with opportunistic routing, harnessed by the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism. Our innovative algorithm addresses key challenges in Wireless Body Area Networks, including delay, throughput, and bandwidth utilization. By strategically integrating the HMC model, which captures intricate state transitions and emission probabilities, our proposed method introduces a robust solution for optimizing node connections and routing decisions. This fusion of HMC and opportunistic routing capitalizes on the strengths of both paradigms, enhancing the network's ability to make intelligent decisions in dynamic scenarios. Through rigorous simulations, we showcase the algorithm's prowess in achieving efficient data transmission. The empirical evidence from these simulations underscores the algorithm's superiority when juxtaposed against state-of-the-art mechanisms such as Simple Multi-Packet Access (SMPA) and Priority-based Congestion-avoidance Routing Protocol (PCRP). Our algorithm not only outperforms existing solutions in terms of delay, throughput, and bandwidth utilization, but it also showcases its ability to adapt to varying network conditions, making it a versatile tool for diverse applications.

A novel and optimized computational framework for energy efficient data dissemination in wireless sensor network

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an integral part of internet-of-things (IoT), where a large scale of data transmission and various complex services are identified to be delivered. In order to facilitate these services, energy efficiency is one critical demand for resource-constraint sensor nodes. Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) has been considered for effective traffic management for high-end data delivery services. A review of existing literature on CSMA-based schemes shows that it has not yet achieved an optimal case of energy efficiency. Hence, the proposed study presents a novel computational framework in order to address this research gap. The prime contribution of the proposed study is towards presenting an optimal computational model for maximized fairness in data dissemination services in WSN especially focusing on energy efficiency. The presented study model also contributes towards optimizing route buffer and buffer power, which facilitates towards availability of energy-efficient path information. The study also introduces a mobile auxiliary node that aggregates the data from sensor nodes and delivers it to the sink node considering dynamic location updates for seamless transmission. Scripted in MATLAB, the proposed scheme exhibited 70% energy saving compared to conventional schemes of CSMA in WSN.

On Signal Detection Parameters for Energy Detection Based Carrier Sense in LPWANs

On Signal Detection Parameters for Energy Detection Based Carrier Sense in LPWANs

Self-Tuning of Signal Detection Level for Energy Detection-Based Carrier Sense in Low-Power Wide-Area Networks.

Carrier sense allows end devices to improve the communication quality through autonomous decentralization by consuming power. In particular, energy detection-based carrier sense can improve communication quality compared with peak detection-based carrier sense. To improve the trade-off between communication quality and energy consumption in low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs), this study proposes a self-tuning method for the signal detection level of an energy detection-based carrier sense, that is, the carrier sense level in sub-GHz band LPWANs. In the proposed method, the carrier sense level of each end device is determined based on the reception success probability of the acknowledgment packet, such that they become low carrier sense levels for an end device with low probability and high carrier sense levels for an end device with high probability. The proposed method enables autonomous decentralized derivation of the carrier sense level using only existing protocols. Numerical examples show that the proposed method can improve the performance of end devices with a high path loss to a gateway.

“Hybrid MAC Methodology for Improving the QOS in Fiber Wireless Network”

The Fi-Wi (Fiber-Wireless) approach stands out as a crucial element in the realm of networks, demonstrating superiority over various technologies. With the exponential growth in Internet users, significant strides have been made in the evolution of Fi-Wi networking systems in recent years. This mechanism offers broader bandwidth and network stability, ensuring high-speed connectivity with "Anytime Anywhere" availability for end users. However, the escalating energy demand in networking systems poses a constraint on the network's lifespan, impacting transmission.
 Over the years, researchers have proposed and tested various Media Access Control (MAC) protocols to address transmission and energy consumption issues. Despite these efforts, existing protocols have encountered challenges such as overheating, delays, throughput issues, and collisions. This research paper introduces a combination of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) to tackle associated challenges. The primary objective is to enhance throughput and reduce delays in Fi-Wi networks.
 To achieve this goal, the study employs techniques that involve and Utilizing an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulator, a free-space optical (FSO) communication channel, an OFDM demodulator, and Opti-system for the analysis and enhancement of received signals, our study demonstrates that the proposed MAC protocol surpasses conventional MAC protocols in terms of delay, data throughput, and transmission efficiency.

Applying Carrier Sense Multiple Access to Industrial IoT at Terahertz Frequencies

Applying Carrier Sense Multiple Access to Industrial IoT at Terahertz Frequencies

A Torpor-based Enhanced Security Model for CSMA/CA Protocol in Wireless Networks

Mobile wireless networks enable the connection of devices to a network with minimal or no infrastructure. This comes with the advantages of ease and cost-effectiveness, thus largely popularizing the network. Notwithstanding these merits, the open physical media, infrastructural-less attributes, and pervasive deployment of wireless networks make the channel of communication (media access) vulnerable to attacks such as traffic analysis, monitoring, and jamming. This study designed a virtual local area network (VLAN) model to circumvent virtual jamming attacks and other intrusions at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer of the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol. A Torpor VLAN (TVLAN) Data Frame Encapsulation and the algorithm for T-VLAN security in CSMA/CA were formulated and presented. A simulation experiment was conducted on the model using OMNeT++ software. The performance metrics used to evaluate the model were packet delivery ratio, network throughput, end-to-end channel delay, and channel load. The simulation results show that the TVLAN defence mechanism did not increase the channel load arbitrarily during TVLAN defence. similarly, the system throughput was shown to be 82% during TVLAN defence. Nevertheless, the network delay of the system during TVLAN defence was significantly high but the channel load was 297 when the TVLAN security mechanism was launched. These results demonstrate the model’s ability to provide a survivability mechanism for critical systems when under attack and add a security layer to the CSMA/CA protocol in wireless networks. Such a remarkable performance is required of a CSMA/CA infrastructure for improving the cybersecurity posture of a wireless network.

“Hybrid MAC Methodology for Improving the Qos in Fiber Wireless Network”

The Fi-Wi (Fiber-Wireless) approach stands out as a crucial element in the realm of networks, demonstrating superiority over various technologies. With the exponential growth in Internet users, significant strides have been made in the evolution of Fi-Wi networking systems in recent years. This mechanism offers broader bandwidth and network stability, ensuring high-speed connectivity with "Anytime Anywhere" availability for end users. However, the escalating energy demand in networking systems poses a constraint on the network's lifespan, impacting transmission.
 Over the years, researchers have proposed and tested various Media Access Control (MAC) protocols to address transmission and energy consumption issues. Despite these efforts, existing protocols have encountered challenges such as overheating, delays, throughput issues, and collisions. This research paper introduces a combination of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) to tackle associated challenges. The primary objective is to enhance throughput and reduce delays in Fi-Wi networks.
 To achieve this goal, the study employs techniques that involve and Utilizing an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulator, a free-space optical (FSO) communication channel, an OFDM demodulator, and Opti-system for the analysis and enhancement of received signals, our study demonstrates that the proposed MAC protocol surpasses conventional MAC protocols in terms of delay, data throughput, and transmission efficiency.

A Theoretical Framework for Random Access: Effects of Carrier Sensing on Stability

A Theoretical Framework for Random Access: Effects of Carrier Sensing on Stability

Ефективність адаптивних протоколів множинного доступу пакетних радіомереж в умовах самоподібного трафіку

Introduction. Self-similar traffic in modern telecommunication radio networks requires new methods for calculating parameters of adaptive Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) protocols, different from those adopted in classical teletraffic theory based on Poisson distribution models. Purpose. Construction of a mathematical model of the operation of adaptive synchronous CSMA protocols in conditions of self-generating traffic for three strategies for changing the length of data packets, and obtaining equations for the average transmission rate and comparing the effectiveness of adaptive control with the results of studies of the same protocols for traffic with a Poisson distribution. Methods. This goal is achieved by creating and analyzing a mathematical model of the operation of the flexible and rigid synchronous adaptive CSMA protocol for three strategies for changing the length of data packets under traffic conditions with a Pareto distribution. The model is described by the average protocol transmission rate equations, which are a function of traffic intensity, Pareto distribution parameters, and strategies for changing the length of data packets. Results. It has been proven that self-similar traffic significantly reduces the stability limit of adaptive CSMA protocols, which must be taken into account when using these protocols in radio networks with long-term dependence in traffic distribution. At the same time, the throughput of adaptive CSMA protocols remains virtually unchanged compared to the traffic model with a Poisson distribution. Conclusions. The proposed mathematical model of adaptive CSMA protocols allows to calculate the real values of the average speed, stability limit and throughput of these protocols under conditions of self-similar traffic for the proposed strategies for changing the length of data packets. The considered strategies (except for the second) are effective for adaptive control in conditions of self-generating traffic, but at a significantly lower value of traffic intensity compared to the Poisson distribution.

Effects Investigation of MAC and PHY Layer Parameters on the Performance of IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA

The recently released IEEE 802.15.6 standard specifies several physical (PHY) layer and medium access control (MAC) layer protocols for variety of medical and non-medical applications of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). The most suitable way for enhancing network performance is to be the choice of different MAC and PHY parameters based on quality of service (QoS) requirements of different applications. The impact of different MAC and PHY parameters on the network performance and the tradeoff relationship between the parameters are essential to overcome the limitations of exiting carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) scheme of IEEE 802.15.6 standard. To address this issue, we develop a Markov chain-based analytical model of IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA for all user priorities (UPs) and apply this general model to different network scenarios to investigate the effects of the packet arrival rate, channel condition, payload size, access phase length, access mechanism and number of nodes on the performance parameters viz. reliability, normalized throughput, energy consumption and average access delay. Moreover, we conclude the effectiveness of different access phases, access mechanisms and user priorities of intra-WBAN.

Dynamic adaptation of contention window boundaries using deep Q networks in UAV swarms

In flying ad hoc networks (FANET), medium access layer (MAC) protocols play an essential role in ensuring better network performance. The effective utilization of network resources and providing access fairness are key research issues in this area, and the contention window size directly influences these factors. This paper mainly focuses on addressing the upper and lower boundaries of the contention window in Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) with a binary exponential back-off algorithm. Existing solutions include static and dynamic window adjustment techniques only to update the upper boundary of the contention window size. However, the static window adjustment technique is unsuitable for changing network conditions, while the dynamic window adjustment technique may need to be more efficient in dense network environments. The proposed solution uses a Deep Q-learning algorithm(DQN) framework to adjust the contention window adaptively based on the reward function, resulting in efficient and dynamic adaptation to changing network conditions among unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). The proposed methodology is evaluated through simulations, and performance is measured using channel utilization, efficiency, delay, and collision rate. The simulation findings show that, in comparison to generic MAC protocols, the proposed algorithm is 5% more efficient in throughput and incurs a four-fold reduction in delay.