Carrageenan-induced Rat Paw Edema Research Articles

Investigations of the highly efficient processing technique, chemical constituents, and anti-inflammatory effect of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-substituted flavan-3-ol (EPSF)-enriched white tea

N-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-substituted flavan-3-ols (EPSFs) are a newly discovered compound class in tea with various bioactivities. This study aimed to develop a novel processing technique to enhance EPSF contents in white tea efficiently. Using optimal processing parameters of 125 °C and 30 min in a high-temperature sterilizing oven, total EPSF content significantly increased by 1.42–18.80-fold to 1.57–6.22 mg/g without impacting sensory characteristics. Metabolomics analysis revealed elevated levels of nucleosides, nucleotides, bases, theaflavins, flavonol aglycones, EPSFs, and most flavone-C-glycosides, as well as decreased levels of amino acids, procyanidins, theasinensins, several flavanols, and flavonol-O-glycosides after EPSF-enrichment treatment. Furthermore, the EPSF-enriched white tea exhibited notable anti-inflammatory effects, mitigating xylene-induced ear edema in mice and carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton ball-induced granulomas in rats. This study developed a new processing technique for highly efficient enhancement of EPSFs in white tea and demonstrated that EPSF-enriched white tea has a potential to serve as effective anti-inflammatory dietary supplement.

Sodium Cromolyn Modulates Carrageenan-Induced Acute Inflammation Through the Interleukin-6 Levels

Background: Previous studies have indicated that sodium cromolyn does not negatively affect steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Objective: This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of sodium cromolyn on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and assess its impact on IL-6, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Methods: The carrageenan-induced paw edema model is widely used for studying inflammatory mechanisms and evaluating anti-inflammatory drugs. The test groups received intraperitoneal injections of sodium cromolyn at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg alongside a positive control group (indomethacin at 5 mg/kg) and a negative control group (which received the solvent, saline). Thirty minutes after drug administration, carrageenan (1% w/v) was injected into the right hind paws of the rats. Changes in paw volume were measured using a plethysmometer at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 hours post-carrageenan injection. Blood and paw tissue samples were collected three hours after carrageenan administration, and IL-6 levels were determined using the standard rat Interleukin-6 ELISA kit. Results: The plasma and tissue IL-6 levels in the group treated with cromolyn (25 mg/kg) were significantly higher than those in the positive control group (indomethacin 5 mg/kg). Sodium cromolyn at a dose of 25 mg/kg had a negligible effect on reducing paw edema and IL-6 levels in serum and paw tissues compared to indomethacin (5 mg/kg). The IL-6 levels in plasma and tissues for the group receiving 50 mg/kg of cromolyn were not significantly different from those in the indomethacin group (5 mg/kg). However, IL-6 levels in the group treated with 100 mg/kg of cromolyn were significantly lower than those in the indomethacin group. Among the groups treated with sodium cromolyn, the highest and lowest IL-6 levels were observed in the groups receiving 25 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of sodium cromolyn, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effects of sodium cromolyn at doses of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg were analyzed, revealing that 25 mg/kg of cromolyn sodium was not significantly effective at any time point (P < 0.05). Additionally, no significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between the 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses at any study hour. Sodium cromolyn at a 50 mg/kg dose was as effective as indomethacin (5 mg/kg) in significantly reducing paw edema. Conclusions: Sodium cromolyn, at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, effectively reduced paw edema and the concentration of serum and paw tissue IL-6 (P < 0.05), demonstrating significant anti-inflammatory activity. Sodium cromolyn at a 50 mg/kg dose is recommended as the anti-inflammatory dose of this drug.

Exploring the Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Cyperus pangorei Rhizome Extracts An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Background and aim: Inflammation is a pivotal process implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions, necessitating the exploration of alternative anti-inflammatory agents with minimal side effects. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of the standardized ethyl acetate (EtAc) fraction derived from Cyperus pangorei rhizomes. Methods: The rhizomes of C. pangorei were collected, processed, and subjected to extraction and fractionation to obtain the EtAc fraction. RP-HPLC analysis was employed to standardized the EtAc fraction against standard quercetin, luteolin, and apigenin. In vitro studies utilized peritoneal macrophages isolated from male Swiss albino rats to assess NO production and cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) upon treatment with the EtAc fraction. In vivo evaluation was conducted using a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Results: RP-HPLC analysis revealed the presence of quercetin, luteolin, and apigenin in the EtAc fraction. In vitro studies demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of LPS-induced NO production and suppression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) by the EtAc fraction. Furthermore, in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, the EtAc fraction exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of paw edema. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the significant anti-inflammatory potential of C. pangorei rhizome extracts, particularly the EtAc fraction. The identified compounds, quercetin, luteolin, and apigenin, contribute to its anti-inflammatory activity by modulating key inflammatory mediators. These results support the potential therapeutic use of C. pangorei in managing inflammation-related disorders. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of C. pangorei extracts as anti-inflammatory agents.

Broad spectrum antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and peripheral analgesic activities of heteroaryl nitazoxanide analogs

Background The antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide possesses diverse biological activity. However, very few investigation was accomplished with nitazoxanide analogs. Therefore, herein we focused on the screening of bioactivities using some nitazoxanide-like synthesized molecules. Objectives Four heteroaryl nitazoxanide analogs synthesized in our laboratory were investigated for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity. Materials and methods Disc diffusion method was used for assessing antimicrobial potency against several Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model was performed to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. The analgesic property was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writing inhibition method in the mice model. Molecular docking simulations against cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, phospholipase A2, NF-κB inducing kinase, and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 were also performed. Results and conclusion All the synthesized compounds exhibited broad spectrum antimicrobial property against a number of Gram-positive, Gram-negative species and unicellular fungi. Compound 4 or N-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)-furan-3-carboxamide emerged as the most prominent antimicrobial agent exhibiting zone of inhibition ranging in 14–22 mm. These zone diameters are sometimes greater than that displayed by nitazoxanide. Compounds 2 and 3 also showed remarkable broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with a zone of inhibition 10–20 mm and 12–20 mm, respectively. Compound 4 also displayed potential anti-inflammatory activity which is comparable to standard aceclofenac. Compound 4 also showed mild analgesic effects. The compounds also exhibited moderate binding affinities against the selected target receptors and enzymes during in silico molecular docking. Heteroaryl nitazoxanide analogs showed prominent broad-spectrum antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and mild analgesic properties. This study indicates that heteroaryl nitazoxanide analogs might be interesting candidates for new drug discovery.

Design, synthesis of new 2,4-thiazolidinediones: In-silico, in-vivo anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory evaluation

In this study, a series of nine novel heterocyclic compounds were synthesized through a concise three-step reaction process. The synthesis involved Knoevenagel condensation at the 5th position of the 2,4-thiazolidinedione or rhodanine ring-system. Comprehensive physicochemical and spectral analyses, including FTIR, Mass, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, were performed to characterize the synthesized compounds. The synthesized derivatives were subjected to evaluation for their potential in various therapeutic domains. In-vivo anti-diabetic activity was assessed diabetes induced wistar rats, anti-inflammatory effects were gauged using the carrageenan and formalin induced rat paw edema model. Additionally, the in-vitro PPAR-γ modulatory activity, glucose uptake by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rat hemidiaphragm and cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity along with scavenge free radicals was tested by FRAP and DPPH method. According to the potential binding patterns of the most potent anti-diabetic compounds, namely 7a and 13a with the active sites of target PPAR-γ (PDB ID: 5U5L), was obtained through molecular docking using Schrodinger’s Glide model. Among the tested compounds, the compound 13a demonstrated significant antidiabetic activity with reduction in blood glucose levels (108.5 ± 2.171 mg/dL), comparable to the effect of pioglitazone (101.66 ± 0.95 mg/dL), similarly anti-inflammatory activity at fourth hour paw volume 93.6% and thickness at 3.99 ± 0.076 mm, respectively closer to that of standard drug diclofenac sodium (91.2% and 4.7 ± 0.057 mm) in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat. The compound 13a displayed promising COX-2 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 7.82 μM) and DPPH antioxidant activity showcasing its multifaceted therapeutic potential. This study not only presents multi-targeting approach and highlights the significant potential compounds as a lead molecule for further therapeutic development.

Phytochemical characterization and biological activities evaluation of Opuntia sp. cladodes

The prickly pear is a plant belonging to the Cactaceae family, and it is the best-known species that has gained significant recognition in recent years. Opuntia sp. cladodes have been traditionally utilized as a functional food and in traditional medicine for treating chronic diseases. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and pharmacological activities of cladode extracts from Opuntia microdasys (Cl1) and Opuntia macrorhiza (Cl2), as well as to identify their phytochemical compounds. The chemical composition of the cladode extracts was analyzed using spectrophotometric methods, while the antioxidant activity was determined through DNA nicking assays. Microdilution assays were employed to assess the antimicrobial activity. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were determined using the acetic acid writhing test in mice and the carrageenan-induced Wistar rat paw edema test. The results revealed that the two extracts of cladodes from Cl1 and Cl2 were characterized by a high phenolic content (58.13 and 44.58 GAE/g of extract, respectively). All the tested extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against the strains tested, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.312 to 5 mg/mL and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values ranging from 1.25 to 10 mg/mL. The cladode extracts of Cl1 and Cl2 at a dose of 300 mg/kg showed a dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, with respective values of 64.76 % and 61.91 %. The maximum anti-inflammatory activity of all doses of cladode extracts was observed 5 h after carrageenan-induced paw edema, and all tested doses significantly inhibited the induced inflammation.

Insight into antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of marine bacterial natural exopolysaccharide (EPSSM) using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats

Inflammation is a part of the body’s intricate biological reaction to noxious stimuli and defensive reactions. So, the aim of this investigation was to study the anti-inflammatory activity of exopolysaccharide (EPSSM) using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. A halophilic bacterial strain was isolated from marine sediments in the Red Sea in Egypt. The isolate has been visually and physiologically recognized, as well as by analyzing its 16S rRNA gene, which confirms Kocuria sp. clone Asker4. This particular isolate can be referenced using the accession number OL798051.1. EPSSM was subjected to purification and fractionation by a DEAE-cellulose column. Preliminary chemical analysis of EPSSM indicated that the monosaccharides were fructose, glucuronic acid, and xylose, with 2.0, 0.5, and 1.0, respectively. The antioxidant potential of EPSSM was investigated, and it was discovered that the level of activity increased independently of the concentrations, reaching a maximum threshold of 94.13% at 100 µg/mL of EPSSM for 120 min. Also, EPSSM at 50 mg/kg orally produced a significant anti-inflammatory effect on the carrageenan model at 2, 3, and 4 intervals. The EPSSM intervention resulted in reductions in the levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes, as well as a decrease in glutathione. Furthermore, the levels of nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species resulting from carrageenan-induced edema showed a significant reduction subsequent to the administration of EPSSM. Moreover, the findings indicated that the protein expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-6 were reduced following treatment with EPSSM, resulting in a reduction of paw edema.

Tailored quinoline hybrids as promising COX-2/15-LOX dual inhibitors endowed with diverse safety profile: Design, synthesis, SAR, and histopathological study

Complications of the worldwide use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) sparked scientists to design novel harmless alternatives as an urgent need. So, a unique hybridization tactic of quinoline/pyrazole/thioamide (4a-c) has been rationalized and synthesized as potential COX-2/15-LOX dual inhibitors, utilizing relevant reported studies on these pharmacophores. Moreover, we extended these preceding hybrids into more varied functionality, bearing crucial thiazole scaffolds(5a-l). All the synthesized hybrids were evaluatedin vitroas COX-2/15-LOX dual inhibitors. Initially, series4a-cexhibited significant potency towards 15-LOX inhibition (IC50 = 5.454–4.509 μM) compared to meclofenamate sodium (IC50 = 3.837 μM). Moreover, they revealed reasonable inhibitory activities against the COX-2 enzyme in comparison to celecoxib.Otherwise, conjugates 5a-ldisclosed marked inhibitory activity against 15-LOX and strong inhibitory to COX-2. In particular, hybrids5d(IC50 = 0.239 μM, SI = 8.95), 5h(IC50 = 0.234 μM, SI = 20.35) and 5l (IC50 = 0.201 μM, SI = 14.42) revealed more potency and selectivity outperforming celecoxib (IC50 = 0.512 μM, SI = 4.28). In addition, the most potentcompounds, 4a, 5d, 5h, and 5l have been elected for further in vivoevaluation and displayed potent inhibition of edema in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test that surpassed indomethacin. Further, compounds5d, 5h, and 5l decreased serum inflammatory markers including oxidative biomarkersiNO, and pro-inflammatory mediators cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE. Ulcerogenic liability for tested compounds demonstrated obvious gastric mucosal safety. Furthermore, a histopathological study for compound 5l suggested a confirmatory comprehensive safety profile for stomach, kidney, and heart tissues. Docking and drug-likeness studies offered a good convention with the obtained biological investigation.

Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Antioxidant and NSAID Derivatives with Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Plasma Lipid Lowering Effects.

Amides containing methyl esters of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), L-proline and L-tyrosine, and esters containing 3-(pyridin-3-yl)propan-1-ol were synthesized by conjugation with 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic, an NSAID (tolfenamic acid), or 3-phenylacrylic (cinnamic, (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic and caffeic) acids. The rationale for the conjugation of such moieties was based on the design of structures with two or more molecular characteristics. The novel compounds were tested for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic properties. Several compounds were potent antioxidants, comparable to the well-known antioxidant, Trolox. In addition, the radical scavenging activity of compound 6 reached levels that were slightly better than that of Trolox. All the tested compounds demonstrated remarkable activity in the reduction in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, up to 59% (compound 2, a dual antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule, with almost 2.5-times higher activity in this experiment than the parent NSAID). Additionally, the compounds caused a significant decrease in the plasma lipidemic indices in Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Compound 2 decreased total cholesterol by 75.1% and compound 3 decreased triglycerides by 79.3% at 150 μmol/kg (i.p.). The hypocholesterolemic effect of the compounds was comparable to that of simvastatin, a well-known hypocholesterolemic drug. Additionally, all compounds lowered blood triglycerides. The synthesized compounds with multiple activities, as designed, may be useful as potential candidates for conditions involving inflammation, lipidemic deregulation and oxygen toxicity.

Phytochemistry and Therapeutic Potential of Cupressus torulosa Needles Essential Oil from India.

Cupressus torulosa is an evergreen tree with a wide distribution in north-western Himalayan region of India. Its needles have long been used in traditional medicine for anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. This study aimed to scientifically validate the traditional claim of the needles to treat inflammation by evaluating the chemical composition, antioxidant potential, and anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil extracted from the needles (CTEO) using hydro-distillation. Qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of the CTEO was determined with the aid of GC-MS and GC-FID techniques. The major constituents of the CTEO were terpinen-4-ol (393.8±12.5 μg/mg), totarol (55.0±17.2 μg/mg), and sabinene (43.7±2.8 μg/mg). CTEO exhibited significant antioxidant activity when evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging and reducing power assays. Furthermore, the CTEO demonstrated good anti-inflammatory behavior in in vitro egg albumin denaturation assay, with an IC50 of 27.32 μg/mL. In vivo tests using carrageenan-induced paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema in rats showed significant effects at doses of 30 mg/kg for up to 1 hour. The significant discoveries not only support the established assertions about the anti-inflammatory properties of C. torulosa needles but also highlight their potential as a useful resource in the growing herbal, complementary, and alternative medicine sectors.

In-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory properties of extracts and isolates of Pangdahai

Background: Pangdahai (matured, ripened, and dried seeds of Scaphium affine (Mast.) Pierre) is widely used in managing several diseases in countries like China, Vietnam, Japan, and India. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of the crude extracts (ethanol and aqueous) and isolated compounds of Pangdahai. Methods: Xylene-induced ear edema in mice, carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, and nitric oxide (NO) assay were used to evaluate and screen the crude extracts and isolated compounds from the ethanolic extracts of Pangdahai. TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the tissues of rat foot and ear were determined by ELISA. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds was also determined by MTT assay. Molecular docking studies using targets involved in the inflammatory process were also used to further evaluate the compounds. Results: Both aqueous and ethanol extracts demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effect and markedly attenuated vascular permeability in mice induced by acetic acid in a dose-independent manner. The ethanol extract also significantly inhibited levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. Four (4) compounds exhibited significant inhibitory effects on NO release without cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 macrophage. These compounds also showed good binding affinities for COX-2, PLA2, IRAK-4 and NIK. ConclusionsThis study validates, provides scientific evidence and justification for the use of the aqueous decoctions of Pangdahai in pharyngitis traditionally. (+) – Pinoresinol, tiliroside, Z-caffeic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid) isolated from Pangdahai showed anti-inflammatory activities, which might be responsible for the actions of Pangdahai. Tiliroside showed high binding affinity comparable to the native ligands of inflammatory mediators.

Novel dual-target FAAH and TRPV1 ligands as potential pharmacotherapeutics for pain management

Dual-acting drugs that simultaneously inhibit fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and antagonize the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a promising stronger therapeutic approach for pain management without side effects associated with single-target agents. Here, several series of dual FAAH/TRPV1 blockers were designed and synthesized through rational molecular hybridization between the pharmacophore of classical TRPV1 antagonists and FAAH inhibitors. The studies resulted in compound 2r, which exhibited strong dual FAAH/TRPV1 inhibition/antagonism in vitro, exerted powerful analgesic effects in formalin-induced pain test (phase II, in mice), desirable anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, no TRPV1-related hyperthermia side effect, and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Meanwhile, the contributions of TRPV1 and FAAH to its antinociceptive effects were verified by target engagement and molecular docking studies. Overall, compound 2r can serve as a new scaffold for developing FAAH/TRPV1 dual-activie ligands to counteract pain.

Isolation, Formulation and Assessment of Anti-inflammatory Properties of Ursolic Acid from<i> Nerium oleander</i>

Purpose: The purpose of the research work was the extraction and isolation of Ursolic Acid (URA) from the leaves of Nerium oleander (N. oleander) and the assessment of its anti-inflammatory activity using an in-vitro model. Methods: Ursolic Acid (URA) is a bioactive molecule. It is a key component of N. oleander. The hydroalcoholic maceration method was used for extract preparation and was used to isolate the bioactive components of URA. The prepared extract, isolated URA were characterize and analyse by using pharmacognostic parameters, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. The carrageenan-induced inflammation rat paw oedema test in-vitro model was used for the assessment of anti-inflammatory properties of isolated bioactive compound URA. Results: The results of evaluation and characterization indicated that the extract’s ash value and extractive values were within the parameters specified in the Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The prepared hydroalcohalic extract has potential bioactive components such as flavonoids, saponins, and triterpinoids. The isolated compound was URA. The extract may be able to alleviate inflammation, according to the percentage inhibition. Conclusion: The URA was successfully removed from the leaves of N. oleander. The examination criteria revealed that the extract contained certain small contaminants, which may have anti-inflammatory effects.

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitussive and antipyretic activities of polyphenol-enriched fraction from Nymphaea candida

Ethnopharmacological relevance“Snow-white waterlily” (Nymphaea candida) dried flower possesses various efficacy in Uighur medicine such as reducing fever and nourishing the liver, anti-inflammatory and cough relieving, moistening the throat and quenching thirst. Aim of the studyPolyphenols are characteristic component of N. candida as well as its quality markers, and the purpose of this study was to conduct investigations into anti-inflammatory, antitussive, antipyretic, and analgesic activities of the polyphenol-enriched fraction from N. candida (NCTP) in order to validate the traditional efficacy of this plant. Materials and methodsThe polyphenols in NCTP were analyzed by HPLC, and an acute oral toxicity study was conducted for NCTP. The anti-inflammatory activities of NCTP were evaluated using xylene induced ear edema, capillary permeability, cotton pellet granuloma, and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, of which multiple biochemical indices were measured in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) activities; the analgesic activities were investigated using acetic acid writhing, hot plate test, and formalin test; the anti-tussive and antipyretic effects were tested by ammonia induced cough in mice and yeast-induced fever respectively. ResultsNCTP with LD50 of 5222 mg/kg was low toxicity and safety. NCTP (200 mg/kg) could significantly reduce ear swelling and capillary permeability by 30.63% and 31.37%, respectively. NCTP revealed 15.76% inhibiting activities in cotton pellet granuloma in mice at a dosage of 200 mg/kg. Furthermore, NCTP (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) substantially decreased carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats between 1 and 5 h, and NCTP could decrease PGE2, 5-LOX, COX-2 levels as well as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α activities compared with the control group; NCTP could decrease MDA contents in carrageenin-induced rise, and increase SOD and GSH activities. Furthermore, the dose-dependent inhibition effect of NCTP on pain was revealed in the hot plate experiment. In addition to reducing the amount of writhes brought on by acetic acid, NCTP (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) significantly inhibited pain latency against both stages of the formalin test. Moreover, NCTP (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) showed the better antitussive activities in mice in a dose-dependent manner. In the yeast-induced pyrexia test, dosages of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg resulted in a statistically significant drop in rectal temperature. ConclusionThe experimental results proved the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tussive and antipyretic activities of the polyphenol-enriched fraction from N. candida, and supported the traditional use of this plant as well.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Codium elongatum on Carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar male rats

Inflammation is the physiological defence system of the body to initiate the healing mechanism for tissue and eliminate injurious stimuli. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory activity of Codium elongatum was evaluated. Water extract (250 mg/kg, b.w.) and isolated polysaccharide (500 mg/kg, b.w.) are investigated in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model using phenylbutazone as a standard drug. Both water extract and isolated polysaccharide showed significant anti-inflammatory activity by blocking the cyclooxygenase 2 pathway. This is the first report to demonstrate the in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Codium elongatum.

Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of Erica spiculifolia extracts and fractions

There is little data on the phytochemical/pharmacological properties of Erica spiculifolia Salisb. (syn. Bruckentalia spiculifolia (Salisb.) Rchb.). This study examines the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts and fractions of E. spiculifolia in vitro on isolated rat peritoneal macrophages, in the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test, BSA test, and two complementary antioxidant assays. Ethanolic extracts of leaves, flowers, and aboveground parts, and petroleum ether, ether, ethyl acetate, and water fractionations of the ethanol extract of E. spiculifolia applied at doses of 50–200 mg/kg p.o. exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity comparable with indomethacin. All tested samples, except for the petroleum ether fraction, exerted excellent in vitro antioxidant activity, and all of them exhibited significant and similar inhibition of BSA denaturation comparable with diclofenac. Ethanolic extract of the aboveground parts obtained by percolation, ethyl acetate and water fractions had the highest efficiency, attenuating inflammation by more than 50% in the lowest applied concentration alongside exceptional radical scavenging activity.

Pharmacological evaluation of 2-(2-hydroxy phenylimino)-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-4-methylthiophene-3-carboxamide compound for anti-inflammatory activity in rats

Background: Thiophene, also known as thiofuran, is a heterocyclic molecule represented by the chemical formula C4H4S. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of 2-(2-hydroxy phenylimino)-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-4-methylthiophene-3-carboxamide compound in Wistar rats by acute carrageenan-induced paw edema and chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma methods. Materials and Methods: This study consists of two stages: An acute inflammation study using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, which involves four groups of rats, and a chronic inflammation study using cotton pellet-induced granuloma, which involves three groups of rats. Mean paw edema volume and percentage of inhibition were measured in acute stage. The mean weight of the pellets in each group was determined during the chronic stage. Results: There was increase in the mean paw volume at 3 h and a slow decrease at 6 h and 24 h in control group to thiophene derivative-20 mg/kg/p.o from 0 h to 24 h. The mean difference from control and at 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h showed that mean difference was slowly decreased and it was statistically significant. The mean dry granuloma weight in control group, i.e., 10% tween 80 treated group was 146.6 ± 4.38. The mean dry granuloma weight in standard group, i.e., indomethacin 3 mg/kg treated group was 87.7 ± 3.41. The mean dry granuloma weight in substituted thiophene 10 mg/kg group was 101.91 ± 3.76. Conclusions: The newly synthesized substituted (fused) thiophene compound demonstrated inhibition of inflammation in both acute inflammation induced by carrageenan-induced paw edema and chronic inflammation induced by cotton pellet-induced granuloma in Wistar rats. The compound’s anti-inflammatory effects were comparable to those of the standard drug indomethacin, with a dosage of 10 mg/kg in the acute model and 3 mg/kg in the chronic inflammation model. This concludes that the test compound has anti-inflammatory activity.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of Stephania rotunda in experimental animals

Background: The objective of the current study was to analyse the anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of Stephania rotunda in experimental animals. Methods: It was an experimental study conducted in the experimental laboratory with 30 acclimatized healthy albino rats and mice divided into 5 groups namely A, B, C, D, and E fed with the aqueous extract of Stephania rotunda in laboratory conditions to assess the anti-inflammatory property using Carrageenan induced rat paw oedema for acute inflammation, granuloma pouch for sub-acute inflammation and Formaldehyde induced arthritis for chronic inflammation from 17th December 2019 to 22nd January 2021. Aspirin was taken as the standard drug. Data was analysed using Chi-square test. Results: In assessment for acute inflammation, the aqueous extract of Stephania rotunda in the doses of 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg for groups B, C and D respectively produced 17.12%, 17.12% and 18.78% inhibition of paw oedema which was statistically significant when compared to 22.65% inhibition produced by 100mg/kg of the standard drug aspirin in group E. The groups B, C and D with the extract doses of 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg and 2000mg/kg produced 43%, 60% and 77% inhibitions of exudate formation respectively which statistically was significant as compared to the Standard aspirin of group E which produced 62% inhibition of exudate formation. In chronic inflammation testing, both the extract and standard drugs produced highly significant inhibition of paw oedema when compared to inhibition produced by the Control. Conclusions: The aqueous extract of Stephania rotunda was found to be a potent anti-inflammatory drug when compared with Aspirin. Further tests are required in a larger scale so as to ascertain the effects for human consumption.

Inter-Varietal Variation in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Two Brassica rapa Varieties: Influence on Pro-Inflammatory Mediators.

The present research study aims to appraise the potential of polyphenol-rich extracts from two Brassica rapa varieties on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Methanol extracts of peels and pulps of Brassica rapa yellow root (BRYR) and Brassica rapa white root (BRWR) were prepared using the soxhlet extraction technique. All four extracts were analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) for the polyphenols, and results showed that 10 phenolic acids and 4 flavonoids were detected. Gallic acid was the major phenolic acid (174.6-642.3 mg/100 g of dry plant material) while catechin was the major (34.45-358.5 mg/100 g of dry plant material) flavonoid detected in the extracts. The total phenolic contents (TPC) of BRYR peel, BRWR peel, BRYR pulp and BRWR pulp extracts were in the range of 1.21-5.01 mg/g of dry plant material, measured as GAE, whereas the total flavonoid contents (TFC) were found in the range of 0.90-3.95 mg/g of dry plant material, measured as QE. BRYR peel extract exhibited the best DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50, 3.85 µg/mL) and reducing potential as compared with other extracts. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potential was assessed by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, and the analgesic potential was investigated by a hot plate test. Suppression of biochemical inflammatory biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration were also determined. Results showed that BRYR peel extracts reduced paw edema and suppressed the production of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and RF most significantly, followed by BRWR peel, BRYR pulp and BRWR pulp extracts. In addition, histopathology observation also supports the anti-inflammatory effect of peel extracts as being greater than that of root pulp extracts. Moreover, it was observed that the analgesic effect of the root-peel extracts was also more pronounced as compared with root-pulp extracts. It can be concluded that BRYR peel extract has higher phenolic contents and showed higher suppression of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and RF, with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SIDDHA HERBOMINERAL FORMULATION RATHINAGARA RASA MEZHUGU IN ANIMAL MODEL

The usage of Nonsteroidal and steroidal drugs in the treatment of Musculoskeletal disorders often results in adverse effects such as renal damage, gastric irritation, etc. Alternative therapies with less or no side effects are the need of the hour. Siddha system offers a lot of Anti-inammatory drugs that are polyherbal or Herbo-mineral in nature and devoid of the above-mentioned adverse effects. This research work deals with the Anti-inammatory screening of a Siddha Herbo-mineral Formulation Rathinagara rasa mezhugu (RNM) documented in classic Siddha literature Anuboga vaidhaya naveneetham Part 5 indicated for inammatory disease conditions. Anti-inammatory activity was evaluated by Carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, orally) was used as standard. The formulation in doses of 20mg/kg, 45mg/kg, and 90 mg/kg showed 56%, 61.53%, and 90.47% inhibition of paw edema, respectively at the end of 5 h. The result of the study showed that RNM at all dose levels signicantly(p<0.5) reduced the inammation in a dose-dependent manner when compared to the control. RNM at 90mg/kg was found to be signicant (**p<0.01) and effective in the reduction of paw edema after 5hrs.From the results, it can be concluded that Rathinagara rasa mezhugu (RNM) was found to exhibit high anti-inammatory potential which conrmed the traditional use of the drug.