Carp Scales Research Articles

Process Optimization and Effectiveness Verification of Liquid Amino Acid-Containing Fertilizer Prepared from Hydrolysis of Carp Scales

Process Optimization and Effectiveness Verification of Liquid Amino Acid-Containing Fertilizer Prepared from Hydrolysis of Carp Scales

Характеристики эласмоидной чешуи рыб и ее фракций, по данным ИК-Фурье-спектроскопии

Elasmoid scales of pike-perch (Sander lucioperca), white amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella), carp (Cyprinus carpio), freshwater bream (Abramis brama) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius) were processed without hydrolysis by “dry” method in order to study the characteristics of the obtained finished product, which determine its further use as additives for food and other purposes. The essence of the method consisted in washing the scales, its subsequent drying, grinding and separation, with obtaining two fractions enriched with both organic (cotton-like product) and inorganic (powder) components. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to characterize the scale samples and their enriched fractions. Characteristic bands known for collagen, in particular for Amide I, Amide II, Amide III, Amide A, were observed in the IR spectra of all the samples studied. The bands (inorganic part) at ~1022 cm–1 and at ~599 cm–1 indicate valence asymmetric vibrations of PO43– groups. Numerous bands for all experimental samples in the wavelength region 3900-3500 cm–1 can be caused by vibrations of OH groups, which is associated with the presence of water in the tested samples. Comparison of the absorption intensity in the region of characteristic frequencies of collagen and hydroxyapatite calculated by the IR method can be one of the approaches for the development of a rapid method for the determination of their quantitative content in fractions obtained from fish scales. Organic and mineral additives from fish scales can be recommended as components of formulations of various food products, as well as raw materials in tissue engineering, orthopedics and dentistry.

Digestion and absorption characteristics of iron-chelating silver carp scale collagen peptide and insights into their chelation mechanism

Iron deficiency is widespread throughout the world, supplementing sufficient iron or improving the bioavailability of iron is the fundamental strategy to solve the problem of iron scarcity. Herein, we explored a new form of iron supplement, iron chelates of silver carp scales (SCSCP-Fe) were prepared from collagen peptide of silver carp scales (SCSCP) and FeCl2·4H2O, the effects of external environment and simulated gastrointestinal digestive environment on the stability of SCSCP-Fe and the structural changes of peptide iron chelates during digestion were investigated. The results of in vitro iron absorption promotion showed that the iron bioavailability of SCSCP-Fe was higher than that of FeSO4. Two potential high iron chelating peptides DTSGGYDEY (DY) and LQGSNEIEIR (LR) were screened and synthesized from the SCSCP sequence by molecular dynamics and LC-MS/MS techniques. The FTIR results displayed that the binding sites of DY and LR for Fe2+ were the carboxyl group, the amino group, and the nitrogen atom on the amide group on the peptide. ITC results indicated that the chelation reactions of DY and LR with Fe2+ were mainly dominated by electrostatic interactions, forming chelates in stoichiometric ratios of 1:2 and 1:1, respectively. Both DY and LR had a certain ability to promote iron absorption. The transport of DY-Fe chelate may be a combination of the three pathways: PepT1 vector pathway, cell bypass, and endocytosis, while LR-Fe chelate was dominated by bivalent metal ion transporters. This study is expected to provide theoretical reference and technical support for the high-value utilization of silver carp scales and the development of novel iron supplements.

Optimization of Collagen Isolation from Carp (Carasobarbus luteus) Scales using Response Surface Methodology

The scale, which is separated during the mechanical processing of fish, can be used in the production of collagen products as well as in many other different ways. To obtain high-purity natural collagen, it is necessary to remove non-collagenous proteins and perform demineralization of fish scales. Therefore, the aim of this study is to achieve collagen isolation from common carp (Carasobarbus luteus) scales for the production of collagen products with higher efficiency and quality. The demineralization of the scales was optimized using response surface methodology. Experimentally, approximately 89.92±1.10% of the mineral was removed, which closely matched the value predicted by the model. The protein content of the fish scales was increased from 23.12% to 86.16% after the applied procedures. At the end of all the processes, 20.54% of the protein and 3.56% of hydroxyproline (Hyp) were lost. However, the Hyp concentration in the fish scale samples increased from 23.85 to 56.13 mg/g scale, and the Hyp/pro ratio increased from 4.49% to 6.51%. The effective removal of mineral matter, the increase in the amount of Hyp in fish scales, and the increase in the Hyp/pro ratio demonstrate that the applied procedures successfully separate non-collagenous components and achieve collagen isolation.

Exploring carp scales (Cyprinus carpio L.) as a novel source of collagen for dental use: Extraction and characterization

Previous studies have shown that using bovine and pork collagen in dentistry is associated with various limitations, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, and foot and mouth disease. This study aims to examine the extraction and characterization of collagen from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) scales, as an alternative source in dentistry. The samples used in this study consisted of common carp (C. carpio L.) scales. In the first step, common carp scales were acid-extracted and spray-dried to isolate collagen. After the collagen had been isolated, it was tested for moisture content, ash, acidity, and functional groups, with Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 8076:2014 as the reference standard. The characterization parameters of the common carp scale collagen powder revealed an 11% yield, 3.66% moisture content, 0.32% ash content, and a pH of 7.38. Furthermore, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra confirmed the presence of a triple helix structure. The extraction of collagen from common carp scales using the acetic acid method and spray drying technique successfully adhered to the composition standards specified by the SNI 8076:2014. Based on these findings, common carp scales could be considered a viable collagen replacement source for applications in dentistry.

Carp scales derived double cross-linking hydrogels achieve collagen peptides sustained-released for bone regeneration

Collagen peptide exhibits a great activity in osteogenic differentiation and wound healing. However, uncontrolled collagen peptide release in bone defects leads to unsatisfactory bone regeneration. In this work, we prepared collagen peptide loaded calcium alginate hydrogel (SA-CP/Ca) derived from Asia carp scales by mixing sodium alginate solution, collagen peptides, calcium carbonate, covalent cross-linking agents N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) in one pot. Physically and chemically double cross-linking realized higher crosslink density, smaller porosity and pore size, and higher energy storage modulus and loss modulus, achieving sustained release of collagen peptides. The release profile is fitted to Keppas-Sahlin model, to find SA-CP/Ca hydrogels are more inclined to release collagen peptides through expansion and degradation. The compatibility and osteogenic ability of SA-CP/Ca are demonstrated in vitro and in vivo.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells response on collagen/hyaluronan/chondroitin scaffold enriched with gentamicin -loaded gelatin microparticles for skin tissue engineering.

The repair and functional reconstruction of large skin defects caused by burn remains an intractable clinical problem. Collagen type I (ColI) was extracted from carp scales and confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ultraviolet adsorption spectra and automatic amino acid analyzer. Then the scaffolds containing the purified ColI, hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) were constructed and examined. The results showed that the scaffold (ColI:CS:HA=9:1:1) had larger pore diameter, porosity, water absorption, degradation rate and tensile strength. gentamycin sulphate (GS) - gelatin microspheres (GMSs) were prepared by emulsion cross-linking method. The drug release study of the ColI-CS-HA-GS/GMSs scaffold with antibacterial property showed a prolonged, continuous, and sustained release of GS. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were extracted from rat and inoculated into the ColI-HA-CS-GS/GMSs scaffold. The results performed that the scaffold could accelerate proliferation of the BMSCs and wound healing.

Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Scale Collagen Peptides-1 (SCPs1) Inhibit Melanogenesis through Downregulation of the cAMP-CREB Signaling Pathway.

The mechanism of silver carp scale collagen peptides (SCPs1) on melanogenesis and its mechanism of action were examined in mouse melanoma cells (B16). The cell viability and effects of SCPs1 on intracellular tyrosinase (TYR) activity and melanin, reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content were examined. The regulatory mechanism of SCPs1 on the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway was analyzed. The cell viability of the SCPs1 group was >80% (0.01-1 mg/mL) and the inhibitory rate of SCPs1 on B16 cell melanin increased in a dose-dependent manner. The highest inhibitory rate of SCPs1 on melanin content reaching 80.24%. SCPs1 significantly increased the GSH content and decreased the tyrosinase activity, as well as the content of ROS and cAMP. Western blot analysis showed that SCPs1 significantly inhibited melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) expression and CREB phosphorylation in the cAMP-CREB signaling pathway, leading to downregulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and the expression of TYR, TYR-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and TRP-2. SCPs1 also inhibited the expression of MC1R, MITF, TYR, TRP-1 and TRP-2 at the transcriptional level. Taken together, SCPs1 inhibited melanin synthesis through the downregulation of the cAMP-CREB signaling pathway. Fish-derived collagen peptides could potentially be applied in skin whitening products.

Peptide extraction from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) scales via enzymatic hydrolysis and membrane filtration

In this work, peptides were extracted from Silver carp (SC) scales via protease hydrolysis and separated using two membranes (M1 and M2). The results revealed that the water: SC scale ratios of 50.6 mL/g, alkaline protease 1 (AP1) dose of 2313.6 U/mL, and pH of 8.14 were the optimal hydrolysis conditions, and the peptide yield reached 88.77 ± 0.32%. The optimal conditions of peptide separation were clarified: the operating pressure of the M1 (M2) was 0.25 (0.4) MPa, the liquid temperature was 30°C, and the operation time was 65 min. In this case, the permeability of the M1 (M2) reached 91.73 ± 96% (79.83 ± 7.23%), and the average molecular weight of the peptides was 758 Da (576 Da). Compared with M1 peptides, M2 peptides contained more acidic and aromatic amino acids exhibiting free-radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition properties. It might provide a way to utilize SC scales as a promising material to produce bioactive peptides.

Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Scales Collagen Peptides (SCPs): Preparation, Whitening Activity Screening and Characterization

This study involves the preparation of scale collagen peptides (SCPs) with whitening activity from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and their characterization and peptide sequence identification. In this article, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe structure changes of sliver carp scales; enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized through protease screening and response surface optimization. The ultrafiltration was used to separate SCPs and the whitening activity was comprehensively evaluated using radical scavenging rate and tyrosinase-inhibiting activity, among others. An optimal component was characterized and identified using various modern spectral analysis techniques. The results showed that the surface of silver carp scales after decalcification was smooth and clear. The pepsin had the highest peptide yield and tyrosinase-inhibiting activity (90.01% and 82.25%, respectively). The optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were an enzyme dosage of 16.1%, a solid-liquid ratio of 1:15.6 and a time of 4.9 h. The proportions of hydrophobic and basic amino acids in the peptide composition were 32.15% and 13.12%, respectively. Compared with SCPs2, SCPs1 (6096.68-9513.70 Da) showed better ·OH scavenging ability, tyrosinase-inhibiting activity and moisture absorption. SCPs1 was a macromolecular fragment of type I collagen with a triple helix structure, containing three peptide sequences with the potential for tyrosinase activity inhibition (AGPPGADGQTGQRGE, SGPAGIAGPAGPRGPAGPNGPPGKD and KRGSTGEQGSTGPLGMRGPRGAA). These results show that SCPs1 is a collagen peptide product with whitening potential.

Organoleptic Quality Characteristics Research of Sauces from Secondary Aquatic Biological Resources

Currently, the use of concentrate sauces and semi-finished products based on broth from natural raw materials is relevant. When processing fish, it is rational to redirect the fish bones and scales to the sauces manufacture, since they have a high content of flavoring substances. The study aim is to develop descriptive organoleptic quality cha racteristics of sauce from secondary aquatic biological resources produced on the basis of silver carp bones and scales and carapace-containing raw materials of crawfish using modern biotechnological techniques. The recipe composition of the sauce includes fish bones and scales, carapace-containing raw materials of crawfish, the enzyme preparation “Alkalase 2.4 L FG”, carrots, onions, celery, bay leaf, salt, black pepper, guar gum. The re searchers identified the most significant identification sensory signs for the sauce, and built a descriptors panel; developed a descriptive scoring scale for evaluating organolep tic quality indicators of sauce from secondary aquatic biological resources; gave possible inconsistencies and a regulated reduction in the maximum organoleptic evaluation score of the sauce. A man run a qualimetric study of experimental samples considering the coef ficients of quality indicators significance; developed a reference sensory profile of sauce from secondary aquatic biological resources using the descriptor-profile method of tast ing analysis. The authors substantiated the sensory characteristics interrelation of the de veloped sauce with the chemical composition of the feedstock and production technology, with the glutamic and aspartic acids content in the fish scales of silver carp and the natural red pigment content in the shell of crawfish – astaxanthin. The obtained developments enable to run the organoleptic evaluation and quality control process of sauce products from secondary aquatic biological resources reliably and objectively, directly at the food industry enterprises.

Development of antimicrobial gelatin-ulvan-beeswax composite films: Optimization of formulation using mixture design methodology

A new generation of antimicrobial film was developed by incorporation of ulvan extracted from Ulva intestinalis into gelatin from common carp scale and its water sensitivity was reduced with addition of beeswax. Optimum composition of gelatin (0–100%w/w), ulvan (0–100%w/w) and beeswax (0–10%w/w) for achieving composite films with minimum water solubility (S) and water vapor permeability (WVP) and maximum tensile strength (TS), elongation at break point (EAB) and antibacterial effect on E. coli (EC) were investigated using mixture design methodology. Both pure gelatin and ulvan films and their composites had relatively good mechanical and optical properties. Addition of ulvan to gelatin produced composite films with good antibacterial properties but water resistance of all the films was weak. Addition of beeswax up to ∼5 % improved the water resistance and mechanical properties of the films without jeopardizing their antibacterial properties. The final optimum formulation with a desirability of 0.709 was achieved as 52.18 % of gelatin, 40.83 % of ulvan and 6.97 % of beeswax resulting in a minimum possible S (40 %) and WVP (1.86 10−10 g/ms Pa) and maximum possible TS (6.23 MPa) and EAB (89 %) with good EC (7.66 mm). Finally, good mechanical, thermal and microstructural properties of the optimum composite film was confirmed. Altogether, a combination of ulvan and beeswax can be a promising solution for development of gelatin films with both antimicrobial properties and lower water sensitivity.

Cadmium accumulation in the scales of Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio Bloch, 1782) following exposure to cadmium in water

Cadmium accumulation in the scales of Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio Bloch, 1782) following exposure to cadmium in water

The Structural and Functional Differences between Three Species of Fish Scale Gelatin and Pigskin Gelatin.

In this paper, gelatin was extracted from the scales of Coregonus peled, Carp and Bighead carp by the acid method, and the structure and functional properties of the obtained scale gelatin and food-grade pigskin gelatin (FG) were compared. The results showed that all gelatins exhibited relatively high protein (86.81-93.61%), and low lipid (0.13-0.39%) and ash (0.37-1.99%) contents. FG had the highest gel strength, probably because of its high proline content (11.96%) and high average molecular weight distribution. Low β-antiparallel was beneficial to the stability of emulsion, which led FG to have the best emulsifying property. The high content of hydrophobic amino acids may be one of the reasons for the superior foaming property of Bighead carp scales gelatin (BCG). The gel strength of Carp scales gelatin (CG) and BCG, the ESI of Coregonus peled scales gelatin (CPG) and the foaming property of BCG indicate that fish gelatin has the potential to be used in food industry as a substitute for pig skin gelatin.

Bioinspired design of graphene-based N/O self-doped nanoporous carbon from carp scales for advanced Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors

Integrating the superiorities of high power density of supercapacitors and high energy density of batteries, safe and low cost aqueous Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZIHSCs) are regarded as a promising alternative for next generation energy storage devices. As potential cathode materials for ZIHSCs, porous carbon/graphene have been widely investigated recently, whereas the adjustment of their composition and structure to achieve favorable features of sustainability, long lifespan and high activity remains a challenge. Herein, a graphene-based N/O co-doped porous carbon is successfully constructed via an efficient approach of the carbonization and sequent KOH activation using renewable carp scales as carbon source. The unique lamellar structure with the exterior layer of hydroxyapatite and the beneath well-arranged collagen fibrils (rich in N and O) functions as catalytic base for the growth of graphene structure over the exterior layer and affords the self-doping with N and O heteroatoms, respectively. Expectedly, the resultant carbon possesses a hybrid structure of graphene base and nanoporous amorphous carbon, together with a proper N/O co-doping, resulting in fast electrochemical kinetics and abundant Zn2+ storage active sites for high power and energy outputs. Consequently, as-assembled aqueous ZIHSC displays a high specific capacity of 138.8 mAh g − 1 at 0.1 A g − 1, admirable rate capability of 61.7% retention rate at a 200-fold higher current, and attractive energy density of 111.1 Wh kg−1 at 100 W kg−1. More excitingly, as-constructed quasi-solid ZIHSC exhibits a satisfactory specific capacity of 117.8 mAh g − 1, a high energy density of 88.9 Wh kg−1 and a high power density of 10 kW kg−1, together with excellent cycling stability (capacity retention of 87.2% after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles at 5 A g − 1) and outstanding mechanical flexibility. Therefore, the designed conversion of carp scales to advanced carbons by taking advantages of its inherent composition and structure opens up hereditary view to construct high performance ZIHSCs from biomass sources.

Gelatin Extracted from Rahu (Labeo rohita) and Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Scales and their Beads Efficacy as a Carrier of Inoculum and Secondary Metabolites

The amount of biological waste is increasing day by day due to over population. At the same time, the researchers are striving to use biological waste in an effective way and to convert this waste into useful products. In this study, the scales of rohu (Labeorohita) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix) were used for the extraction of gelatin. Chemical extraction method was applied in the presence and absence of microbes respectively to obtain gelatin from varying amount of scales. Microbial isolates namely SCC5 from silver carp and SEY from Labeorohita were used for microbial extraction. Beads were prepared from the extracted gelatin using three different types of oils and later used as carriers of inoculum. The results showed that both isolates were positive for gelatin liquefaction and did not result in solidification, evenwhen kept in the refrigerator at low temperature. The amount of the extracted gelatin from fish scales was less than 50%. A pronounced increase was recorded when more than 30 grams of fish scales were used for extraction. It was noticed that beads prepared with natural gelatin remained stable after washing and were not degraded as compared to commercial gelatin. FTIR analysis of the extracted gelatin showed the presence of peaks at 700, 1600, and 3400 nm. The recorded peaks were in line with the peak trend of commercial gelatin. Beads were coated with an antibiotic by soaking in the antibiotic dilution. Keeping in view the zones of the formation of beads supplemented with antibiotics, it was observed that zone diameter increased as the amount of antibiotic increased. It indicates that the beads have the capacity to carry the antibiotics. Moreover, t For this purpose, the beads of extracted gelatin were injected with a different inoculum of bacterial isolatesgelatin beads allow them to be used as carriers of fertilizers in agriculture, which is a recent advancement in the field of agriculture.

Viabilty Test of Fish Scale Collagen (Oshpronemus Gouramy) on Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture

The role of type I collagen is as a matrix of extracellular proteins with characteristics of increased cell proliferation which directly affects the physiology and morphology of cells. Type 1 collagen can be obtained either from fish scales. This is what underlies the author to support engineering tissue used for the treatment of periodontal disease in the regenerative field by utilizing collagen derived from gouramy scales. As an initial step, the researchers wanted to conduct a study using collagen extract derived from gouramy scales (Osphoronemus gouramy) which was applied to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell cultures to see viability in vitro. To determine the viability of collagen in carp (Osphronemus goramy) scales to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are taken from mice and planted in 96 well plates. Collagen extracted from gouramy scales using the enzymatic method was dissolved in a condition medium and hydrolyzed into a collagen hydrolysis solution with each concentration of 0.01 mg / ml, 0.02 mg / ml, 0.04 mg / ml, 0.16 mg / ml, 0.32 mg / ml was put into the well prepared and incubated for 24 hours for the MTT assay. Collagen in carp scales can increase the viability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with a percentage above 50% and the highest viability concentration at 0,01 mg / ml. The collagen of gouramy scales soaked in a medium condition has better viability than the collagen hydrolysis solution of carp. Collagen in carp scales is viable against bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Collagen scales of gouramy soaked in medium had the highest viability with an optimum dose of 0.01 mg / ml.

Effects and mechanism of antifreeze peptides from silver carp scales on the freeze-thaw stability of frozen surimi

The objective of this work was to investigate the cryoprotective effects of antifreeze peptides obtained from silver carp scales (ScAFPs) on the freeze-thaw stability of surimi, and to explore the action mechanisms of ScAFPs on frozen surimi. The comprehensive analysis of ice crystal size, myofibril protein oxidation, water retention, surimi gel properties, and rheological properties of surimi after different freeze-thaw cycles were investigated. Results showed that frozen surimi treated with ScAFPs exhibited a higher Ca2+-ATPase activity, salt-soluble protein concentration and sulfhydryl group content, while lower surface hydrophobicity, carbonyl content and disulfide bond content. Moreover, the gel properties and water holding capacity of surimi and surimi gel were improved significantly by regulating the size of ice crystals during freeze-thaw process. These findings indicate that ScAFPs could serviced as a new food ingredient with anti-freezing function for frozen products.

Effects of antioxidant types on the stabilization and in vitro digestion behaviors of silver carp scale gelatin-stabilized fish oil-loaded emulsions

Lipid oxidation is a major challenge in the development and storage of lipid-containing food products. In this work, we extracted aquatic gelatin from silver carp scales and studied the effects of antioxidant types (water-soluble and lipid-soluble types) on the stabilization, lipid oxidation, and in vitro digestion behaviors of silver carp scale gelatin-stabilized fish oil-loaded emulsions. Vitamin C (VC), a water-soluble antioxidant, and vitamin E (VE), a lipid-soluble antioxidant, had no obvious effects on the appearance, droplet size distribution, and droplet stability of the emulsion. VC slowed the liquid-gel transition of the emulsions at room temperature. The emulsion creaming stability decreased with the increase of VC concentration, whereas it increased with the increase of VE concentration. Lipid oxidation hierarchy of emulsion groups at room temperature were VC<VE<control<pure oil. Free fatty acids were mainly released from the silver carp scale gelatin-stabilized emulsions in the simulated intestinal fluid. Moreover, compared with the control group, VC increased the free fatty acid release percentages, whereas VE decreased them. This work provided useful information for developing antioxidants in the field of food science and in value-added utilization research of aquatic by-products.

Production and Characterization of Micro-Collagen from Carp Scales Waste (Cyprinus carpio)

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) has the potential which is not only consumed from flesh as an edible portion but it is also able to be utilized from waste. One of waste is the scales of the carp known potentially contain of collagens. Micro-collagen has been extensively applied in various fields which were health and cosmetics. The problem to find the supply of collagens from non-halal animal sources and prone to infectious diseases is the fundamental consideration of this research to be undertaken in order to discover alternative sources of them. It was aimed at production and characterization of micro-collagen by utilizing carp scales waste. The stages of the proximate test, deproteinization, extraction, analysis, and characterization were series of processes to acquire collagen. The extraction results found that the yield of collagen extracted from carp scales waste was 8.62% with a yellowish-white color. Physical characterization of collagen obtained was pH of 6.59. The maximum of UV absorption at a wave length of 268nm was originated from the structure of collagen fibrils with amide bonds of A, B, I, II, and III. Furthermore, the characterization of micro-collagen showed a particle size distribution from the smallest particles which was 668 – 1581nm with the highest intensity at a particle size of 1146 nm according to PSA analysis and corresponding with the morphology of micro-collagen through visualization using SEM. It indicates that the carp scales waste have the potential to be used as an alternative source to find supply micro-collagen.