Carriage Capacity Research Articles

The Optimization of Split Demand Route Planning Under Metro-Truck Collaborative Distribution

With the evolution of people's consumption habits and the rapid growth of urban logistics, the number of trucks and delivery frequency has increased significantly, exacerbating urban traffic congestion and environmental pollution. Consequently, there is an urgent need to improve the current inefficient and highly polluted distribution mode. Currently, in most cities in China, the metro passenger flow is insufficient, and the capacity is excessive during off-peak hours, resulting in underutilized carriage capacity. The integration of surface and underground transport resources can effectively address these issues and facilitate complementary advantages and win–win cooperation between express companies and metro enterprises. This study proposes an innovative problem of split demand route planning in the cooperative distribution system involving express companies and subways. A cooperative distribution model is developed to minimize the total cost, and solved by the Cuckoo Search algorithm to obtain the optimized solution. The model is applied to the urban rail transit network in Changchun, and the results demonstrate that it is effective in reducing truck mileage and distribution costs. Compared to the single delivery pattern by trucks, the cooperative distribution approach proves to be more cost-effective and environmentally friendly.

PERKIRAAN JUMLAH PENDUDUK OPTIMAL DAMPAK ADANYA PERGURUAN TINGGI BARU DI KABUPATEN PEKALONGAN

The existence of the attraction zone in the form of infrastructure facilities and infrastructure supporting community activities is a special attraction for the community to build a residence in Pekalongan Regency. This triggered the population growth of Kajen District, which continued to peak; in the 2020–2022 range, there was an increase in the population of more than 75,000 people. The results of the analysis stated that the area of ​​Pekalongan Regency which covers 83,615 ha, as much as 52% of the area is a cultivation area. The remaining 35% is a buffer area, and 14% of it is an area with a protected function. This article is intended to estimate the maximum population that can be accommodated in Pekalongan Regency due to the existence of a new university, so that it will not have a negative impact on the environment . Meanwhile, to estimate this, data analysis methods are used by utilizing tools in the form of GIS and land carrying capacity calculations based on the determination guidelines carriage capacity and capacity environment. In accordance with the analysis of the carrying capacity of residential land functions in Pekalongan Regency, it was found that it currently has a DDPm value of 16.96. This represents that Pekalongan Regency is still very capable of supporting population growth.

Sea Transportation in Perspective of ship’s Safety and passenger

The implementation of ferry transportation must ensure the comfort, security and safety of passengers and goods. To ensure the safety of crossing transportation, several regulations are set. This situation forces shipping human resources, including port managers and ship operators, to constantly make adjustments. Although efforts to reduce the risk of accidents always have an impact on increasing costs. The large number of facilities and infrastructure operated to serve the above crossing activities also shows the magnitude of the threat to shipping safety if these activities are not managed properly. Therefore, the research was conducted to describe the symptoms or phenomena related to the ferry operating at the Benteng and Larantuka ports, the productivity of the operating ferry transport, port human resources based on competency certificates, and ship safety certificates. The instrument used to collect data in this study was a non-test instrument in the form of an observation list. Based on the data, analysis and discussion, it can be concluded that the capacity to transport passengers from and to the ports of Pamatata and Pemenang is declared sufficient. However, there is a shortage of carriage capacity at the port of Pamatata. the minimum number of human resources at the two ports that already have shipping education and training. Therefore, suggestions from researchers are needed to increase vehicle transport capacity, especially to increase the number of human resources who have Competency Certificates and require SAR, harbor and port training.

Effect of sheet pile wall on the load-settlement behaviour of square footing nearby excavation

ABSTRACT Due to the shortage of urban land, new buildings are constructed adjacent to old buildings. In this regard, there is limited information about the behaviour of the shallow foundations adjacent to the excavation. In this research, a series of experimental and numerical studies are conducted on reinforced and unreinforced granular soils adjacent to excavation loaded with square footings. The experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical study. Numerical investigations were carried out on sandy excavation by varying the footing distance from the edge of the different granular excavations. It was found that by using three reinforcing layers, the ultimate bearing capacity would increase. Additionally, excavation has no significant effect in the vicinity of 4B, in which B is the footing width. Furthermore, the need to build new large buildings in the vicinity of each other has reduced the distances between square footings and, as a result, has created the phenomenon of interference in the footings and excavation. This occurs through the interference of wedges and rupture surfaces. Since this phenomenon bears a substantial result on the bearing capacity of shallow footings, this work investigates the effect of interference of ruptured wedges on the carriage capacity, settlement, and deformation of square footings. The optimum interference factor is defined at spacings of 2B and 3B for dense and loose reinforced sands, respectively. Furthermore, by including three continuous geogrid layers underneath two square footing interferences, their behaviour will be improved.

COVID-19 War, Human Microbiota Function

COVID-19 War, Human Microbiota Function

ПРОПУСКНАЯ И ПРОВОЗНАЯ СПОСОБНОСТЬ ПЕРЕГОНОВ ПРИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ «ВИРТУАЛЬНАЯ СЦЕПКА» ГРУЗОВЫХ ПОЕЗДОВ

The article looks upon investigation results of efficiency of train movement regulating non-stop systems (including in case of usage of «virtual coupling» of freight trains) as compared to traffic signalization for a rated railway section. The analysis of scientific papers showed that the use of regulation interval systems makes it possible to reduce the estimated value of interval between trains, to increase the line carriage and traffic capacity, which is pertinent for sections with a throughput capacity close to admissible value. A «section carriage capacity» indicator is accepted in this case as a technology effect. When the distance between trains in the interval regulation system is decreased, the existent carriage (expressed in freight train paths) and traffic capacity of the section increase, this resulting in reduction of carriage capacity coefficient. The results of calculations are presented in the form of dependency diagrams of key indicators from the distance between trains in the interval regulation system. The shown dependencies enable determining of efficiency spheres of non-stop regulation system usage as compared to traffic signal systems as well as under conditions of freight train composition and handling according to «virtual coupling» technology.

Behavior of hollow circular steel columns in compression retrofitted with aramid fibre reinforced polymer composites

Steel structure is a magnificent pliable material which, in conjunction with the help of both stability and strength, can accomplish both compressive and tensile strength in a manic directing manner. But steel and concrete structures, as of various structural cataclysms and natural cataclysms, slacken their forte in the age which is a recent tricky of noteworthy partisan and societal applicability. The restructuring of structures from these difficulties and subtle earthquakes has now become a vital construction work, both for concrete and steel structures. The results of past experimental studies have shown that structural promotion using fiber strengthened polymers have a sturdily positive effect. The technology provided by Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheet has developed a new trend, given the many disadvantages in conventional methods to retrofit structures. This article is an experimental study on Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymers (AFRP) and its effect on strengthening of Hollow Circular Steel (HCS) column members. In this experimental study, a total of 15 HCS samples have been troupe and tested, including both control and fortified specimens. The results articulated from the number of experiments show that, after application of AFRP and also improved interment of AFRP fabrics, the carriage capacity of the HCS specimens increased. The results were compared to the test specimens and subsequently the properties of the members were studied with the hunt down of load-deflection curves and axial elastic curve after the experimental assessments.

Changes in the carriage and traffic capacity along highly busy routes in case of traffic scheduling for permanently linked multiple trains

The increase in transportation volume through the railroad network requires novel less capital-intensive methods for increasing the carriage capacity with respect to the busy routes that operate at traffic capacity levels of 0.8 and higher. One proposed method is the traffic scheduling of permanently linked multiple trains. Because the existing lines were constructed without considering the usage of permanently linked multiple trains, special preparation of various sections, especially for enhancing the electric power supply system, as well as additional development of stations are required. Compared with single trains, the increase in the length of the linked trains reduces the traffic capacity, affecting the carriage capacity. Further, the peculiarities of interval changes, including the succession times at sections, arrival spacing, and train departure from a station while scheduling linked train traffic on a permanent basis on busy lines, were analyzed. This served as the basis for determination of parameters for the changing traffic and carriage capacity of single and double tracks or traffic routes in general. All the aforementioned intervals increased on the double-track lines, which reduced their traffic capacity. Furthermore, the section occupation duration increased for the linked trains on single-track lines; accordingly, a traffic scheduling period can be established for determining the reduction in traffic capacity. The main station intervals of the single-track traffic schedule of not simultaneous train arrival with the stop and the opposite train without stop are not changed. Some calculation options were introduced for altering the traffic and carriage capacity of the busy lines for different running speeds of trains, shares of linked trains in the total amount of freight transportation, and shares of traffic capacity with respect to passenger traffic. Further, calculations were performed by considering that all the technical infrastructure facilities and rolling stock satisfy the system requirements for arrangement of the linked train traffic on a permanent basis. The usage of this method increases the capacity of the busy routes, reduces the traffic capacity by 1%-6% and increases the carriage capacity by 4%-27% for linked trains with the share from 5% to 40%. This indicates that the method for permanent scheduling of the linked train traffic is a novel method for increasing the carriage capacity along the busy routes.

Outflow of traffic from the national capital Kuala Lumpur to the north, south and east coast highways using flow, speed and density relationships

Abstract The functional relationships between flow (veh/km), density (veh/h) and speed (km/h) in traffic congestion have a long history of research. However, their findings and techniques persist to be relevant to this day. The analysis is pertinent, particularly in finding the best fit for the three major highways in Malaysia, namely the KL-Karak Highway, KL-Seremban Highway and KL-Ipoh Highway. The trans-logarithm function of density–speed model was compared to the classical models of Greenshields, Greenberg, Underwood and Drake et al. using data provided by the Transport Statistics Malaysia 2014. The results of regression analysis revealed that the Greenshields and Greenberg models were statistically significant. The trans-logarithm function was also tested and the results were nonetheless without exception. Its usefulness in addition to statistical significance related to the derived economic concepts of maximum speed and the related number of vehicles, flow and density and the limits of free speed were relevant in comparing the individual levels of traffic congestion between highways. For instance, KL-Karak Highway was least congested compared to KL-Seremban Highway and KL-Ipoh Highway. Their maximum speeds, based on three lanes carriage capacity of one direction, were 33.4 km/h for KL-Karak, 15.9 km/h for KL-Seremban, and 21.1 km/h for KL-Ipoh. Their corresponding flows were approximated at 1080.9 veh/h, 1555.4 veh/h, and 1436.6 veh/h.

Light Monorail Body Carriage Design

One of many solutions that can be applied to solve the transportation problems in Yogyakarta is by adding another mass transportation system which is eco friendly, ergonomic, and does not cause congestion and accident in the highway. There are several kinds of mass transportation that can be developed in Yogyakarta, such as monorail, tram, even commmuter line. But considered from the various advantages and disadvantages, the monorail is an additional mode of transport that is most suitable for Yogyakarta, because its railways are not become one with the road like a tram that may caused another negative impact. The main orientation of this design is to make a monorail body carriage. In designing this monorail body carriage, the conditions of design follows the model and carriage capacity that applied by urbanout with the operating condition data including the size of the carriages, passenger capacity, speed of the train, and the wheel base distance. Aluminum alloy 6061 material is used in the design of the carriage frame. And then the forces working on the carriage is calculated. The magnitude of the forces working on the carriage must be able to be endured by the frame. Data from the design then simulated with static load simulation using Autodesk Inventor 2012 software. From the analysis results will be seen whether the design of the carriage frame structure has been made safe. The size of the carriage is 8800mm x 2350mm x 3100mm for the front and rear car and 6700mm x 2350mm x 3100mm for the middle car. The results showed that the structure of the carriage from urbanout model with frame made of aluminum alloy 6061 is strong enough and suitable for use in light monorail vehicle. With the smallest safety factor by 4.56.

Determining the most suitable layout of space for the loading units’ handling in the maritime port

The main advantages of maritime transport are (1) lowest costs, (2) large-scale carriage capacity, (3) carriage of different goods over long distances and (4) the most acceptable mode of transport in the context of the environment. This mode of transport is considered more profitable and more cost-effective than all other transport modes. Modern maritime ports have become the essential nodal components of freight transport networks. This paper is focused on determining the most suitable layout of space for the loading units warehousing and handling in the maritime port using the particular method. In the paper, four types of layout and five criteria were taken into account. Layout of warehousing and handling space can affect the entire transport process and can have a great effect on the economics of enterprises.

Load carriage: reconditioning for the return to work of tactical athletes

Background: Tactical athletes, like police officers, fire-fighters and soldiers, carry external loads as an occupational requirement. For police officers these loads can weigh up to 27 kg, fire fighters up to 37 kg, and soldiers over 50 kg. Not only are these load weights increasing, but research suggests that once a load carriage injury has been sustained, the carrier is at a high risk of subsequent load carriage injuries. Therefore, optimizing the load carriage capacity of injured tactical athletes as part of their reconditioning is a vital component of return to work programs.

Shear capacity of composite slab reinforced with steel fibre to that of fabric reinforcement in concrete topping

This paper presents the experimental result on the shear capacity of composite slab reinforced with steel fibre concrete topping. Experimental test is carried out on 75 composite slab specimens reinforced with various steel fibres volume fractions in the concrete topping. The type of steel fibres is varied to determine the suitable type to be applied in the concrete topping. This includes HE0·75/60, HE0·75/50 and HE0·55/33 referred to as SF60, SF50 and SF33, respectively, in this paper. The test parameters are fibre aspect ratio, volume fraction and fibre reinforcing index. Control specimen using prefabricated welded steel mesh in the concrete topping is also tested for comparison. The test results show that by replacing prefabricated welded steel mesh with steel fibre in the concrete topping increased the shear capacity of the composite slab. However, the increment depends on the type of steel fibre, where the optimum increment for SF60 and SF50 started at Vf = 0·75% whereas for SF33 at Vf = 0·25%. Even though the percentage increment is small from the whole capacity of the composite slab, but the steel fibre is able to arrest cracks once the propagation started to reach the concrete topping zone during the post-cracking development. This is important especially to members subjected to high shear load, where steel fibres can create an additional shear carriage capacity by preventing them from sudden failure.

Information costs and commercial integration. The impact of the 1692 Swedish postage tariff

The concept of ‘information costs’ has attracted attention as a means of understanding economic dynamics. In the early modern trade economy, the costs of maintaining business correspondence were an important part of information costs. In this article, the Swedish general postage tariff (used in 1693–1747) is analysed in order to reveal the geographic pattern of information costs, measured as postage. It is shown that central parts of Sweden benefited, including the iron-producing regions and its export harbours, while important trade ports in the eastern parts of the empire faced high costs even though Sweden claimed control over large parts of the Baltic Sea area up to 1721. Swedish correspondence with western and southern Europe carried lower costs than correspondence with eastern Europe. This was an effect of a tariff constructed on postage-per-distance and of letting profitable lines subsidise a dense, territorial postal network. Sea post became particularly expensive as the volume of letters was too small for effective use of the post ships' carriage capacity; this challenges the view that early modern commercial networks were connected by sea since transport on sea was superior to land-bound transport. Transfer of information was often better provided on land.

Modelling fungal sink competitiveness with grains for assimilates in wheat infected by a biotrophic pathogen.

Experiments have shown that biotrophic fungi divert assimilates for their growth. However, no attempt has been made either to account for this additional sink or to predict to what extent it competes with both grain filling and plant reserve metabolism for carbon. Fungal sink competitiveness with grains was quantified by a mixed experimental-modelling approach based on winter wheat infected by Puccinia triticina. One week after anthesis, plants grown under controlled conditions were inoculated with varying loads. Sporulation was recorded while plants underwent varying degrees of shading, ensuring a range of both fungal sink and host source levels. Inoculation load significantly increased both sporulating area and rate. Shading significantly affected net assimilation, reserve mobilization and sporulating area, but not grain filling or sporulation rates. An existing carbon partitioning (source-sink) model for wheat during the grain filling period was then enhanced, in which two parameters characterize every sink: carriage capacity and substrate affinity. Fungal sink competitiveness with host sources and sinks was modelled by representing spore production as another sink in diseased wheat during grain filling. Data from the experiment were fitted to the model to provide the fungal sink parameters. Fungal carriage capacity was 0·56 ± 0·01 µg dry matter °Cd(-1) per lesion, much less than grain filling capacity, even in highly infected plants; however, fungal sporulation had a competitive priority for assimilates over grain filling. Simulation with virtual crops accounted for the importance of the relative contribution of photosynthesis loss, anticipated reserve depletion and spore production when light level and disease severity vary. The grain filling rate was less reduced than photosynthesis; however, over the long term, yield loss could double because the earlier reserve depletion observed here would shorten the duration of grain filling. Source-sink modelling holds the promise of accounting for plant-pathogen interactions over time under fluctuating climatic/lighting conditions in a robust way.

Molecular detection of Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma platys, Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii and Babesia canis vogeli in ticks from Israel

Ticks are vectors of important pathogens of human and animals. Therefore, their microbial carriage capacity is constantly being investigated. The aim of this study was to characterize the diversity of domestic animal pathogens in ticks collected from vegetation and the ground, from different parts of Israel. Non-engorged questing adult ticks were collected from 13 localities. A total of 1196 ticks in 131 pools—83 pools of Rhipicephalus turanicus and 48 of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (with two to ten ticks per pool)—were included in this study. In addition, 13 single free-roaming Hyalomma spp. ticks were collected. Screening by molecular techniques revealed the presence of Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma bovis and Babesia canis vogeli DNA in R. turanicus ticks. E. canis, A. bovis, B. canis vogeli and Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii DNA sequences were detected in R. sanguineus ticks. Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii DNA was also detected in Hyalomma spp. ticks. Neither Hepatozoon spp. nor Bartonella spp. DNA was detected in any of the ticks examined. This study describes the first detection of E. canis in the tick R. turanicus, which may serve as a vector of this canine pathogen; E. canis was the most common pathogen detected in the collected questing ticks. It also describes the first detection of A. bovis and Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii in Israel. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first report describing the detection of DNA of the latter two pathogens in R. sanguineus, and of A. bovis in R. turanicus.

The chronic effect of plyometric training on haemotological parameters in Alpine Skiers

The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate chronic effects of plyometric training on haematological parameters of the Turkish National Alpine Ski Team athletes during 12-week preparation period....

Investigation of load carriage capacity of journal bearings by surface texturing

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate and discuss the influence of the pattern, size and orientation of textures on journal bearing load carriage capacity. An important development in load carriage capacity of journal bearings can be obtained by forming regular surface structure in the form of threaded on their shaft surfaces. This is performed both theoretically and experimentally using shafts with textured (threaded) and untextured surfaces. Each screw thread can serve either as a micro‐hydrodynamic bearing in cases of full or mixed lubrication or as a micro reservoir for lubricant in cases of starved lubrication conditions.Design/methodology/approachThe pressure distribution and the load‐carrying capacity are predicted using feed forward architecture of neurons. The inputs to the neurons are a collection of experimental data. These data are used to train the network using the delta‐bar‐delta, batch‐backprop, backprop, and backprop‐rand algorithms. The proposed neural model outperforms the available experimental system in predicting the pressure as well as load‐carrying capacity.FindingsTheoretical models are developed using a neural network approach, and tests are performed, to investigate the potential of threaded textured surfaces in tribological components like mechanical seals, piston rings and journal bearings. In these tests, load carriage capacity is significantly increased with threaded textured shaft surfaces to the shafts with non‐textured surfaces.Originality/valueThe paper discusses a new modelling scheme known as artificial neural networks. A neural network predictor has been employed to analyze the effects of shaft surface profiles in hydrodynamic lubrication of journal bearing.

Design of neural model for analysing journal bearings considering effects of transverse and longitudinal profile

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the effects of shaft surface profiles on the load carriage capacity of journal bearings using an experimental and neural network approach. The paper aims to inspect the performance characteristics of journal bearing systems; the presence of transverse and longitudinal roughness on journal‐shaft surfaces is studied using the proposed neural network.Design/methodology/approachThe collected experimental data such as pressure variations are employed as training and testing data for an artificial neural network (ANN). Quick propagation algorithm is used to update the weight of the network during the training.FindingsAs a result, a shaft with a transverse profile displays a favorable performance as far as load carriage capacity is concerned. Moreover, the proposed neural network structure outperforms the available experimental model in predicting the pressure as well as the load carriage capacity.Originality/valueThe paper discusses a new modelling scheme known as ANN. A neural network predictor has been employed to analyze the effects of shaft surface profiles in the hydrodynamic lubrication of journal bearings.

Ethiodized oil emulsions in hepatic microcirculation: in vivo microscopy in animal models.

The authors' purpose was to define the stability and drug-carrying and drug-releasing capacity of ethiodized oil emulsions in the hepatic circulation. Emulsions prepared in various ratios of a nonionic contrast material containing doxorubicin to ethiodized oil were injected into the hepatic arteries of normal and tumor-bearing livers in rats or mice. In vivo microscopy was used to observe the dynamic distribution of the emulsions in the hepatic circulation. A solution of less water mixed with more oil formed water-in-oil (w/o) phase emulsions, whereas oil with more water formed oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. The oil in the emulsions carried the water in the blood circulation. The w/o emulsions exhibited significantly higher carriage capacity and longer release time for the drug solution than did the o/w emulsions (P < .01). The delivery of w/o emulsions is superior to that of o/w emulsions. Further studies about preparation methods and delivery capability of emulsions in the liver are warranted.